Regulation of the concentration of toxic substances derived from tobacco products is carried out to reduce the incidence of deaths and diseases caused by the use of tobacco cigarettes, as well as to decrease attractiveness, addiction, and toxicity. In this context, modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs) have been developed to provide alternative products that have the potential to reduce the risk and harm to the population when compared to smoking conventional cigarettes. One example of an MRTP is the Tobacco Heating System (THS2.2), which, unlike conventional cigarettes, heats the tobacco instead of burning it, producing a significantly reduced amount of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs). To review the data on the content of HPHCs in the aerosols and smoke of conventional cigarettes and those of the THS2.2 type, a critical review of scientific publications in this field was conducted from January 2015 to May 2022. The selection of scientific publications from open sources was carried out from the Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, MedLine databases, and others. A similar analysis was carried out on the information already available on the websites of Philip Morris International (PMI), Elsevier, Springer, and other relevant web resources that include information on the use of the THS2.2. After conducting a comprehensive analysis of results from both independent and industry-sponsored studies, it was noted that HPHCs are not completely eliminated from the aerosol produced by heated tobacco products (HTPs). However, the levels of these HPHCs from the PMI List of 58 Constituents (PMI-58 list) are consistently lower and significantly reduced when compared to the mainstream smoke emitted by conventional cigarettes. This suggests that while HTPs present reduced emissions of toxicants in comparison, they are not completely free from risks.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants composed of two or more fused aromatic rings, which are characterized by low water solubility, low vapor pressure, and high melting and boiling points, depending on their structures. Due to the lipophilic nature of these compounds, they are strongly adsorbed by soil and sediments. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has declared 16 PAHs as priority pollutants in 1983 based on their existence of highest concentrations, greater exposure and toxicity. The purpose of this article is to validate a method for determining ten PAHs in soil by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography with UV-VIS detection. The evaluated performance parameters are: selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), limit of repeatability (r), recovery (R) and uncertainty of measurement (U). LOD ranged between 0.02 mg/mL and 0.3 mg/mL, LOQ ranged between 0.2 mg/mL and 0.95 mg/mL. The recovery values ranged between 75.4% for benzo(b) fluoranthen and 89.8% for chrysene. These values were established using a soil reference material which was extracted with hexane/acetone using a Soxhlet method. The PAH compounds were separated using a nonpolar stationary phase column and were determined by liquid chromatography with Array Diode Detector at 254 nm.
Formalin is used as a preservative in fish, as fish is a perishable product. The present study describes the development of a battery-operated portable colorimeter for the on-site determination of formalin in fish. Combining light sources of various wavelengths with an electric circuit and light dependent resistor results in a simple and cost-effective colorimeter. The gadget functions based on the light received by the light-dependent resistor, which is directly linked to the circuit board for resistance measurement using the resistance to absorbance connection and, the resistance values were converted to absorbance. The developed portable colorimeter is calibrated for the quantitative detection of formalin. The device exhibited an efficient detection of formalin at the range of 1 to 20 ppm. The portable colorimeter exhibited high accuracy and the results are promising for on-site detection of formalin in fish.
The purpose of this paper is elucidating the stereochemistry of a complex obtained by coordinating to divalent nickel a naphthalene-1,4-dione based chemical compound, namely N-(3-mercapto-naphthalene-1,4-dione-2-yl)nicotinamide. As this particular transition metal ion may lead to different coordination geometries and also tacking into account the fact that the organic ligand contains six heteroatoms, it seem to be worth clarifying denticity of the ligand, the coordination geometry (including stereoisomerism) and, of course, what are the atoms involved into the coordination process. The study has been conducted by computational means, followed by quantum-chemical calculations and comparative interpretation of the UV-Vis spectra of both the ligand and the complex compound, in order to find out in which case the structural assessment is consistent with the electronic transitions exhibited whithin the spectra, i.e. which of the several theoretical coordination posibilities is the actual one. This investigation leads to the conclusion that the organic compound acts as a bidentate ligand and, moreover, the complex compound has a square-planar coordination geometry, the two heteroatoms through which the coordination is realized being the sulfur atom and the nitrogen atom directly bonded to the naphthalene-1,4-dione heterocycle. This is an important achievement, as the properties of the complex compound � including its biologic activity - are obviously related to the coordination manner.
