Gethuk, a traditional Indonesian staple made from cassava, poses potential health risks due to naturally occurringcyanogenic glycosides. While traditional processing is known to reduce toxicity, empirical validation of detectionlimits in specific food matrices remains critical for ensuring food safety. This study aims to fill the researchgapregarding the sensitivity of the complexometric titration method in monitoring cyanide levels in Gethuk, specificallyevaluating its effectiveness against national safety standards. Qualitative analysis was conducted using the picratepaper test, while quantitative assessment utilised a modified Deniges complexometric titration. The results indicatedthat cyanide was not detected in any samples, with levels remaining below the method’s limit of detection (LoD) of 14.43 mg. However, the high LoD relative to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) of 1 mg/kg reveals asignificant methodological limitation for trace analysis. These findings underscore the urgent need for moresensitive analytical techniques to ensure public health safety. By evaluating food safety through analytical validation, this research directly contributes to Sustainable Development Goal-3: Good Health and Well-being, providingafoundation for improved monitoring of traditional food products to mitigate chronic toxicological risks
Aryl ethers are ubiquitous motifs in natural products and pharmaceutical compounds. They also serve as highlyversatile scaffolds in synthetic organic chemistry. Traditionally, the synthesis of aryl ethers has often reliedontransition-metal-catalysed reactions under harsh and potentially hazardous conditions. In contrast, this workintroduces a novel, mild, and efficient strategy for synthesising aryl ethers through the reductive couplingof tosylhydrazones with phenols, utilising the readily available and environmentally benign amino acid L-proline as anorganocatalyst. L-Proline is well known for its versatility in both asymmetric and non-asymmetric transformations, and in this reaction, its secondary amine and carboxylic acid functionalities act cooperatively to promote catalysis. This protocol provides a practical, metal-free alternative for aryl ether formation, demonstrating broad functional group tolerance and operational simplicity.
Nickel manganese ferrite nanoparticle was synthesized via the conventional combustion method. XRDanalysisconfirms that the crystallite size of nickel manganese ferrite nanoparticle was found to be 24 nm. The bandgapwas2.27 eV as validated by UV-Visible spectroscopic analysis. The exterior morphology and elemental analysis of thesynthesized nanoparticles was confirmed by SEM and EDAX analysis. Employing cyclic voltammetryanddifferential pulse voltammetry, the electrochemical performance of nickel manganese ferrite nanoparticles for thedetermination of neurotransmitters and anticancer drugs in the presence of biomolecules was studied. Varyingthescan rate of the current-voltage cycle, anodic peak currents were recorded and studied, associated withneurotransmitters such as dopamine and anticancer drugs like erlotinib, in the presence of ascorbic acid. Byemploying a nickel manganese ferrite-based modified screen-printed electrode, it is feasible to knowthat thesynthesized nanoparticles are an effective material for the electrochemical sensing of ascorbic acid, dopamine anderlotinib simultaneously. These findings highlight the potential application of nickel manganese ferrite-basedmodified screen-printed electrode in biosensing and clinical diagnostics. By offering an affordable, highlysensitive and selective platform for multi-analyte detection, these discoveries considerably enhance nanostructuredferrite electrochemical sensors. The work improves analytical reliability by addressing important simultaneousdetection issues such as electrode stability and signal interference. Additionally, this study encourages further studies toward streamlined, real-time diagnostic systems by offering new directions for the fabrication of ferrite- based nanomaterials in biological sensing. The reported performance shows great promise for practical purposes inpoint-of-care testing, medication surveillance, and clinical diagnostics.
A robust LC-MS method is established for the separation and quantification of Dimethylglyoxime foreign substancein Lenalidomide. Chromatographic separation was accomplished using a Zorbax Eclipse C18, 100 X4.6 mm, 3.5µcolumn. A Mixture of 0.01M of Ammonium formate as 50v/v and Acetonitrile as 50 v/v used as the mobile phase. The rate of flow is measured at 0.40mL/min with Gradient elution and mass spectrometry operating in positive ionmode. Selectivity of the method proved that protonated species of Dimethylglyoxime (m/z 117.16) separatedfromLenalidomid drug substances, with a exceptional linearity over a range of 6-120 ppm, limits of detection of 2.00ppm and quantification of 6.05 ppm. Consistent recovery rates were obtained between 90-100%, and the analytical solution remained stable for up to 72 hours at 2-8ºC. Subsequently, the developed and validated analytical methodwas assessed for environmental sustainability using established greenness assessment tools. The AGREEscore wascalculated at 0.62, and the BAGI value at 70.0. These values reflected a favorable environmental profile, efficient sample preparation, and practical sustainability. These proposed separation strategies showed high specificity, substantiating clear resolution of DMG foreign substance by the drug compound, also with foreign substances. Together, these metrics confirmed the method’s suitability for both regulatory compliance and routine applicationinindustrial Quality Control laboratories.
