Low-pressure superheated steam (LPSS) drying of laboratory-rewetted japonica paddy rice (Suijing 18) was investigated using 25 temperature-pressure runs. Five absolute pressures (0.010–0.030 MPa), five temperatures (50–70 °C), and six sampling times produced 150 observations. Moisture content ranged from 8.92% to 20.81% w.b. The quadratic moisture model gave R2 = 0.919, while grouped cross-validation gave R2 = 0.892, RMSE = 0.939 percentage points, and MAE = 0.762 percentage points. Drying time and temperature were the main factors affecting moisture removal, whereas pressure had a smaller effect. From 1,499 valid single-grain force–displacement curves, F0.50 ranged from 23.75 to 67.31 N. Its model gave R2 = 0.691, and grouped cross-validation gave R2 = 0.567, RMSE = 6.51 N, and MAE = 4.99 N. The proportion of grains with an identifiable first fracture increased from 16.7% at moisture ≥19% to 91.8% at moisture <11%. Drying at 60 °C and 0.015 MPa for 20 min produced 14.26 ± 0.22% w.b. and F0.50 of 46.87 ± 4.11 N. SEM images showed qualitative microstructural differences among LPSS-, hot-air-, and shade-dried samples at similar final moisture contents.
The rapid expansion of global dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.) cultivation generates increasing quantities of peel waste, creating both an environmental burden and an opportunity for resource recovery. This review integrates bibliometric mapping of 366 publications retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection with a critical narrative synthesis of dragon fruit peel (DFP) composition, bioactivities, extraction technologies, and high-value applications. Publication output increased markedly after 2018, while network and burst analyses identified four interconnected research themes: extraction and polysaccharide structure-function relationships, bioactivities and phytochemicals, betalain stability and food packaging, and environmental adsorption and engineered materials. DFP is particularly rich in betalains, pectin, dietary fibre, and phenolic compounds, which contribute to its antioxidant, antimicrobial, metabolic-regulatory, and prebiotic potential. Critical comparison of ultrasound-, microwave-, and enzyme-assisted extraction, natural deep eutectic solvents, supercritical-fluid extraction, and liquid biphasic systems indicates that no single technology is universally superior; selection depends on the target compound and intended product. Although these approaches may shorten processing time or improve selectivity, their scale-up, energy demand, solvent recycling, cost, and environmental footprint remain insufficiently evaluated. Emerging applications include natural colorants, functional foods, intelligent packaging, biosorbents, nanomaterials, and biocomposites. However, further toxicological, clinical, techno-economic, and life-cycle assessments are required before large-scale commercialization. Overall, DFP represents a promising multifunctional feedstock for circular food, environmental, and materials systems.
The intensive use of synthetic fertilizers in horticultural systems has raised environmental and economic concerns, prompting the search for sustainable alternatives for nutrient management. Liquid digestates derived from the anaerobic digestion of animal manure represent a promising option within circular economy frameworks. This study evaluated the growth and yield response of romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia) to liquid digestates derived from guinea pig, pig, and cattle manure in northeastern Peru. A completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement was used, considering digestate type, application dose (2%, 4%, and 6% v/v), and application frequency (every 7 and 10 days). Growth and yield traits, including plant height, collar diameter, fresh weight, and number of leaves, were evaluated at commercial maturity. Significant differences among treatments were observed for all evaluated variables. The highest overall agronomic response was obtained with pig-manure digestate applied at 6% every 10 days (T12), reaching 28.00 ± 1.01 cm in plant height, 3.45 ± 0.35 cm in collar diameter, 790.83 ± 77.51 g of fresh weight per plant, and 51.08 ± 1.62 leaves per plant. Application frequency had a limited effect, although the 10-day interval produced the best overall response when combined with pig-manure digestate at the highest dose. These results indicate that liquid digestates, particularly pig-manure digestate, may serve as a promising alternative nutrient source for romaine lettuce grown under alkaline highland greenhouse conditions.
