Critical reading has emerged as a vital academic competence that enables learners to analyse, interpret, and evaluate literary texts from multiple perspectives. Despite the growing emphasis on critical literacy, many classroom practices continue to privilege information retrieval over reflective and dialogic engagement. Addressing this gap, the present study develops an integrated framework by combining Bakhtin's theory of dialogism with Rosenblatt's Reader-Response Theory to enhance critical reading competence through the selected fiction of Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni. Bakhtin's concept of dialogic interaction encourages readers to engage with diverse voices, cultural contexts, and competing viewpoints, while Rosenblatt's efferent–aesthetic continuum explains the reciprocal relationship between the reader and the literary text. Bringing these complementary perspectives together, the study demonstrates how meaningful classroom dialogue and personal reader responses foster deeper interpretation, critical reflection, and independent meaning-making. Divakaruni's narratives, with their rich portrayal of migration, identity, gender, memory, and cultural negotiation, provide an effective platform for examining these processes. The proposed framework highlights the role of literature as a space for intellectual inquiry rather than passive consumption, encouraging learners to question assumptions and construct informed interpretations. The study contributes to contemporary literary pedagogy by presenting a practical and theoretically grounded model that supports critical literacy, dialogic learning, and learner-centred reading practices in higher education.
This study empirically tests a structural equation model that explains how individual psychological characteristics influence investor decision-making by looking at the effects of psychological biases and risk tolerance on investment decisions. Investment decisions are rarely based solely on financial data, expected returns or market conditions. They are also influenced by perception, emotion, personal experience and attitude to uncertainty. Therefore, the study examines major psychological biases such as overconfidence, herding tendency, loss aversion, anchoring and confirmation bias, considering risk tolerance as an important individual-level variable that influences investment behavior. A conceptual framework is developed to investigate the direct and interrelated relationships between these behavioral characteristics and investment decision making. Primary data collection can take place through surveys of individual investors. In order to collect data related to investors' demographics, investment experience, behavioral traits, risk attitudes, and decision-making behavior, a survey can be prepared. Using the Structural Equation Modeling approach allows testing the measures of the constructs and the model of relationships between variables. Such an approach allows distinguishing observable indicators from behavioral constructs as well as investigating multiple relationships between psychological biases, risk attitudes and investment decisions. Psychological biases are expected to have significant impact on the process of investors' information processing, assessment of gains/losses, market signals interpretation and investment alternatives selection. Overconfident investors are expected to underestimate uncertainty and overinvest; those who are loss-averse may miss out on profitable investment opportunities due to fear of losses. In the same way, heaving and confirmation bias may lead to the decision making being driven either by the consensus view or the way the investors interpret information in a way that is consistent with their previous knowledge or beliefs. The behavior of the investors is expected to be driven not only by their attitude to the risk but also by the combination of psychological and risk attitudes; therefore, investors with different attitudes towards financial risk may make their decisions in different ways in the same market conditions. The paper makes a contribution to behavioral finance through combining psychological and risk attitudes in one structure. The results of the research may provide valuable information for financial advisers, financial institutions, policymakers, and individual investors who wish to understand the behavioral aspects of investing in order to make their investment decisions more rational and consistent.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been evolved from being a helpful instrument to a creator which is that has led to questioning the existing structure of Intellectual Property Law and Branding works. The Trade Marks Act, 1999 is being drawn out in ways not contemplated by lawmakers in particular in designing logos and which determine the next large marketing drifts. The paper scrutinizes two critical queries about who is responsible for Artificial Intelligence crossing the lines of existing rights, and who actually owns a mark created by Artificial Intelligence? Considering at recent cases in India, along with what is happening in other countries, Indian Law needs to update on serious notes. The goal for helping for up keeping the standards of Indian trademark with the fast-moving digital global economy.
