This systematic literature review synthesizes recent research on the resilience of mangroves in response to climate variability. Mangroves play a crucial role in coastal protection, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity conservation. However, climate variability, including extreme weather events, sea level rise, and changing precipitation patterns, poses significant challenges to mangrove ecosystems. Using Covidence for article selection and analysis, this study aims to establish a fundamental basis for the investigation of the relationship between climate variability and mangrove resilience. This study employed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to ensure methodological accuracy and transparency. A search of the Scopus database (2014–2024) identified n = 223 records, which after screening and eligibility assessment, resulted in n = 44 studies included in the final synthesis. Data extraction captured bibliographic, ecological, and methodological variables such as climate drivers, mangrove species, resilience indicators, and analytical tools. This review concludes that strengthening mangrove resilience requires integrated socio-ecological strategies that combine ecological processes with adaptive governance, sediment management, and community-based adaptation. Addressing research gaps through geographically and interdisciplinary approaches will be crucial for enhancing the role of mangroves in climate adaptation and sustainable coastal management. The findings underscore the importance of mangroves in relation to the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDGs 13 (Climate Action), 14 (Life Below Water), and 15 (Life on Land).
This study addresses the problem of coastal erosion on Peroba Beach, in Icapuí, Brazil, highlighting the socio-environmental conflicts resulting from territorial disputes and human interventions in the coastal zone. The erosion process is aggravated by natural and anthropogenic factors, such as disorderly occupation, climate change and alterations in sediment dynamics. The main conflict in Peroba involves two groups: the Peroba Residents Association (traditional fishermen), who advocated the construction of an adherent riprap, and the Preserve Peroba Association (new residents), who proposed a more ecological structure to restrain erosion. The dispute led to mediation by the Brazilian Federal Public Prosecutor’s Office (MPF), which proposed an agreement between the parties. The solution adopted consisted of the construction of two permeable breakwaters and artificial beach nourishment, combining coastal engineering techniques and integrated coastal zone management. The study reinforces the importance of community participation, sustainable planning and the use of nature-based solutions to minimize environmental impacts and preserve local characteristics.
Coastal water systems are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic pressures, making natural recovery processes difficult and accelerating environmental degradation. Consequently, the urgent and strategic management of coastal and marine resources has become imperative to promote sustainability. Since the mid-19th century, various global and regional efforts have aimed to improve coastal conditions, among which Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) has emerged as a comprehensive and holistic framework. While a considerable body of literature exists on ICZM, a systematic review that synthesizes its historical evolution, conceptual foundation, policy frameworks, implementation models, and challenges remains lacking. This paper addresses this gap by providing an integrated, interdisciplinary overview of ICZM - tracing its development, highlighting significant governance approaches, assessing environmental, institutional, socio-economic, political, and scientific challenges, and identifying future directions. Special emphasis is placed on the Indian context, offering insights into national strategies, institutional mechanisms, and the application of remote sensing and spatial tools in coastal management. The paper also examines the contribution of ICZM toward achieving key Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), reinforcing its role as a critical pathway to sustainable coastal governance.
Alternative livelihood programs have been promoted to reduce fishing pressure and improve coastal community resilience. In Palawan, Philippines, fisherfolk from Dumaran and Araceli participated in training programs supported by WPU-ATBI and PBCAI, covering aquaculture, processing, and enterprise management. This study assessed training outcomes using a survey adapted from USAID and analyzed responses with descriptive and inferential statistics. Results showed that men and lower-income households (≤ ₱10,000) perceived training as more effective, while no significant differences were observed by household size, education, or policy participation. Women represented a majority (53.70%), reflecting their cultural assignment to post-harvest and marketing roles, as well as their growing participation in fisheries value chains. Program outcomes revealed mixed results: 63.89% of participants continued their projects, yet nearly half of initiatives faced discontinuation due to financial and management challenges. Aquaculture and processing were the most frequently adopted livelihoods, showing alignment with local skills and resources. Financial literacy and business management training helped some participants sustain enterprises, but limited time, market access, and contextual gaps constrained broader success. Income improvements were reported by 70.67% of households, though gains in housing and education were modest. The findings underscore that one-time training is insufficient; sustained support, access to finance, and stronger market linkages are crucial. Tailoring training to local contexts, fostering collective organization, and building long-term support systems can enhance the sustainability of alternative livelihoods. By addressing financial and operational barriers while leveraging women’s active roles, livelihood programs can strengthen both household resilience and resource sustainability in coastal communities.