The objective of this study was to investigate the process engineering behavior and physicochemical characterization of extruded snacks produced from purple corn flour (PCF) enriched with black nightshade (Solanum nigrescens) powder (BNP). The combined effects of extrusion temperature (ET = 125–175 °C), feed moisture content (FMC = 18–25 g/100 g), and BNP/PCF ratio (0–50 g/100 g) were evaluated using response surface methodology to determine their influence on process parameters (residence time, torque, and specific mechanical energy), structural properties (expansion index, bulk density, and hardness), functional properties (water absorption index, water solubility index, and pH), and color parameters (L*, a*, and b*). The results showed that the BNP/PCF ratio was the most influential factor affecting most of the evaluated responses, exceeding the effects of ET and FMC. Increasing BNP significantly modified melt rheology, reduced expansion, and increased bulk density and hardness of the extrudates. Likewise, functional properties (WAI, WSI, and pH) exhibited nonlinear responses primarily governed by formulation, reflecting interactions among starch, protein, and fiber. Lightness (L*) was the color parameter most sensitive to BNP substitution. These findings demonstrate that incorporating BNP into PCF-based extruded matrices represents a viable technological strategy for developing functional extruded snacks with natural pigmentation and suitable technological properties, providing relevant evidence for the design of cereal-based snacks enriched with value-added plant ingredients.
D-amino acids (D-AAs) are increasingly recognized as measurable components of dietary exposure, arising mainly from microbial racemization and food-processing-related conversion. Dairy products, particularly fermented dairy foods, provide a useful model for examining this exposure because proteolysis, microbial metabolism and processing conditions can reshape enantiomer-resolved amino-acid profiles and enrich selected D-AAs. In this review, we summarize current evidence regarding the occurrence of D-AAs in dairy products, their possible gastrointestinal fate after ingestion, and their potential relevance to the gut microbiota. Available studies indicate that dairy-derived D-AAs may become more accessible during digestion and may contribute transiently to intestinal luminal D-AA pools. Moreover, at least some orally delivered D-AAs can undergo host uptake, systemic distribution and clearance. However, dietary D-AAs enter an intestinal environment that already contains substantial microbiota-derived D-AA pools and are subject to active host regulation. Thus, current evidence does not support the conclusion that dairy-derived D-AAs reproducibly remodel the gut microbiota. Rather, they are better viewed as minor but potentially relevant, context-dependent contributors at the diet–microbiota interface. From a nutritional and safety perspective, dairy-derived D-AAs do not currently appear to pose major concerns under normal consumption conditions. Future studies should use standardized chiral analytical methods and well-controlled human dietary intervention studies to clarify exposure, gastrointestinal fate and functional relevance.
Agaricus bisporus, known as the white-capped mushroom, is among the cultivated mushrooms widely grown worldwide due to its high nutritional value and economic yield. However, this species is threatened by various disease agents including fungal, bacterial, viral and abiotic (non-microbial) agents under intensive production conditions. Early diagnosis of the symptoms caused by these diseases is of great importance in terms of preventing yield losses and minimizing the economic losses associated with them. In this study, it was aimed to classify five different diseases and healthy samples seen in A. bisporus based on images and to evaluate the effects of different color spaces on the classification accuracy. In this context, classification experiments were conducted on image datasets converted into different color space representations, with the SqueezeNet convolutional neural network (CNN) applied separately to each representation. The findings revealed that the XYZ, RGB and YCbCr color space provided higher classification accuracy compared to other formats in the detection of diseases.
Indonesia’s 8.92 million hectares of tidal wetlands have significant potential for rice production; however, varying soil nutrient status remains a major constraint to productivity. Fertilization practices that are inconsistent with soil nutrient status result in suboptimal yields. This study aimed to (1) identify key nutrients limiting rice yield and (2) develop an optimal site-specific fertilization package for tidal wetland rice systems. Field experiments were conducted in Murung Karamat and Danda Jaya villages, Barito Kuala Regency, South Kalimantan. The results indicated that nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) were the primary yield-limiting nutrients. Nitrogen omission reduced rice yields by 30.4% (1.17 t ha-1) in Murung Karamat and 19.8% (0.95 t ha-1) in Danda Jaya, while potassium omission reduced yields by 18.7% (0.88 t ha-1) and 7.5% (0.40 t ha-1). The implementation of site-specific nutrient management has significantly increased rice productivity. In Murung Karamat, yield increases of 0.94 t ha-1 (21.4%) and 0.88 t ha-1 (20.0%) were achieved through the Rice Crop Manager (RCM) and the Swamp Soil Test Kit (SSTK). In Danda Jaya, RCM increased yields by 16.3% compared with farmer practices. These results demonstrate that precision fertilization, supported by decision-support tools such as the RCM and SSTK, can significantly increase rice yields in tidal wetland environments. RCM and SSTK show strong potential as decision-support tools for site-specific fertilization in tidal wetland rice cultivation.