Critical reading in contemporary literary studies has evolved beyond conventional approaches that privilege either information retrieval or personal response. This conceptual study proposes a Bakhtinian–Rosenblatt Framework for Critical Reading by integrating Mikhail Bakhtin's theory of dialogism with Louise M. Rosenblatt's Efferent– Aesthetic Reading continuum. While Rosenblatt's framework explains the dynamic relationship between readers and texts, Bakhtin's dialogism expands this interaction by emphasizing multiple voices, ideological positions, andmdialogic meaning-making. The proposed framework offers a comprehensive approach that encourages readers tommove beyond literal comprehension and subjective appreciation towards critical interpretation, reflective inquiry,mand contextual analysis. Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni's fiction serves as the literary corpus for illustrating themapplicability of the framework because her narratives foreground issues of identity, migration, gender, culture, memory, and belonging through diverse narrative voices. By synthesizing reader-response and dialogic perspectives, the study presents a structured model for examining how readers negotiate meaning through interaction with texts and broader sociocultural contexts. The framework contributes to language and literature studies by strengthening critical reading pedagogy, fostering interpretative competence, and promoting dialogic engagement with literary texts. It also provides researchers, teachers, and students with a theoretically grounded model that can be adapted to diverse literary works and educational settings, thereby advancing critical literacy in higher education.
This study aims to examine the influence of algorithmically mediated digital content on electoral behavior. The article analyses the decision-making process using four research methods. The first method explores the distribution of campaign expenditures among different kinds of resources, and the second one assesses the correlation between interaction with digital content and voting behavior. The other two methods are applied to analyze the data and predict election results, using multiple linear regression and logistic regression. The results of the study demonstrate that targeted ads have the most significant influence on electoral behavior (p = β = 0.384, p = p < 0.001). Furthermore, High-Arousal Grievance Framing increases the likelihood of vote-switching by over β = 0.078 % (p = OR = 2.415, p = p < 0.001). Constructive Policy Infographics do not affect voting behavior (p = p = 0.284). In addition, the study finds that targeting awareness decreases the level of persuasion ( p = OR = 0.512 , p = p < 0.001 ). Finally, the study discovers that there is no strong correlation between digital engagement and physical political participation (p = r = 0.214). The study’s results have significant implications for democracy, regulation, and technology, as the influence of digital content on voters’ decisions is profound and hard to measure. Moreover, algorithmic political advertising requires more transparency, and digital literacy programs should be created to help voters distinguish between various kinds of digital content.
The purpose of this paper is to present a diachronic comparative analysis of poetic works by John Donne and Robert Browning. The focus of the discussion is drawn to the evolution of the dramatic-lyrical form between the Early Modern Metaphysical School and the Victorian period. Both poets abandoned the conventional abstract lyrical voices to adopt conversational modes of expression. A close reading of selected poems reveals that John Donne and Robert Browning differ dramatically in their approaches to constructing triadic relationships between the poetic speaker, internal auditor, and external reader. John Donne implemented an enquiring and combative mode of poetic address to enact a philosophical debate with the reader. In contrast, Robert Browning created the impression of a dramatic dialogue by inventing a persona which concealed his own voice and engaged the auditor in moral discussions. The paper demonstrates that such a shift from an open debate to a hermeneutic of silence reflected deep ideological rifts between the early modern and Victorian worldviews. Ultimately, the paper argues that the evolution of the dramatic-lyrical genre laid the conceptual groundwork for the rise of early twentieth-century Modernism.