This article aimed to separate and identify molecular species obtained in the sol-gel process by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), for the reaction mixture with methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS). In the presence of an unhydrolyzed methyl group, the molecular species starting with the cyclic trimers, a series of geometric isomers were separated and identified due to the position of the methyl groups in relation to the ring plane of each siloxane molecule; in addition, for the hydrolyzed products, isomers with different relative positions of the hydroxyl groups to the methyl and methoxy groups were separated and identified. The reactivity of the new molecular species formed determines subsequent stages of the sol-gel process.
This final project aims to explain the cowhide leather through a pull-up mill finishing technique based on colorant variation. The raw materials used were crust cowhide, with an average thickness of 1.43 mm, which was divided into two treatments in samples 1 and 2. Sample 1 was completed by finishing using liquid dye dyes, while sample 2 with liquid dyestuff and pigments. The results of the trial were obtained with physical tests and organoleptic tests. The physical test results for dry rubbing resistance in experiments 1 and 2 showed results that were following consumer standards, while wet rubbing resistance in sample 1 and 2 showed loss of color so they did not comply with consumer standards. The organoleptic test was done by giving questionnaires to respondents who were experts in the fields. The results of the organoleptic test in sample 1 were uneven color, poor coverage of defects, strong pull-up effect, moderately even mill grain effect, limp skin, fairly even skin density, and slightly raised lid paint. While on sample 2, the color was even, the defects were covered, the pull-up effect was quite strong, the mill grain effect was uneven, the skin was limp, the skin density was even, and the covering paint on the lid was small raised. According to the physis and organoleptic results, leather produced by colorant variation used liquid dyestuff close to the standard for pull up mill article.
In the present work, the adsorption efficiency of chitosan flakes towards ferric ions from aqueous medium by varying several experimental factors, such as pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time and ferric ions concentration, was investigated. The obtained results have shown that the amount of adsorbed Fe(III) ions increases with the contact time, reaching the equilibrium within 5 h, at ambient temperature. The optimal pH to ensure the adsorption of Fe(III) ions was established at 3.0 - 3.2 for the solutions containing 100 mg/L and 200 mg/L Fe(III) ions. The adsorption of Fe(III) ions on chitosan flakes was established at more than 80% (mg Fe/g adsorbent). The adsorption isotherm gained through two equilibrium models, the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms, were analysed and the equilibrium isotherm was better matched with the Langmuir model. The Fe(III) ions are adsorbed by chitosan through the amine and hydroxyl groups, chitosan being an effective adsorbent material for the retention of metal ions, with possible application in environment and medicine. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also employed to confirm the eventual structural changes of the chitosan matrix upon the adsorption of Fe(III) ions.
This comprehensive work addresses the pressing environmental concerns associated with the automotive industry`s expansion and its reliance on fossil fuels. Focusing on the pivotal role of energy in vehicle propulsion, the paper explores diverse energy utilization methods and their conversion into mechanical energy for mobility. While chemical energy currently powers most vehicles, it contributes to detrimental emissions, necessitating innovations to enhance fuel quality, engine design, and materials. The research emphasizes refining the performance, and life cycle, and minimizing exhaust emissions of internal combustion engines. A key focus of this paper is the proposal of a novel approach that advocates the application of coatings to the combustion surface and catalytic converter to bolster engine performance and curtail emissions. The researchers highlight the efficacy of metal coatings, including thermal barrier coatings and catalytic coatings, presenting a comprehensive overview of experimental research articles endorsing the positive impact of metal coating strategies. These coatings aim to enhance combustion dynamics, manage thermal stresses, and optimize catalytic converter efficiency. In this technical paper offers valuable insights for researchers and engineers committed to mitigating the environmental impact of the automotive industry. It underscores the critical need for optimizing engine performance and minimizing emissions, with a specific emphasis on the promising potential of metal coating technologies to significantly contribute to these overarching objectives.