Non-destructive assessment of fruit internal quality is central to harvest management, postharvest sorting, and supply-chain optimization, yet destructive reference assays remain slow and unsuitable for large-scale in situ use. Spectroscopic sensing offers a practical alternative because light absorption, scattering, photon migration, and Raman responses can be linked to sugars, water status, acidity-related chemistry, and texture-associated structural changes without cutting the fruit. This critical review examines spectroscopic sensor-based machine-learning frameworks for in situ evaluation of fruit internal quality, with emphasis on visible and near-infrared spectroscopy, mid-infrared methods, Raman spectroscopy, and hyperspectral imaging. Particular attention is given to how acquisition geometry, penetration depth, spectral specificity, validation design, and model complexity interact from classical chemometrics to deep and multimodal learning. Literature across 2000–2026 was prioritized when studies reported whole-fruit sensing, external validation, and operationally relevant performance metrics. To make cross-study interpretation more rigorous, reported R, R2, RMSEP/SEP, sample scale, validation type, and deployment context are synthesized in a standardized benchmarking framework. The synthesis shows that soluble solids and dry matter remain the most reliable targets, whereas firmness, acidity, and thick-rind commodities still present major robustness challenges. The review also highlights calibration transfer, cultivar effects, ambient variability, model compression, uncertainty control, data leakage, and domain shift as decisive translational issues. By integrating sensor physics, quantitative benchmarking, data-analysis strategy, and deployment constraints, the article identifies the research gaps that most strongly limit reliable field and packinghouse adoption.
Glucomannan derived from porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus Prain), an underutilized crop adaptable to marginal land, offers strong potential as a functional ingredient for fiber-enriched beverages. However, its translation into consumer-acceptable products remains limited. This study provides a comparative evaluation of sensory acceptance and consumer behavior toward a porang glucomannan-based fiber drink and a commercial counterpart. Sensory evaluation involving 350 panelists showed that the porang-based formulation achieved significantly higher scores across all key attributes, including appearance, aroma, taste, texture, and overall acceptability. Consumer testing (n = 350) further revealed high purchase intention (94.29%), with a notable proportion of respondents indicating regular consumption willingness and acceptable price ranges (USD 0.31–0.63 per serving). These findings demonstrate that porang glucomannan can be successfully formulated into a highly acceptable functional beverage. By integrating product performance with consumer-driven insights, this study contributes to bridging the gap between functional ingredient potential and market acceptance, while supporting sustainable utilization of porang and promoting increased dietary fiber intake.
Productivity of horticultural crops on tropical acidic soils is frequently constrained by low nutrient availability, poor soil fertility, and limited fertilizer-use efficiency. This study evaluated Futura coal-based fertilizer, a commercial coal-derived carbon fertilizer, as a partial substitute for NPK fertilizer in chili pepper cultivation on Ultisol soil. The field experiment was conducted in Tapin Regency, South Kalimantan, Indonesia, using a randomized complete block design with five practical fertilization regimes involving NPK, coal-based fertilizer, and Celltilizer in selected treatments. The measured variables included plant growth, yield components, fruit quality, Cd, Pb, and As concentrations in fresh fruit, and farm economic performance. Fertilization significantly affected yield and productivity, whereas early growth and most fruit quality variables showed limited treatment responses. The best overall performance was obtained with 50% NPK + 50% coal-based fertilizer without Celltilizer, which produced 10.18 t ha -1 compared with 7.34 t ha -1 under the 100% NPK treatment, representing a 38.69% increase. The yield advantage was mainly associated with a greater fruit number and cumulative fruit weight rather than an increase in individual fruit size. Cd, Pb, and As concentrations remained below their respective limits of quantification in all treatments, indicating no detectable accumulation in harvested fruit during one cropping season. The economic analysis showed that the same treatment generated the highest revenue, net profit, and R/C ratio. These findings support the potential use of coal-based fertilizer as a complementary component of integrated nutrient management, but the underlying mechanisms and long-term environmental safety require further validation.
