Introduction: The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of arboviruses of major public health concern, including dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever. Chemical larvicides are commonly used to control Aedes aegypti; however, despite their efficacy, they pose environmental risks and may lead to resistance. Essential oils, such as that from Citrus limon, have emerged as sustainable alternatives due to their larvicidal activity, low toxicity, biodegradability, and chemical complexity, which reduces the likelihood of resistance development. Objective: This study describes the chemical composition of the essential oil distilled from the peels of Citrus × limon (L.) Osbeck and evaluates its biological activity against third-instar larvae of Aedes aegypti. Methods: The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation, and its components were identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Larvicidal activity was assessed, and the lethal concentration was determined using the Probit method. The oil's mechanism of action was investigated through molecular docking studies. Results and Discussion: Analyses revealed that the oil is predominantly composed of monoterpenes, with limonene as the major component (75.77%), followed by o-cymene (9.24%) and β-pinene (7.48%). Furthermore, the oil exhibited larvicidal activity, with a lethal concentration of 44.11 µg/mL. Molecular docking studies showed significant interactions between the main compounds and target proteins, with binding affinities ranging from –5.97 to –6.56 kcal/mol for acetylcholinesterase and sterol carrier protein-2, suggesting a multi-target mechanism of action. Conclusions: The essential oil from Citrus × limon is therefore active and shows potential as a replacement for synthetic larvicides.
Background: Thyroid disorders are complex polygenic conditions influenced by genetic variation. Aim: To conduct a pilot, exploratory assessment of a G>A substitution observed at position 113 of the sequenced TSHB amplicon in Iraqi women with hyperthyroidism. Methods: This pilot case–control study included 15 women with hyperthyroidism and 15 healthy controls aged 18–45 years. A 520-bp fragment of TSHB exon 3 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. Genotype and allele frequencies were described, and sparse contingency tables were evaluated using Fisher's exact test. Results: GG, GA, and AA genotype frequencies were 66.67%, 20.00%, and 13.33% in cases and 93.33%, 6.67%, and 0% in controls. The A allele was numerically more frequent in cases (23.33% vs. 3.33%). The asymptotic analysis yielded OR = 8.826 (95% CI: 1.012–76.963; P = 0.049), whereas the appropriate two-sided Fisher's exact test did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.052). Discussion: The observed difference represents a non-significant trend only. The small sample, sparse cells, and wide confidence interval substantially limit precision. The reviewed RefSeq transcript NM_000549.5 was selected as the reference sequence; however, position 113 was counted from the 5′ end of the 520-bp amplicon rather than from the transcript ATG start codon. It is therefore reported only as an amplicon coordinate and not as HGVS c. nomenclature. Conclusions: These hypothesis-generating findings do not establish an association between the variant and hyperthyroidism. Larger multicenter studies with detailed biochemical phenotyping and validated HGVS nomenclature are required.
Background: Hybrid heterocyclic systems that combine structurally and pharmacologically relevant scaffolds are of interest in medicinal chemistry because scaffold integration can expand molecular diversity and alter target-binding behavior. Aim: To synthesize and structurally characterize a new series of 1,4-dihydropyridine–1,2,4-triazolidine-3-thione hybrids and investigate their predicted interactions with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase domain. Methods: The target compounds were prepared through a three-step sequence involving Hantzsch-type multicomponent condensation, Vilsmeier–Haack formylation, and cyclization with thiosemicarbazide. Intermediates and final products were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR), Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT-135), and mass spectrometry. Molecular docking was performed against the EGFR tyrosine kinase domain obtained from the Protein Data Bank (PDB ID: 6JWL) using Molecular Operating Environment software. Results: The target derivatives were obtained in moderate to good yields, and the spectroscopic data were consistent with the proposed structures. Among the docked compounds, M9 showed the most favorable predicted docking score (−15.91 kcal/mol), followed by M6, M3, and M12 (−14.64, −14.49, and −14.44 kcal/mol, respectively). The predicted poses showed interactions with EGFR active-site residues, including Lys745, Thr790, and Asp855. Discussion: Differences in predicted binding behavior were associated with the nature and position of the aryl substituents. The para-chloro derivative M9 showed the most favorable docking score under the applied computational conditions. Conclusions: A new series of 1,4-dihydropyridine–1,2,4-triazolidine-3-thione hybrids was synthesized and structurally characterized. M9 was the highest-ranked computational candidate; however, the findings are preliminary and require confirmation through in vitro EGFR-inhibition, cytotoxicity, and selectivity studies.