Several interests, such as urban expansion, coastal development, industrial pollution and fishing, are intertwined with the use and protection of coastal and marine resources. However, disjointed regulation of maritime activities and conflicting pressures have led to a lack of strategic and integrated spatial management. The rational use of the ocean has become a major challenge for coastal countries and regions around the world, and Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) has become a valuable and effective tool to achieve these goals. This article aims to present proposals for strategic initiatives for the management of coastal and adjacent oceanic environments in Brazil to make the MSP viable. The federal legal basis for the MSP in Brazil was analyzed, as well as the models, experiences and practices of the MSP adopted in other countries, the proposals and methodologies for the management of conflicts of marine uses and activities, and interviews were conducted with a focus group of experts. As a result, proposals were identified to be internalized in the legal system, such as the adoption of a Directive adopted by the countries of the European Community or an IOC-UNESCO guide, the adoption of financial tools to support the implementation of the MSP, the interaction of the planning and implementation of the MSP with public policies for coastal management, the pre-establishment of zoning rules for the use of maritime spaces, the identification of parameters to be adopted in determining the use or prevailing activity in cases of conflicts and the establishment of a methodology that strengthens social participation. It is concluded that the implementation of the MSP in Brazil faces a series of complex challenges, but that there are opportunities for the adoption of these proposals, adjusting them to their specific needs, becoming a fundamental tool for the sustainable management of the Brazilian marine heritage.
The coastal environment can change naturally or be influenced by human economic activities. Purworejo Regency, in Central Java, is a developing area being the vaname shrimp main activity of the coastal community’s economy. Various anthropogenic factors and high sea waves in coastal areas make this area vulnerable to changes in shoreline and land cover. In this study, the shoreline in this study was extracted from SPOT time series spatial data (2007, 2011, 2017, and 2020) using the on-screen digitization method, while land cover changes were analyzed using the overlay method. The most significant sedimentation increase occurred from 2011 to 2017 with an additional area of 29.67 ha, while the smallest sedimentation occurred from 2017 to 2020 with an additional area of 9.09 ha. The worst erosion was detected from 2017 to 2020, which caused the loss of an area of 17.52 ha. The type of land cover that is developing rapidly in Purworejo Regency is shrimp ponds, which have been widely developed since 2014. Cross-profile analysis concluded that there was no link between changes in shoreline and changes in land cover.
As praias configuram-se como espaços amplamente acessíveis à população em geral, sobretudo no que se refere às atividades de lazer. Também são bastante expostas às variações ambientais e impactos antrópicos, o que afeta diretamente a sua qualidade geral. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a areia de três praias urbanas do Rio Grande do Norte (Redinha, Ponta Negra e Pirangi), para identificar a presença ou não de bactérias do grupo dos coliformes, avaliando sua relação com o período do ano e a frequência de usuários. As análises mostraram que a quantidade de microrganismos é influenciada pela entrada de água doce (pluvial e fluvial) no sistema e pela intensidade de uso das praias pelos usuários. A alta concentração de coliformes observada nas praias de Redinha e Pirangi durante o período chuvoso, provavelmente está relacionada com a proximidade em relação aos rios Potengi e Pirangi, muito poluídos, sugerindo a ocorrência de lançamento de esgoto no curso dos rios. Já no período seco, a quantidade de coliformes esteve relacionada ao uso da praia, quando há um aumento na produção de resíduos, como no caso de Ponta Negra. Monitorar parâmetros relacionados à qualidade microbiológica das praias é essencial para que os usuários das praias possam garantir a segurança do seu lazer, bem como para que os gestores públicos possam tomar decisões, principalmente de natureza sanitária.