Despite the critical role of pesticide management in sustainable agriculture, no prior study has applied the Theory of Planned Behavior within a Structural Equation Modeling framework to examine pear farmers’ pesticide use in Türkiye. To address this gap, this study investigates factors shaping pear farmers’ intentions and behaviors regarding pesticide use in Bursa Province, a region with high agricultural potential and one of Türkiye’s highest pesticide consumption rates. Data were collected from 290 pear producers through face-to-face surveys and complemented by official statistics. A quantitative approach was employed, using Structural Equation Modeling to test associations among Theory of Planned Behavior constructs: attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intention, and pesticide use behavior. Results show that subjective norms exert a significant negative effect on pesticide use intention, whereas perceived behavioral control has a positive and significant influence on intention. Attitudes toward pesticide use were not significantly associated with pesticide use intention, and neither perceived behavioral control nor intention had a significant direct effect on pesticide use behavior, indicating a clear intention–behavior gap. These findings highlight that social pressures and perceived control shape intentions, yet structural, informational, or contextual barriers may prevent intentions from translating into practice. The study contributes to the literature by integrating the Theory of Planned Behavior with Structural Equation Modeling in pear production, offering empirical evidence to inform policymakers and agricultural extension services in designing targeted interventions for sustainable pesticide management. The insights are particularly relevant for regions with high pesticide dependence and for enhancing global pear production sustainability.
The high anthocyanin content of butterfly pea flowers (Clitoria ternatea L.) can provide natural antioxidants for use in food and medicine. However, the use of butterfly pea flower (BPF) extract is limited by the instability of its anthocyanins during transformation and storage. Therefore, to convert the liquid BPF extract into a dry powder, we propose the foam mat drying (FMD) process. The dry powder form will improve the stability of the extract and ease handling during storage and distribution. In this method, bioactive compounds in the liquid extract are coated with biopolymers to form foam elements, which are then converted into powder. This study adopts an experimental multi-objective optimization approach, in which drying efficiency, physicochemical quality, and anthocyanin stability are evaluated simultaneously by systematically varying formulation composition and drying temperature, rather than relying on mathematical optimization models. Such an integrated evaluation is still rarely addressed in previous FMD studies, which typically focus on individual quality attributes or drying performance alone. The effect of the foaming and stabilizing agents ratio at various temperatures on the physicochemical properties of the resulting powder will be studied and evaluated. The results showed that the formulation of foaming agent (egg white powder, EWP) and foam stabilizers (maltodextrin, MD, and carboxymethyl cellulose, CMC) affected the physicochemical properties of BPF extract powder prepared by the FMD. Among all the foaming agent formulations, the compositions EWP:MD:CMC of 16:20:1 and 8:10:1, with a drying temperature of 70 °C, showed the fastest drying time and produced extract powder with high anthocyanin content and solubility, as well as increased color intensity. Principal component analysis (PCA) supported the results, showing that the formula (8:10:1) has the highest evaluation score for physicochemical properties.
Despite the critical role of pesticide management in sustainable agriculture, no prior study has applied the Theory of Planned Behavior within a Structural Equation Modeling framework to examine pear farmers’ pesticide use in Türkiye. To address this gap, this study investigates factors shaping pear farmers’ intentions and behaviors regarding pesticide use in Bursa Province, a region with high agricultural potential and one of Türkiye’s highest pesticide consumption rates. Data were collected from 290 pear producers through face-to-face surveys and complemented by official statistics. A quantitative approach was employed, using Structural Equation Modeling to test associations among Theory of Planned Behavior constructs: attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intention, and pesticide use behavior. Results show that subjective norms exert a significant negative effect on pesticide use intention, whereas perceived behavioral control has a positive and significant influence on intention. Attitudes toward pesticide use were not significantly associated with pesticide use intention, and neither perceived behavioral control nor intention had a significant direct effect on pesticide use behavior, indicating a clear intention–behavior gap. These findings highlight that social pressures and perceived control shape intentions, yet structural, informational, or contextual barriers may prevent intentions from translating into practice. The study contributes to the literature by integrating the Theory of Planned Behavior with Structural Equation Modeling in pear production, offering empirical evidence to inform policymakers and agricultural extension services in designing targeted interventions for sustainable pesticide management. The insights are particularly relevant for regions with high pesticide dependence and for enhancing global pear production sustainability.