On the basis of the given material, in order to increase the RON retention of the catalytic cracking unit, the prediction model of gasoline octane retention and the best operation variable inversion model were established based on the Ridge regression model and Gradient descent method. First, based on the Ridge regression model, the leave-one method is used to obtain the relative importance of the operational variables, and select the most important variables, so as to reduce the characteristic dimension of the model; Then, the RON retention prediction model is trained based on the Ridge regression model; Finally, based on the trained Ridge regression model and its weight parameters, the optimal operating variables were optimized separately using the gradient when the operation variable has a range or no range of value. The experimental results show that when 146 are selected from 361 operating variables, the model loss value stabilizes; when α is 0.6, the test set R2 is 0.9882, test set MSE is 0.0193, and the comprehensive performance is better than the random forest, support vector machine model; When the operation variable has two categories of value range and no value range, 2,000 times, the best inversion value of the operation variable makes the RON retention prediction value of the test sample similar to the expected value, and the MAE drops to 2.89999�10-3 and 7.62939�10-6, respectively. In conclusion, the RON retention prediction model proposed in this study has good results, and the best operating variable can be reversed, based on the given material parameters, making the optimal RON retention quantity.
The electrochemistry of dimethoxybenzene isomers and 2,2�-dihydroxy-4,4�-dimethoxybenzo-phenone is discussed in this paper concerning their electrooxidation in acetonitrile, allyl alcohol and mesityl oxide. The voltammograms of 1,2- and 1,4-isomers were reproducible in each solvent, only the 1,3-isomer fouled the platinum macroelectrode. In case of 2,2�-dihydroxy-4,4�-dimethoxybenzophenone a low electronically conducting film was formed in all of the investigated solvents. In mesityl oxide, the growing film showed significant adsorption capability towards the substrate molecules. Microelectrode studies shed light to interesting phenomena due to the increased mass transport to the electrode surface, in case of dimethoxybenzenes leading to more conducting polymers. The specially formed film from 2,2�-dihydroxy-4,4�-dimethoxybenzophenone demonstrated its adsorption capability towards selected compounds.
A number of 3,3`-([1,1`-Biphenyl]-4,4`-diylbis(azanylylidene))bis(indolin-2-ones) were synthesized by the conventional method and by a green method involving solvent-free phase transfer catalysis. The catalyst used is a quaternary ammonium salt aliquat 336. Mechanisms of reaction are proposed for the both synthesis methods. The structures of the products were confirmed by spectroscopic measurements. Schiff base monomers are good candidates for obtaining new polymers.
A simple and rapid method has been developed for determination of lutein and β-carotene in food formulated with lutein diester beadlet, microencapsulated β-carotene as ingredients by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatograph. This method combines extraction and saponification to one step reaction and lack of evaporation. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was selected as solvent to release lutein diester, β-carotene from lutein diester beadlet and microencapsulated β-carotene, then add acetone-ethanol-20%KOH/methanol (10:5:4, v/v/v) to saponify lutein diester as well as extract lutein and β-carotene directly at the same time. The prepared sample solution was subjected to a HPLC analysis using Athena C30 column eluting with Methanol / methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) mobile phase. The precision, accuracy, linearity, specificity and ruggedness of the developed method were validated following AOAC guidance for single laboratory validation procedure. The recovery of lutein and β-carotene are 94.80%-104.76% and 98.94%-104.69% respectively. The injection repeatability: RSD(r) =1.8% for lutein, RSD(r) =5.5% for β-carotene. This method developed can be used for the quantitation of free lutein and β-carotene in products adding with lutein diester and β-carotene in quality control.