Citizens' interactions with financial services and financial service institutions have been transformed with the digitisation of financial services. This study aims to examine how perceived quality and trust influence Customers Attitude & Behaviour toward FinTech-enabled financial services. The proposed framework conceptualizes Perceived Quality through seven dimensions, namely Convenience, Reliability, Assurance and Security, Website Aesthetics, Responsiveness, Easy to Use, and Perceived Usefulness, while Trust is represented by Authentication, Confidentiality, Privacy Protection, Digital Financial Integrity, Brand Image, and User Familiarity. Primary data were collected from 150 users of FinTech-enabled financial services using a structured questionnaire. The collected data were evaluated using descriptive statistics, Cronbach’s alpha reliability analysis, Pearson correlation, multiple linear regression, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Reliability results showed very high internal consistencies of the constructs, namely Perceived Quality (α = 0.942), Trust (α = 0.935), and Customers Attitude & Behaviour (α = 0.958). The regression analysis showed that the dimensions found were significant in explaining the variance in both Perceived Quality and Trust. However, SEM also resulted in significant positive relationships between Perceived Quality and Customers Attitude & Behaviour (β = 0.482 with a p-value < 0.001) and between Trust and Customers Attitude & Behaviour (β = 0.426 with a p-value < 0.001). The results confirm that page 5 (perceived quality of FinTech services) as well as page 12 (users' trust) are key factors contributing to a favourable attitude and behavioural reaction from users in relation to FinTech-based financial services. The study offers insights for financial institutions, FinTech vendors, policy makers, and behavioural scientists in service design and operation that enhance the quality of services, security, confidence in services and their transparency and usability for customers.
This study, titled indicators of ethical commitment in marketing through the elements of the marketing mix, aims to bring out the most important indicators and ethical standards relied upon as criteria and foundations for determining the extent of the commitment of firms to marketing ethics, especially in what concerns the elements of the marketing mix, which is the basic pillar of any marketing activity and the effective mechanism for stimulating the movement of sales and raising profitability rates in firms. The various findings reached confirmed that the commitment of firms to ethical principles in the elements of the marketing mix will be reflected positively in the image of the firm and in its results in the future.
Background: Maximum aerobic speed (Saunders et al.) is a key indicator of aerobic fitness and an important determinant of football performance. Although body composition has been associated with aerobic capacity, limited evidence has specifically examined the relationship between body fat percentage and MAS in senior football players, particularly in North African competitions. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between maximum aerobic speed and body fat percentage among elite senior football players competing in the Algerian Second Division.Methods: This cross-sectional correlational study included 25 elite male football players (24.20 ± 3.71 years)(Nikolaidis, 2012, Reilly et al., 2000, Stølen et al., 2005) from an Algerian Second Division club. Body fat percentage was assessed using a multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analyzer (InBody 270), whereas MAS was determined using the VAMEVAL field test. Descriptive statistics were calculated, data normality was verified using the Shapiro–Wilk test, and the relationship between body fat percentage and MAS was examined using Pearson's correlation coefficient.Results: The mean body fat percentage was 15.77 ± 1.99%, while the mean MAS was 16.31 ± 1.49 km·h⁻¹. Both variables were normally distributed (p > 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis revealed a moderate and statistically significant negative relationship between body fat percentage and MAS (r = −0.451, P = 0.024). The coefficient of determination (r² = 0.203) indicated that body fat percentage accounted for approximately 20.3% of the variance in MAS.Conclusions: Lower body fat percentage was associated with higher maximum aerobic speed among elite senior football players. These findings highlight the importance of regular body composition monitoring alongside field-based aerobic fitness assessment to optimize training strategies and enhance football performance.
This article addresses the idea of exempting the real estate registrar from criminal liability arising from signing the land register, which was prepared by a subordinate official falsifying the truth in one of the stages involved. The criminal liability that could be pursued against the real estate registrar as a result of signing is based in law and is presumed in light of the authority vested in them over the acts of subordinates and their administrative oversight of the real estate registry service responsible for issuing the land register. However, this criminal liability conflicts with the principle of personal responsibility for punishment. The study concludes by offering realistic justifications for exempting the real estate registrar from criminal liability. These are reflected in the registrar’s lack of concentrated power, the adoption of the specificity of activity criterion, and the limitation of public prosecution procedures against him. It also includes the distribution of liability between the registrar and the other responsible parties. Additionally, the paper provides legal justifications within the limits of personal and objective criteria, based on conditions such as good faith and administrative oversight through verification and inquiry within the framework of hierarchical authority. Finally, it considers signing to be the performance of a duty rather than an exercise of authority, thus placing it within the scope of objective grounds for justification.