Soybean is an important crop globally used for oil production and is also important source of nutrients for humans and livestock. Nevertheless, abiotic stresses are negatively affecting the soybean growth and productivity. Drought is a serious stress which substantially decreases soybean germination, growth and yield. Soybean breeders have employed multiple traditional breeding techniques to develop drought-tolerant cultivars; however, their progress has been limited because of their time-consuming nature and high cost. For this reason, soybean breeders are using several molecular research and editing tools, such as QTL mapping, transcriptomes, transcription factors, and CRISPR/Cas9, to improve soybean tolerance to drought stress. These molecular tools have been widely used in soybean, and many drought-tolerant cultivars have been developed. However, these tools still have several limitations that need to be addressed. Currently, remote sensing has emerged as effective tool to assess crop health and manage resources effectively. It is evident that remote sensing tools can help to monitor drought stress regions and plant phenotypes efficiently. This is the first review discussing the integrated use of molecular and remote sensing tools for improving drought tolerance in soybean. Hence, molecular tools can be used to improve genetic traits linked to those phenotypes.
Despite growing climate pressures, little is known about the resilience strategies of Tunisian beekeepers. This study identifies and classifies adaptation profiles based on coping strategies and examines their personal, agronomic, socioeconomic, and institutional characteristics. Data was collected from a survey of 120 beekeepers and analysed using descriptive statistics and multivariate techniques. Fundings indicate that nearly all respondents (98.3%) reported experiencing environmental and economic pressures, particularly rising temperatures (92%), seasonal variability (88.3%), and increasing production costs (80.8%), with nearly half adopting measures to adapt to climate change. Factor analysis identified three principal dimensions of resilience strategies, explaining 71% of total variance: marketing and smart innovation strategies (38.37%), technological adaptation (19.87%), and financial adjustment (12.80%). Cluster analysis based on these dimensions revealed four distinct profiles: (1) beekeepers resistant to technological adaptation (16%), characterized by limited education and resources and a higher proportion of women; (2) experienced beekeepers relying primarily on traditional financial and technological practices (45.8%); (3) traditional technology adopters with financial reluctance (16.7%), generally experienced and educated but resistant to financial diversification; and (4) young, highly educated, innovation-oriented beekeepers (21.7%) who actively adopt marketing and smart technologies. The largest group consists of beekeepers who use traditional adaptation strategies while the other three groups are almost equal in size. The predominance of traditional adaptation strategies highlights structural constraints in innovation uptake. Strengthening targeted training, financial access, and knowledge exchange, while promoting a balanced integration of traditional practices and modern innovations, appears essential to enhancing collective resilience to climate change.
The increasing trend of healthy awareness demands nutrient-rich food consumption, for instance, processed with no gluten. This research focused on developing gluten-free pasta utilizing a composite blend of brown rice, soy protein isolate, and corn starch, enriched with microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis (HP) flour. A 3 & times;3 factorial design was used based on Feed Moisture Content (FMC) (36%, 40%, 44%) and HP supplementation levels (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%), with wheat protein as a control produced using cold extrusion techniques. The enriched pasta was characterized based on physicochemical properties, cooking quality, microstructure, antioxidant activity, and sensory attributes. The result presented that HP supplementation depicted yellow tone color and showed a significant increase in protein content (32.78-33.35%), fiber content (3.21-3.62%), and reduced carbohydrate content compared with the control group. The textural properties of uncooked pasta exhibited increased hardness with the addition of HP, indicating good material synergistic effects to inhibit physical cracks during storage. The DPPH radical scavenging activity increased significantly with the increase of HP by 64.1% (raw samples) and 40.7% (cooked samples). In addition, sensory evaluation revealed the highest overall acceptability at increment HP levels (0.5-1.0%) and a FMC of 40%. The findings indicated that HP could improve gluten-free pasta's nutritional and functional characteristics while ensuring consumer acceptability when optimized for concentration and moisture levels.