A novel series of structurally diverse Thiazole-Linked Schiff base derivatives (LM-1 to LM-10) was synthesisedviaa three-step protocol involving nucleophilic substitution, Boc deprotection and Schiff base formation under mildconditions. Lemon juice was used as an efficient green catalyst and ethanol as the solvent, yielding the target compounds in 85–95% isolated yields. The structures were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and massspectrometry. The derivatives exhibited significant antioxidant activity, and compound LM-7 showed the highest radical scavenging potential. Molecular docking against PDB ID: 6XV4 revealed strong binding affinities for LM-7, LM-5 and LM-8, indicating potential multifunctional activity. In-silico ADME analysis suggested favourable oral bioavailability and drug-likeness for the series. This research contributes significantly to the field of medicinal chemistry by providing a rational, green, and computationally validated approach for the development of novel antioxidant scaffolds. The findings align with SDG-3 (Good Health and Well-being) by addressing oxidative stressrelated diseases and laying a foundation for future in vitro and in vivo studies, ultimately guiding the rational designof more effective and bioavailable antioxidant therapeutics.
2-Aminobenzimidazole is a heterocyclic compound of significant interest in drug design and materials science dueto its ability to interact with biological systems and coordinate metal ions, making it useful for both pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Novel Cu(II) complexes (L1Cu–L4Cu) were synthesised using Schiff base ligands (L1–L4) prepared by condensing 2-aminobenzimidazole with various aromatic aldehydes, includingp- chlorobenzaldehyde, p-methoxybenzaldehyde, 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde, and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde. TheSchiff base ligands and their copper (II) complexes were characterised using magnetic susceptibility, molar conductance, electronic, FT-IR, Nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrum analyses. Spectral analysessuggested all Copper(II) complexes have a geometry of square planar. Ligands (L1–L4) and Copper(II) complexeswere examined for antioxidant behaviour using DPPH, and the findings showed that compounds containing methoxygroups exhibited higher activity than the others. Moreover, in vitro anticancer activities of the Schiff bases (L1–L4) and their Cu(II) complexes were assessed against HeLa cancer cell lines using the MTT assay. The findings exposeda hydroxyl-substituted ligand and its Cu(II) complex demonstrated marked cytotoxic activity towards the HeLa cell lines.
This communication depicts a short and improved synthesis of Pinene-based C2-symmetric chiral bipyridine ligands. These ligands are very suitable catalysts for high enantioselectivity towards various asymmetric reactions. Synthesisof the chiral ligand (15) was achieved in only five steps with improved yield as compared to the earlier synthesis, which involves a total of eleven steps with lower yield. The novel synthetic route will endorse the large-scalesynthesis of the ligand and, in turn, will help explore more asymmetric reactions in modern synthetic andpharmaceutical chemistry.
This study contributes to the growing field of phytopharmacology by providing systematic evidence supportingthetherapeutic potential of Saraca indica bark, particularly its ethanolic extract, as a source of bioactive compoundswith antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The study aimed to investigate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic properties of various solvent extracts of Saraca indica bark. The Soxhlet extraction technique wasutilized with solvents of varying polarity, and the extraction yield revealed ethanol as the most efficient solvent for extraction. A wide range of phytoconstituents—namely alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, glycosides, steroids, and terpenoids were predominantly present in the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, whereas non-polar extracts contained only trace amounts. Among the extracts tested, the ethanolic extract (AE) showed the highest scavenging activity through the NO radical scavenging assay with an IC50 value of 51.68 µg/mL, followed bytheethyl acetate extract, while the hexane extract showed negligible activity. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessedvia NO production inhibition in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Concentration-dependent reductioninNO production was observed with AE, indicating significant anti-inflammatory potential, though less potent thanthestandard dexamethasone. Through MTT assay, it was confirmed that AE was non-toxic to RAW264.7 cells, withcell viability remaining above 75% at the highest concentration and an IC50 value greater than 100 µg/ml. Overall, this research addresses key challenges in natural product research, including validation, safety assessment, andreproducibility, thereby contributing to the rational development of plant-derived therapeutics with potential applications in managing oxidative stress and inflammatory disorders.