The purpose of the study is to define the level of combined radiological and chemical contamination from the activities of soil and moss samples collected from the Eastern Black Sea region in Turkey and to assess the risk caused by the environmental radioactivity and chemical pollutants. The gamma, gross beta and gross alpha activities were measured in the soil and moss samples. The 238U, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs activity concentrations in the soil samples were measured in the range of 7.0 and 72 Bq kg-1 for 238U, 8.1 and 86 Bq kg-1 for 232Th, 203 and 1190 Bq kg-1 for 40K and 0.71 to 66 Bq kg-1 for 137Cs. In the moss samples, the 137Cs, 40K, 232Th, and 238U activity concentrations were found in the range of 1.030.27-24.231.39, 1377-134068, 3.580.32-5.930.44 and 0.880.09-2.250.23 Bq kg-1, respectively. Contamination from toxic metals in the soils is categorized into enrichment factor, geo-accumulation risk, potential ecological risk and pollution load index. Co, Ni, As and Pb enrichments were determined in the extreme category in the 6 sampling sites. The pollution load index for the selected metals was found to be greater than 1. The geo-accumulation index in one sampling site showed contamination from heavy to severe levels of arsenic and lead.
In this report induction heating was used for the catalytic chemical vapor decomposition synthesis of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) on Ni-based catalyst. The CNFs were produced with a high yield at a relatively low temperature compared to that observed for conventional heating through convection and conduction. The process also occurred in the absence of secondary toxic organic compounds, formed through side reaction in the high temperature gas-phase or through decomposition on the hot wall of reactor as encountered with traditional Joule heating mode. The improved CNFs yield under induction heating was attributed to the high reaction temperature control thanks to the high temperature regulation rate provided by the induction heating coil. The local heating of the nickel nanoparticles by the electromagnetic field could also contribute to the improvement of the CNFs yield. The results obtained indicate that inductive heating mode could be of great interest for improving the heat transfer in catalytic processes and also to reduce the problem of gradient temperature occurring inside the catalyst bed during the operating of highly exothermic or endothermic processes. It is expected that such electricity-driven heating mode could have contributed in an efficient way toward the electrification of different catalytic processes in order to reduce the associated carbon footprint.
The present work represents potential bio-sorbents: Tilia cordata (little leaf linden) and Foeniculum vulgare (fennel). The copper removal was operated in batch procedure. Adsorbent mass, copper ion concentration, pH, time, and temperature considerations were inspected. The highly beneficial provisions for copper adsorption are 10 mg /L as preliminary concentration, 0.2 g as Tilia cordata and Foeniculum vulgare mass and pH 5.5 and 5.23 for Tilia cordata and Foeniculum vulgare. Adsorption statistics follow the Langmuir isotherm with qmax of 29.35 mg/g for Tilia cordata and 32.98 mg/g for Foeniculum vulgare. The removal procedure kinetics was provided perfectly via second-order equations. It was revealed that the copper ion adsorption procedure on mutual bio-sorbents is a spontaneous procedure, and is endothermal for Tilia cordata and Foeniculum vulgare. Characterization of Tilia cordata (little leaf linden) and Foeniculum (vulgare fennel) were inspected with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), Vis-IR Spectroscopy, GC-mass and milling cutter. A distinctive development in the adsorbent surface was exhibited through scanning electron microscope. The removal efficiency reached to 93.34 & 95.4 for Tilia (Tilia cordata) and Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) respectively at 0.5 M bio-sorbent which indicated that Tilia (Tilia cordata) and Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) has good renderability and stability.
The article is a continuation of the book chapter entitled Recent Advances in Antioxidant Capacity Assays published by IntechOpen in 2021. The various methods for determining antioxidant capacity in a variety of materials (plant extracts, biological material, foods, etc.) are discussed, with a special emphasis on articles published in recent years and especially on reviews. Both chemical methods for determining antioxidant capacity and cellular antioxidant capacity assays were presented. In addition to the review published in 2021, the following methods for the determination of antioxidant capacity were presented: crocin bleaching assay, Briggs-Rauscher reaction inhibition assay, ferricyanide-Prussian blue assay, cerric reducing antioxidant capacity assay and Anti Oxidant Power 1 (AOP1) assay. Several applications of the cellular antioxidant capacity assay were also presented in tabular form.