Efficient and safe bio-seed dressing agents are urgently needed to replace traditional chemical ones in wheat production. Here, we evaluated and compared the field performance of a novel bio-seed dressing formulated with five bacterial strains typically used as animal probiotics against a conventional chemical seed dressing (comprising epoxiconazole, imidacloprid, and chlorpyrifos) in wheat plot trials. Compared with both the undressed control and the chemical treatment, the bio-dressing significantly increased wheat biomass as well as N, P and K accumulation, raising the theoretical grain yield by 8.3% and 10.2%, respectively. Further analyses revealed that the bio-dressing increased both the diversity and abundance of rhizosphere soil bacteria. The Chao1 index (5258.27 +/- 87.14) was significantly higher than that of the undressed control (5086.20 +/- 29.38) and the chemical treatment (4891.56 +/- 87.66). The Shannon index (6.87 +/- 0.04) was also significantly higher than that of the undressed control (6.80 +/- 0.03) and the chemical treatment (6.82 +/- 0.03). The bio-dressing enhanced total N and improved the availability of P and K in rhizosphere soil, thereby promoting mineral nutrient uptake by wheat. These results demonstrate that the bio-seed dressing agent can effectively replace its chemical counterpart to promote wheat growth and increase fertilizer use efficiency.
Background: the interest in edible seeds, such as Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa), has grown due to their rich nutrient composition. The Brazil nut tree grows especially in the Amazon region, and the seeds hold economic and social importance. Despite Brazil nuts being nutritious, they are also associated with allergic reactions, due to proteins like 11S globulin (Ber e 2) and 2S albumin (Ber e 1) being the main allergens. In recent years, emerging technologies, such as high- power ultrasound and cold plasma, have been studied to improve food quality and safety by promoting alterations in protein properties. Objective: this study aims to compare these two physical methods on defatted Brazil nut cake, assessing their efficacy in reducing allergenic fractions and analyzing their proximate composition and amino acid profile. Methods: physical treatments with cold plasma and ultrasound were performed, followed by proximate composition and amino acid profile analyses. Results: indicate variations in ash, lipids, proteins, and carbohydrate contents between the cold plasma and ultrasound treatments. Ultrasound demonstrated a higher capacity to reduce lipid content and increase protein concentration, while cold plasma showed higher mineral retention. Concerning amino acid profile, cold plasma was the most effective treatment for rapidly releasing amino acids like cysteine and methionine. At the same time, ultrasound showed a more gradual and controlled action. Conclusion: neither method was sufficiently effective in reducing methionine, and cold plasma showed a temporary reduction in cysteine. The choice between the two methods depends on the specific objectives of each application.
Corn and alfalfa intercropping is considered an important practice for controlling soil erosion. The effects of herbicide application during the emergence and growth periods of alfalfa have not yet been studied. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the impacts of two herbicides (nicosulfuron and atrazine) on alfalfa at different growth stages (before emergence, at emergence, and during the branching stages). The results revealed that herbicide application to maize significantly decreased emergence, plant height, stem diameter, biomass and grain yield. The mortality rate of alfalfa during the first year’s branching stage was the lowest, indicating that tolerance to this herbicide improved. The herbicides had negative impacts in a dose-dependent manner; for example, the same dose effects gradually increased first but then decreased. Moreover, the root-to-seedling ratio, activity index, and contents of soluble sugars and soluble protein in alfalfa significantly decreased in all three treatment groups, whereas the activities of three antioxidant enzymes significantly increased. The residual effect of the herbicide in the field completely disappeared when the interval between applications exceeded eleven months. Therefore, these findings indicate that herbicide application has negative effects on alfalfa growth.
Effective food control systems are important to ensure the safety of food produced and to protect consumers, as well as to boost food exports. This review aims to provide an overview of the strategies applied by Brazil’s Federal Inspection Service (SIF) regarding the quality of products of animal origin, including the Program for Evaluation of Physicochemical and Microbiological Compliance in Products of Animal Origin (PACPOA). In this program, it was carrying out the collection and analysis of animal product samples across more than 3,000 industries/slaughterhouses registered in SIF. The results in 2024 indicate that 24,786 physicochemical and microbiological analyses were carried out on 6,478 samples. The percentage of compliant samples observed was 84.21% (5,455/6,478), with 87.85% (2,863/3,259) for microbiological parameters and 80.52% (2,592/3,219) for physicochemical parameters. The PACPOA is aligned with international guidelines, with the monitoring of products of animal origin in industries/slaughterhouses, using official laboratories and internationally validated and/or recognized analytical methods, providing transparency on the safety, identity, and quality of products, and is aligned with product monitoring strategies and results in other countries.