O aumento da deposição arribadas e lixo antropogênico impacta e diminui a qualidade de praias arenosas. A Ilha de itamaracá é uma ilha continental onde essas deposições ocorrem. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a interação entre o lixo e arribadas nas praias da ilha. Para isso, três praias (Forte, Pilar e Sossego) foram estudadas para deposição de algas arribadas através biomassa vegetal e macrolixo em março, junho, setembro e dezembro de 2022. Dois mil e treze itens de lixo foram coletados, com maioria de plásticos (72%) e vidro e cerâmica (19%). Embalagens de uso único foram o plástico mais abundante. Mais de 70% (n = 969) dos itens ocorreram no Sossego. A maioria do lixo ocorreu em setembro (n = 952) e dezembro (n = 364). Cerca de 362 itens foram classificados como resto de construção, ocorrendo no Forte nos primeiros meses. Fatores de composição (grau de cobertura e tipo de detrito), direção do vento e precipitação foram responsáveis pela distribuição do lixo. Sossego foi dominada por macroalgas, com mais da metade de toda biomassa vegetal coletada (64,4%, 252,5 ± 41,4 kg/100m²) com diferença significativa na comparação com Forte. Fatores de composição, direção do vento e precipitação determinaram o peso de biomassa vegetal. Lixo e biomassa tiveram correlação positiva fraca (rho=0,32 e p ≤0,05). Picos de deposição de arribadas não coincidiram com os meses de mais lixo. O tipo de arribação mostrou associação com a velocidade do vento. A maioria dos plásticos tiveram baixo grau de emaranhamento e fragmentos emaranhamento muito alto. Emaranhados (n=53) foram identificados nas praias, em áreas não cobertas e fortemente cobertas. Os resultados indicam que a sazonalidade climática controla a dinâmica de deposições e lixo e arribadas, quando juntos, resultam na formação de emaranhados, um preocupante componente da poluição das praias.
O presente trabalho pretende-se analisar processos erosivos que o litoral do município de Maceió no estado de Alagoas sofreu ao logo da série temporal de 1991 a 2021. Tais processos erosivos submetem a zona costeira a riscos e susceptibilidade a vulnerabilidade. Para a determinação da dinâmica posicional da linha de costa do litoral de Maceió foi adotado a ferramenta gratuita de código aberto, denominada System From Space Imagery Engine - CASSIE. Os dados quantitativos adquiridos referem-se à ocorrência de processos erosivos que foram refinados para organização dos resultados em tabelas. Foi utilizado o software livre Qgis versão 3.22 Białowieża para elaboração dos mapas, representando a área de estudo. O litoral de Maceió foi dividido em 5 setores para melhor análise. O setor 1 inicia-se do final do bairro Ipioca até ao limite final da faixa litorânea do município de Maceió, onde está situada a estação da CEMADEN, enquanto o setor 2 inicia-se no bairro Cruz das Almas. No caso dos setores como o 3, 4 e 5 o critério para o enquadramento dessas áreas, foi considerado o aspecto de distribuição espacial das grandes praias de Maceió. Os resultados mostraram que nos 5 setores foram encontradas situações classificadas pela ferramenta CASSIE como áreas erodidas, áreas acrescidas e áreas estáveis. Face aos resultados supracitados, foi recomendada a adoção de um plano de manejo vinculado a medida mitigadoras, que exerça ações efetivas no quadro da vulnerabilidade do litoral de Maceió. O planejamento adequado voltado para o litoral propiciará a contenção e prevenção dos impactos ambientais a que se encontra suscetível.