The development of sustainable nanomaterials through eco-friendly approach has become increasing important inalignment with green chemistry principle. This study reports a green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using marine macroalga Sargassum echinocarpum (SE) extract as bio reducing and stabilizing agent. Thebiosynthesis process was rapid and visually confirmed by color change with UV-Vis spectroscopy revealingacharacteristic surface plasmon resonance peak at 425 nm, indicate successful nanoparticles formation. TransmissionElectron Microscopy (TEM) analysis demonstrated predominantly spherical and hexagonal morphologies withparticle size ranging from 10-65 nm, while Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis showed a hydrodynamicdiameter of 238 nm and polydispersity index 0,2312, indicated good stability with zeta potential values rangingfrom-29,7 mV to 16,9 mV. Phytochemical screening and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmedthepresence of flavonoid and polyphenol, which played a crucial role as reducing and capping agents. X-ray diffraction(XRD) analysis revealed a face-centered cubic (FCC) crystalline structure, confirming the crystalline nature of thesynthesized nanoparticles. The findings demonstrated thar sargassum echinocarpum extract is an effective, low-cost, and environmentally benign biomaterial for producing stable AgNPs. This study contributed responsiblenanomaterial fabrication aligned with sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12 on responsible consumptionanproduction and SDG 14 life below water
Polyamide (PA) nanofiltration membranes are widely used in water treatment; however, their performance is oftenlimited by insufficient hydrophilicity, permeability, and fouling resistance. This study aimed to enhance the filtrationperformance and physicochemical properties of PA membranes by incorporating polyethylene glycol (PEG) as ahydrophilic modifier and precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) as an inorganic functional filler. The membraneswere fabricated via a blending and phase-inversion method, with PEG content varying from 10–30 wt.%and PCCat 1–5 wt.% based on an optimized PA/PEG composition. The results showed that PEG significantly improvedmembrane hydrophilicity and permeability, with PWF reaching 60.0 L m-2 h -1 at the optimal PA/PEGratio of 85/15wt.%. Further PEG addition reduced permeability and salt rejection due to increased structural resistance. Theincorporation of PCC further enhanced membrane performance, with the membrane containing 3 wt.%PCCachieving the highest PWF of 75.0 L m-2 h -1 , stable salt rejection, and superior antifouling performance, as indicatedby a flux recovery ratio of 96.0% and an irreversible fouling ratio of 4.0%. Thermal and structural analysesconfirmed that PEG and PCC did not alter the PA backbone, while effectively improving membrane permeability, fouling resistance, and operational durability. These findings highlight the potential of PEG and PCCmodificationas an effective strategy to overcome permeability-selectivity trade-offs and develop high-performance nanofiltrationmembranes for water treatment applications.
The sol-gel auto-combustion process is a known wet chemical method applied for the synthesis of composites, especially Mixed Transition Metal Oxides (MTMOs). Herein, we report the sol-gel auto combustion method for thepreparation of Zn-substituted MnAl2O4 (% of Zn varies from 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) using respective metal nitrates as a precursor. The as-synthesised materials were characterised by using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), FieldEmission-Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier Transform-Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV–Visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis.) and Thermal Analysis (TGA). Moreover, the antimicrobial properties of the synthesised compositions of ZMA (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%and 100%) against both lab isolated Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella spp.), were tested by the agar well diffusion method. The study clearly reveals that ZMA (50%) composition has a strongantibacterial potential.
A separation-free UV–Vis spectrophotometric method via a mean-centered ratio spectra methodology (MCR) approach was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of profenofos, diazinon, and chlorpyrifosin laboratory-prepared ternary pesticide mixtures. The method showed high analytical efficiency, featuringhighlinearity (r = 0.9973–0.9999), high recovery values (103.56–107.92%), and low sensitivity limits (LOD: 0.695–19.42 µg/mL; LOQ: 2.31–64.75 µg/mL). Sequential ratio transformations followed by mean-centering effectivelyresolved the substantial spectral overlap among the three organophosphates, enabling selective quantificationwithout chromatographic separation. The validated MCR–UV–Vis procedure thus provides a rapid, solvent-efficient, and cost-effective alternative to traditional chromatographic techniques and is suitable for the routine determinationof multicomponent pesticide mixtures.