The application of Ceiba Pentandra Oil is introduced as an alternative to the traditional non-biodegradable insulation oil. Through the recent research in vegetable based insulation oil (coconut oil, palm oil, and olive oil), it is identified that the vegetable insulation oil is biodegradable but edible in nature, which leads to the food crisis. To prevent the insufficiency of food, an interesting non-edible oil is extracted from the seeds of Ceiba Pentandra, which has the capability of biodegradation. This work has focused on the utilization of Ceiba Pentandra seeds for the production of vegetable based insulation oil since it is considered as the sustainable energy resource and. A two-step chemical conditioning method and antioxidants are used to produce the Processed Ceiba Pentandra oil (PCPO). Adding to that, the insulation behavior of Processed Ceiba Pentandra oil (PCPO) with and without antioxidant is analyzed. The different concentrations of PCPO and naphthalene based Mineral oil mixtures have been compared as per the ASTM standard. The two-step chemical conditioning method has provided the enhanced behavior of physical properties like Viscosity, Acidity, Flashpoint, Fire points and AC breakdown voltage. While improving the oxidation stability, the electrical property like AC Breakdown voltage has met the dielectric Standards. Thus this Processed Ceiba Pentandra oil (PCPO) has the potential to be an alternative of traditional insulation oil.
Bipolar disorder is a threat that needs an efficient solution to detect in earlier times for leading the normal life of human beings. Simple Sequence Editor (SSE) is the tool used to analyze the nucleotide and amino acid sequence that helps in this proposed system to detect the real composition. This paper proposed the algorithm called Intelligent Rule-based Triplet and Single Residue Repeats (ITSRepeats) in proteins to classify the protein sequence which causes bipolar related disorder or not. The hamming distance was used to find the similarity between the protein strings which increase the efficiency initially, the patterns of the proteins are extracted and analyzed from the datasets SwissProt, PDBS25, Surface Residues and DisProt. The performance of the proposed algorithms was evaluated based on the performance among these four datasets for similar residues.
Several oil spills in aquatic environments have been reported over the last few years, and a great effort has been made to develop new techniques for collecting and removing oil from water on a large scale to prevent environmental pollution by this contaminant. In view of the various problems involving traditional methods, such as the generation of secondary pollution, high costs and complexity of synthesizing material and expenses to transport equipment, among others, new technologies have been developed for removal of oil from water. Among these, the use of magnetic polymeric nano-composites has presented promising results, since they have high oil adsorption efficiency, ease of material removal through an external magnetic field, low cost of synthesis and possibility of reusing the material for several cycles, among others. However, a lack of studies about these promising systems exists regarding this technology and its procedures. Therefore, here we present a brief bibliographic review of the synthesis routes to obtain magnetic polymeric nanocomposites containing superpara-magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles developed for oil removal from water and report future trends and perspectives for progress of this technology.
In this work, the transformer oil reclamation experimental test has been created utilising the physical-chemical reclamation technique and oil lifespan analysis using ANFIS algorithm. The significant of work is that it develops an ANFIS algorithm for estimating transformer life and analyzing transformer oil reliability. Rubber seed oil (mineral oil) is used in transformers to cool the substantial portion of the power transformer and decrease electrical ageing issues. These mineral oils interact chemically with the windings, suffering electrical and mechanical pressure owing to high temperatures over its power balance which leads to moisture and oxidation. In order to improve the performance of ageing oil, a physical and chemical reclamation approach with two primary steps, Coagulation and Adsorption, is used. Breakdown voltage, flash point, viscosity, and fire point are the important dielectric qualities of oil reclamation that will differentiate the performance between before and after reclamation when compared to diverse oil samples. The results of the work revealed that the physical-chemical reclamation process is enhanced the dielectric characteristics of the ageing oil, and the parameters of the reclaimed oil are utilised to predict the projected lifespan of the transformer service.