Este trabalho tem como objetivo gerar o Índice de Sensibilidade do Litoral (ISL) ao derramamento de óleo na costa da Guiné-Bissau. Localizada na zona tropical da África Ocidental, a Guiné-Bissau possui uma extensa zona costeira, com predominância de amplitude de maré alta, que influencia o interior do continente até 150 km, com 22% do território inundado durante a estação chuvosa. A metodologia foi baseada nas Especificações e Normas Técnicas para a Elaboração das Cartas de Sensibilidade Ambiental a Derramamentos de Óleo (Cartas SAO), desenvolvida pelo Ministério de Meio Ambiente (MMA) do Brasil, utilizando a análise de imagens baseada em objetos geográficos (GEOBIA) e aprendizado de máquina para classificação da cobertura do solo em uma imagem Sentinel (maio de 2020). Após a segmentação da imagem e coleta de amostras, foram extraídos atributos da imagem (média e desvio padrão das bandas espectrais e índices de vegetação). A precisão de diferentes algoritmos de aprendizado de máquina foi avaliada (Random Forest, Support Vector Classifier, Gradient Boosting e Multilayer Perceptron). O algoritmo Random Forest apresentou o maior acurácia (0.97) e foi utilizado para a classificação final da cobertura da terra, que foram reclassificadas para valores de ISL. A área de estudo apresenta valores de ISL variando de 3 a 10. No entanto, os índices mais altos (8, 9 e 10) representaram 94.4% da área mapeada e são consideradas as unidades onde é mais difícil remover o óleo. Considerando a vulnerabilidade do país à exposição de petroleiros que atravessam o Golfo de Guiné, o ISL é uma ferramenta importante na mitigação dos danos ambientais causados por derramamentos de óleo na costa guineense.
Ocean governance is an underrepresented integrated policy approach and strategy, with few examples, and insufficient data and analysis in Panama. It refers to the process that combines government structures, processes, norms and other aspects of public policy that shape the way in which different stakeholders make decisions and pursue accountability in the application of management tools in natural spaces, with the purpose that ecosystems and the services they provide to society are restored and preserved in quality and quantity for all stakeholders. This review was carried out by analyzing documents from national and international sources, following key aspects of the Decalogue and describing the current state of Panama regarding marine governance issues. The review unquestionably evidenced showed that there is a lack of adequate mechanisms for marine governance; however, the international normative framework and its advances at the national level are recognized. This work prioritizes interdisciplinary research as a central axis for the planning, implementation and evaluation of management plans, suggested to follow and prioritize the National Ocean Policy. Furthermore, considering that the ocean is multidimensional and globally connected, demographic and functional connectivity should be considered a crucial element for integrating science into the decision-making process.
Estuaries are coastal ecosystems of transition between continental and marine waters, among their characteristics, there is the salinity variation due to tidal cycles, being necessary environmental monitoring actions for the identification of possible anthropic influences. The aim was to characterize seasonally the physical and chemical variables of water in the estuary of the rivers Goiana and Megaó. The study area comprises the estuary of the Goiana and Megaó rivers, located in the Northeast of Brazil, and is a protected area of sustainable use for the development of artisanal fisheries. A total of 20 points along the estuary were sampled during the months of May, July, September and November 2021, January and March 2022, collecting temperature (ºC), pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen (mg/L) and transparency (cm). Temperature, salinity and transparency varied significantly between the dry and rainy seasons. The dissolved oxygen registered was lower than that described in the Brazilian legislation, causing a state of hypoxia in the estuary. Mitigation measures are needed to improve the quality of the estuarine water, ensuring the maintenance of local biodiversity.
Zoning has the function of making the development of urban and rural areas compatible, defining restrictions and adjustments to the use of the soil. A subdivision of environmental zoning is geoenvironmental zoning, which considers the landscape as a physical and conceptual tool/contribution to the planning actions. The municipality of Rio Grande (Rio Grande do Sul-South Brazil), which is situated in a lagunar area, with sectors far away from the beach, allowed different uses of the urban and rural spaces, which drastically affected the operation and organization of the landscape. Therefore, there has been a need for studies on environmental planning, being the objective of this research to present the geoenvironmental planning for Rio Grande municipality. The geoecology of landscapes will be used as a theoretical and methodological approach, as it allows the establishment of geoenvironmental units. The geoenvironmental zoning defined six areas, which are: preservation, conservation, damping, rehabilitation, improvement, and use. The geoenvironmental zoning allowed the proposition of rules to the adequate use of the environment, conciliating the characteristics of the physical environment with the needs of socioeconomic dynamics.