A microwave-assisted, one-pot, three-component synthesis of Imidazo [1,2-a] pyridine using four different catalystswas reported. The authors primarily focused on methodological development rather than synthesis of multiplederivatives, comparing reaction times and yields with those obtained under conventional conditions. Most importantly, in silico studies were conducted on the newly synthesised compound using the crystal structure of theenzyme 1A3 (PDB ID: 6TE5. Imidazo [1,2-a] pyridine derivatives are known inhibitors of aldehyde dehydrogenase1A3 (ALDH1A3), an enzyme whose overexpression is associated with various cancers, including breast, lung, brainand colon cancers.
The novel Schiff base ligand(L) (Z)-4-1-((3-methylpyridine-2-yl) imino) ethyl) Phenol was synthesised using2- amino-3-picoline with p-hydroxy acetophenone. The corresponding coordination metal complexes were made usingthe synthesized ligands. Further, the synthesized ligands and the metal complexes (L-Co(II), L-Cu(II))wereexamined using several analytical techniques like FT-IR, 1H-NMR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, thermogravimetricanalysis (TGA), elemental analysis, molar conductivity, mass spectrometry, and magnetic susceptibilitymeasurements. The structural and electronic properties of the ligands and their complexes were completely analysed, and the geometries of the metal chelate were clarified using magnetic and spectroscopic data. The metal complexesformed exhibited distinct characteristics that indicated their potential value in applications requiring coordinatedmetal-ligand frameworks. In addition, Molecular docking studies have been conducted to see howwell the metal complexes bind to proteins like DNA gyrase and riboflavin biosynthesis. The study shows that the cobalt complexattaches to DNA gyrase with a score of -7.13 kcal/mol whereas the copper complex binds to riboflavin enzyme moreeffectively with a score of -8.59 kcal/mol. These results are promising for using metal complexes to fight microorganisms. This work also helps to develop bioactive coordination compounds and supports SustainableDevelopment Goal 3, which is about having good health and well-being, by looking for effective antimicrobial agents that can help people have good health and well-being. The metal complexes are important for this goal because they can be used to make medicines that are effective against microorganisms.
Essential oils have been widely investigated as natural antifungal agents due to their broad-spectrumantimicrobial activity and relatively low environmental toxicity. However, their practical application in plant disease management remains limited because of high volatility, poor water solubility, and rapid degradation under environmental conditions. This study investigated the encapsulation of a synergistic blend of essential oils (eucalyptus, citronella, and clove) using biopolymer-based carriers to enhance stability and antifungal efficacy. Four hydrocolloids—carboxymethyl cellulose, chitosan, glucomannan, and alginate—were evaluated with maltodextrin as the primarywall material. Among the tested formulations, chitosan-based microcapsules (EEoC) showed the smallest particlesize (1.92 µm) and improved structural stability, as confirmed by FTIR analysis. Morphological observationsrevealed spherical-to-oval particles with rough surfaces, while the low moisture content indicated favourable storagestability. In vitro antifungal assays demonstrated that EEoC at 1% concentration completely inhibited the mycelial growth of Phytophthora capsici. These results demonstrate that chitosan-based encapsulation effectively enhancesthe stability and antifungal performance of essential oils, suggesting its potential as a sustainable alternative for plant disease management. This formulation provides a promising eco-friendly strategy for developing plant-basedfungicides in sustainable agriculture.
The investigations on the removal of Methylene Blue dye from aqueous solutions by adsorbent utilising Azadirachtaindica Bark L Activated Carbon charcoal were conducted under a broad range of experimental designs andoptimisation settings. The adsorption equilibrium approach has been used to investigate each of the factors. TheLangmuir, Freundlich, and Tempkin adsorption isotherms were employed to assess the adsorption isotherm. Calculations were made for thermodynamic parameters such ∆as Ho , ∆S o and ∆Go . It illustrated howthe adsorptionwas endothermic and spontaneous. The fake second-order kinetics made much more sense than the pseudo-first- order kinetic model. FT-IR, SEM, AFM, BET, and powder XRD were used to measure it both before and after theadsorption of a substance that resembled the colour Congo red in water.