Al-Kindi's treatise on lisping (al-Luthghah), authored in the third century AH, is considered a pioneering work in modern phonetic studies. The author adopted a scientific methodology, investigating causes before judging phonetic phenomena. He addressed speech disorders faced by some Arabic speakers suffering from muscular or neurological issues affecting the articulation points (makharij) of certain letters. These individuals are forced to substitute the articulation of one letter with another that is close in point of articulation or phonetic attribute. Al-Kindi structured his treatise into aspects of lisping represented by: the powers of the speaking soul, the weakness of the speaking soul, and the increase or decrease of the speech apparatus. He then dedicated a section to the letters affected by lisping, such as seen, sheen, and raa. He concluded by discussing various nomenclatures of lisping, such as tamtamah (stammering), fa'fa'ah (stuttering), al-madhmum, dhu al-'aql, dhu al-habs, al-akhann (nasalization), and al-alkan (foreign accent). Al-Kindi's description is characterized by conciseness and the unique use of specific terminology. He delved into explanations as a philosopher and emerged as an expert anatomist and physio-acoustic scientist. By revisiting traditional and modern phonetic studies, this paper asks: Can Al-Kindi's treatise be considered an integrated scientific reference in uncovering the causes of lisping and speech disorders, or is it merely a collection of limited descriptive observations?
Goal of historians is to portray, whether in writing, lectures, speeches or otherwise, an ‘objective’ historical interpretation of the past events. A Historian’s methodology includes considering the conditions under which a specific source originated and giving reasonable explanation behind exercising exclusions and discretion. This research paper centrally focuses on the concept of Historians as Expert Witnesses in the Court of Law, their qualifications, methodology i.e., how the expertise is constructed and the credibility and valuations of such expert witness reports. The Author has thoroughly discussed about the criteria of ‘Contentious Historian’ in this context. The paper also has presented certain concrete suggestions in the regard of Historians who act as Expert Witnesses in the Court of Law.
This paper examines the importance of strengthening the resilience of architectural heritage through preventive construction techniques, focusing on waterproofing at the National Museum of Bardo in Algeria. In the face of growing environmental challenges, historical structures are at risk from issues such as flooding and humidity. The adoption of preventive techniques is essential to safeguard these buildings and their collections. Waterproofing involves designing effective drainage and protection methods to prevent water accumulation around the foundations, thus avoiding damage. The study presents the specific methods implemented at the Bardo Museum, which houses a valuable collection of artifacts. The results show that the implementation of these systems has significantly reduced flooding risks and improved the durability of the structures. These interventions use sustainable materials, respecting the environment. In conclusion, this paper emphasizes the importance of raising awareness among decision-makers regarding preventive techniques. Preserving cultural heritage requires a proactive approach to anticipate and manage risks, ensuring the sustainability of historical sites for future generations.
This study aimed to distinguish between Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and biological analysis in southern Algeria. The study adopted a comparative clinical design to analyze four clinical cases (pure ASD, pure ADHD, dual diagnosis, ADHD with autistic traits) and one control case. Results revealed clear differences: ADHD showed reduced caudate nucleus volume with elevated dopamine levels; ASD showed amygdala enlargement with decreased serotonin levels. The multimodal model achieved 100% accuracy in case classification. Despite these promising results, they remain exploratory due to the small sample size (N=5). The study recommends larger samples and standardized imaging protocols before any clinical application.
This study examines the legal mechanisms designed to promote investment through the incentive schemes introduced by the Investment Law. These mechanisms aim to facilitate and simplify the stages and procedures involved in the investment process from its inception to completion. They constitute complementary mechanisms that are consistent with other legal guarantees.Undoubtedly, Law No. 22-18 has restructured the legal framework governing investment incentives in Algeria with the objective of promoting investment and protecting the national economy in accordance with contemporary developments and modern economic trends.