Populations in coastal zones are more susceptible to risks caused by extreme climate events. Therefore, climate planning is becoming an important tool to adapt these areas to the consequences of climate disasters. This article proposes an assessment of coastal risks and climate adaptation instruments developed by thirty countries in the Atlantic Area region. Climate adaptation strategies, plans and related documents were analyzed in order to understand whether the national planning framework can lead to an efficient management of extreme climate events. The contents of the documents were evaluated by thirty-two indicators within the awareness, analysis, and actions dimensions. Correlation and regression analyses were conducted to verify the influence of independent variables on their content. Results indicate that the documents resulted in medium overall quality to manage the risks of extreme events. Most indicators presented a good performance with a medium to high grade of breadth and depth scores. Based on Cronbach’s alpha, this study reliability reached a high level. The regression analysis demonstrated that 20% of variance in content of documents could be explained by independent variables, suggesting a weak relationship. In order to improve the climate change and disaster preparedness and response managements, we recommend an inclusion of new indicators and contextual variables to investigate the quality of planning documents.
This study investigates the climate resilience of Tanjung Emas Port, Semarang, Indonesia, a major port facing significant land subsidence and sea-level rise. Through a descriptive qualitative analysis, we examine the port’s preparedness strategies and actions in response to climate change impacts. The research aims to provide valuable insights for port managers and decision-makers in developing effective climate adaptation measures. Key findings include the existence of a disaster contingency plan by the port authority, although further identification of disaster-prone port infrastructure is necessary. Based on PIANC standards, Tanjung Emas Port demonstrates a level of climate resilience, but additional research on the resilience of port infrastructure is warranted. Moreover, enhanced synergy among port users, operators, and stakeholders is crucial for building a robust resilience system. This research contributes to the understanding of climate resilience in ports and offers practical recommendations for port managers and policymakers. The findings and insights from this study can inform the development of effective climate adaptation strategies and policies, ultimately promoting the creation of resilient ports in the face of climate change challenges.
Understanding tidal constituent trends is becoming increasingly important in a world where climate change puts pressure on the tidal regime across the globe. Tidal constituents change constantly, but there is strong evidence that nodal modulation interferes with constituent amplitude values, thus hindering efforts to accurately measure their trends. Therefore, this paper proposes a practical approach to remove the influence of nodal modulation in constituent trend analysis. We collected multiple 18.6-year series of sea level data from tide gauges in Brest (France), Cananeia (Brazil), and Eastport (USA) and performed a harmonic analysis. Our main focus is to assess the interference of the nodal cycle on M2 tidal constituents. Although 19-year series are optimal to minimize this interference, they drastically reduce the number of data sets analyzed. To mitigate this problem, we employed a sliding window approach where each 19-year series starts one year after the previous one. The results of all three surveyed sites show that by employing this approach, the trends of the tidal constituents change significantly compared to what was previously seen with nodal interference. For instance, in Eastport, the analysis indicates that nodal modulation is partially responsible for the apparent reduction of the M2 amplitude tendency slope after 1980, a change that is softened when the effects of this modulation are removed. The reliability of the trends identified in this study suggests that this practical approach can also help future research predict the slope tendency of main tidal constituents.
Mangrove losses have been observed in several parts of the world including the Philippines despite its explicit directive through Republic Act 8550 or the Philippines Fisheries Code (PHILIPPINES, 1998) in ensuring the conservation, protection, and sustained management of the country’s fishery and aquatic resources. This qualitative research made use of a case study design at Sorsogon Bay Rompeolas through observation, field visits, and interviews to describe and evaluate the milestones and challenges encountered in the mangrove reforestation and protection initiatives among volunteer stakeholders. The study found out that the post-implementation (monitoring) phase of the project was the least participated activity while the project implementation phase was the fully participated activity of the different stakeholders involved in the project. Waste pollution, unsustained participation of residents, and natural calamities are the challenges encountered by the project. The Local Government Units (LGUs) in collaboration with the concerned national authorities may adopt blended infrastructure projects with the environmental protection program in the preservation and enhancement of the current state of the coastal ecosystem for future generations.