This study develops and characterizes abaca fiber (AF)/graphite/unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) biocomposites, investigating the effect of vinyltrimethoxysilane (TVS) coupling agent (0–8 wt%) on their physical, mechanical, andthermal properties. After alkaline and silane functionalization, the abaca fibers were prepared for molding. Thecomposites were then held at 50 bar for 24 hours via compression molding. FTIR analysis confirmed successful silane bonding through enhanced Si–O–C absorption at 825 cm-1 , while SEM observations revealed a morehomogeneous fiber–matrix interface with reduced voids. The application of silane treatment yielded a substantial improvement in composite characteristics. The modified specimens exhibited an increased density of 1.448 g/cm3 , while concurrently demonstrating a reduction in water absorption and thickness swelling to 4.12%and 3.00%, respectively. Characterization results revealed optimal mechanical behavior. The specimens achieved a tensile peakof 35.194 MPa. Flexural performance was also high, measuring 80.264 MPa. TGA results further indicatedimproved thermal stability in silane-treated composites. These findings demonstrate that surface-engineered natural fibers can overcome interfacial incompatibility-one of the primary limitations in natural fiber composites—whileachieving performance comparable to synthetic counterparts. Leveraging graphite as a functional filler allows for thedevelopment of resilient materials tailored for the automotive and packaging industries, specifically addressingtheneed for low water vapor permeability and high load-bearing capacity. From an academic perspective, this studyprovides a reproducible framework for silane-based interfacial engineering applicable to other agro-industrial fibers, while supporting circular economy strategies through the valorization of agricultural waste and advancingthedevelopment of low-carbon structural materials.
Groundwater quality deterioration is a growing concern in rural India, where aquifers serve as the primary drinkingwater source. This study evaluates and predicts the quality of groundwater in the selected villages of the South- Western region of Vizianagaram District, Andhra Pradesh, using a Water Quality Index (WQI) integratedwithArtificial Neural Network (ANN) modelling. A total of 864 Groundwater samples from 24 locations were collectedduring 2018–2021 and analysed for fifteen physicochemical parameters following APHA procedures and calculatedWQI using the weighted Arithmetic method. WQI classification indicated 58.33% of samples fall under goodquality, 29.17%poor, 4.17% very poor, and 8.33% unsuitable for drinking. To minimise the dependence onextensive laboratory analyses, A feed-forward back-propagation ANN model with architecture 15–5–1 trained usingthe Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm was developed and obtained excellent predictive performance (R2=0.999, RMSE=0.7940, MAE=0.5098, MBE=−0.01965). It can be applied to similar hard-rock aquifer regions, particularlyin areas with limited monitoring infrastructure and financial constraints. It provides a foundation for future researchto explore hybrid and advanced machine learning techniques for improved prediction accuracy and model robustness. From a practical perspective, the model serves as an efficient decision-support tool for policymakers, facilitating proactive planning and sustainable utilisation of groundwater resources. The findings emphasise theimportance of intelligent modelling techniques in improving water quality monitoring, safeguarding public health, and ensuring long-term environmental sustainability.
The significance of benzimidazole as a helpful scaffold in medicinal chemistry is highlighted by this study. Anefficient method for creating novel bioactive compounds is demonstrated by the successful synthesis andcharacterisation of a novel Mannich base derivative. The molecule may be a promising option for future therapeuticdevelopment, particularly in addressing microbial resistance, according to the demonstrated antibacterial activity. Academically, this work advances our knowledge of the structure–activity connections in benzimidazole derivativesand offers a straightforward and trustworthy synthesis and analysis method. The precision of the structural confirmation is guaranteed by the employment of several characterisation techniques. The results provide practical support for the use of these compounds in the creation of novel antibacterial drugs. Future research may concentrate on enhancing biological activity, examining mechanisms of action, and assessingsafety profiles. All things considered, this study offers a helpful starting point for more research in syntheticchemistry and pharmacological applications.
Sugarcane-based distillery spent wash is a notoriously challenging malodorous effluent, characterised by its acidicpH, intense dark brown colour, and high organic load. These features seriously harm the aquatic ecosystemandenvironmental sustainability. In this paper, Zn-TiO2 nanocatalysts with 1-5 wt.% Zn were synthesized by usingthehydrothermal method. A systematic study of the structural features, optical response and photocatalytic properties of TiO2 was conducted to evaluate the influence of Zn doping. Characterisation of the catalysts was carried out usingX-ray diffraction, FESEM, TEM, Raman analysis, UV–DRS, and BET techniques. Zn-doped TiO2 exhibitedaquasi-spherical morphology with particle size ranging from 10 to 25 nm. Doping results in a shift of Raman peakstoward lower wavenumbers and causes the band gap energy to decline from 3.03 eV to 2.8 eV. Photocatalyticperformance under solar light was investigated by monitoring decolourisation efficiency and the extent of CODandTOC reduction of the spent wash. Among all doped samples, the 3% Zn-TiO2 sample exhibits higher photocatalyticactivity (84%) compared to undoped TiO2 (64%) under the same conditions. These findings demonstrate thepotential of Zn–TiO2 as an efficient photocatalyst for sustainable wastewater treatment.