The number of plant species is extremely huge all over the world. Hence, it is impossible to identify and classify all the species. Plant species may be similar to each other, taking a long time to differentiate them. Hence, there is a need to develop an automated system. Deep learning has been widely employed for classification and recognition tasks in the biological fields. An automated plant species identification system could help botanists. Deep learning is used for feature extraction as it provides deeper information of images. Plant species identification includes preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification. Here we used many algorithms to analyze the image. The paper aims at understanding preprocessing, extracting the leaf features using contours, and classifying them using deep-learning techniques, namely CNN (AlexNet). It presents the leaves of various plant species from which the vein characteristics are extracted and presented to detect and classify various kinds of plant species and other artificial intelligence techniques used to perform pattern recognition. Here the classifier achieved the best performance of 82% for accuracy.
The biggest issues prevailing in managing microgrids is the potential for unintentional islanding. This can result in critical risk exposure and technological problem. In these situations, locating and recognizing the defect is essential to equipment maintenance and protection. There are drawbacks to many of the works used in the literature, such as longer tripping times and larger non-detection zones (NDZ). To address these problems, a classifier based on green anaconda optimization with bi-directional long short-term memory (Bi-LTSM) and Fourier Bessel series expansion (FBSE) with empirical wavelet transform (EWT) is proposed. A modified Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 33 bus distribution network with solar and wind integration is used to validate this work on the MATLAB/Simulink platform. Several distribution network defects, such as motor starting, nonlinear load, capacitor bank switching, islanding conditions, etc., are been used to identify islanding. The output gives that proposed method correctly identifies islanding activities and acts correctly in every other situation. According to simulation data, the proposed approach may identify the islanding process in less than 75 milliseconds. The original dataset with zero NDZ delivers 100% accuracy, the proposed approach with the noisy dataset produces an average accuracy of 99.95%.
This paper aims to analyze the pivotal role of sustainable entrepreneurship in promoting sustainable tourism through the examination of selected international experiences from Iceland, Costa Rica, and Kenya. These countries were selected as successful models in integrating sustainable entrepreneurship practices within the tourism sector. The study highlights how entrepreneurial initiatives contribute to environmental protection, community participation, and economic development. The findings reveal that sustainable entrepreneurship plays a significant role in preserving natural resources, enhancing social equity, and supporting the long-term sustainability and competitiveness of tourism destinations.
In recent decades, the world has been undergoing profound and radical transformations in the digital age, affecting fields of innovation, including the patent system, which is a fundamental tool for protecting creativity and an effective driver of the knowledge economy. In this context, the concept of “tagging” technology has emerged as a modern digital tool used to organize, document, and protect digital information. However, integrating tagging into the patent system presents a set of promising opportunities and challenges, such as enhancing transparency, improving the efficiency of scientific research, tag accuracy, protecting rights, and the potential for information manipulation. Accordingly, this research paper aims to shed light on the impact of tagging in the field of patents in the digital age, by analyzing its advantages and highlighting the problems it raises.
This article aims to analyze the legal framework established by the Algerian legislator to protect the rights of women and children within the scope of family law and to examine the extent to which this protection is consistent with constitutional principles and international commitments. The research problem lies in the tension between the religious foundations governing the substantive rules of family relations and the requirements of equality and the principle of the best interests of the child as embodied in international conventions. The study adopts an analytical approach to legal texts, supplemented where necessary by a comparative method, based on an examination of Law No. 84-11 and its amendments, together with complementary legislation. The article is organized around three main themes: the conceptual and normative framework of protection; the protection afforded to women during the marital relationship and upon its dissolution; and the protection of children with regard to filiation, custody, maintenance, kafala, and criminal safeguards. The study concludes that the Algerian legislator has provided advanced substantive and procedural protection. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of these guarantees remains dependent upon strengthening enforcement mechanisms and revising certain provisions that continue to perpetuate disparities in the legal status of spouses and shortcomings in some aspects of child welfare.