Background: Mitochondrial-derived peptides, including humanin and mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S ribosomal RNA type-c (MOTS-c), are bioactive microproteins involved in cellular stress responses and metabolic regulation. Aim: To compare serum humanin and MOTS-c, glycated hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance among healthy men and men with type 2 diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, or hypertension. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 88 men aged 40–60 years who were recruited between December 2024 and October 2025 and assigned to four groups (n = 22 each). Glycated hemoglobin was measured in whole blood; glucose, insulin, humanin, and MOTS-c were measured in serum. Insulin resistance was estimated using the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Group differences were evaluated using one-way analysis of variance followed by the least significant difference post hoc test. Results: Humanin did not differ among groups [F(3, 84) = 1.013, P = 0.391]. MOTS-c was markedly lower in all patient groups than in controls [F(3, 84) = 113.339, P < 0.001]. Glycated hemoglobin, fasting glucose, and HOMA-IR were highest in the type 2 diabetes group, and insulin concentrations differed significantly among groups. Discussion: Reduced circulating MOTS-c may reflect altered mitochondrial and metabolic homeostasis, whereas circulating humanin did not discriminate among the groups. Conclusions: Lower MOTS-c concentrations were associated with type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. Because recruitment was site-based and the analyses were unadjusted, the findings are exploratory and do not establish causality.
Background: Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is a prevalent condition where severe, untreated jaundice can lead to bilirubin-induced neurological dysfunction (BIND) and kernicterus, causing permanent central nervous system injury. The traditional method of monitoring bilirubin via serum sampling is invasive and presents practical challenges in pediatric care. Transcutaneous bilirubinometry offers a noninvasive alternative, while phototherapy remains a cornerstone for managing significant hyperbilirubinemia. Aim: This study aimed to describe the clinical outcomes of transcutaneous bilirubinometry and to evaluate changes in total bilirubin levels following phototherapy in full-term and preterm infants diagnosed with jaundice within a routine clinical practice setting. Methods: An uncontrolled clinical cohort study was conducted involving 243 children with jaundice, stratified by age (0-1 month and 1-12 months) and gestational age (preterm/full-term). Total bilirubin levels were measured using both standard biochemical laboratory methods and a transcutaneous bilirubinometer. Participants underwent phototherapy sessions using an OFN-02-UOMZ irradiator. Changes in bilirubin levels before and after phototherapy were assessed using paired Student's t-tests. Results: Transcutaneous bilirubinometry proved to be a practical tool for monitoring bilirubin levels. A statistically significant reduction in total bilirubin was observed following phototherapy across all patient groups. In full-term infants under 1 month old, bilirubin decreased by 31% (p=0.010). Premature infants with a birth weight of 2000-2500g showed a reduction from 207.5 mu mol/L to 90 mu mol/L. Similar significant reductions were observed in older infants (1-12 months). Conclusions: The application of transcutaneous bilirubinometry addresses the difficulties associated with serial blood sampling in children. In this uncontrolled cohort, significant reductions in total bilirubin levels were observed following phototherapy. Controlled studies are needed to determine the specific efficacy of the device and protocol used.
Background: High-molecular-weight hydrophobic pigments known as melanins are recognized for their broadspectrum antimicrobial potential against various pathogens. Aim: This study investigated the melanin biosynthesis capacity of Aspergillus niger soil isolates and evaluated the efficacy of the extracted melanin against bacteria and fungi isolated from clinical cases. Methods: Melanin was extracted from fungal mycelia using an alkaline hydrolysis method (1 M KOH, 120 degrees C) followed by acid precipitation. The isolates were molecularly identified via PCR. The effects of temperature, pH, and biomass concentration on melanin yield were optimized. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using the well diffusion method at concentrations of 10%, 25%, and 50%. Results: Significant variations in melanin production were observed among isolates, with Isolate No. 13 exhibiting the highest yield (0.30 mg/L). Optimal biosynthesis occurred at biomass of 0.80 mg/L, 20 degrees C, and pH 6, and production increased with higher biomass concentrations. The extracted melanin demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity. At a 50% concentration, inhibition zones of 29 mm, 25 mm, and 20 mm were recorded against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, respectively. Against fungal isolates, the same concentration yielded inhibition zones of 16 mm, 15 mm, and 13 mm for Microsporum canis, Mucor sp., and Candida albicans, respectively. Conclusion: Aspergillus niger is a viable source for biocompatible melanin. The pigment exhibits significant antimicrobial properties, suggesting its potential as a natural therapeutic agent.
Background: Atomic models are typically taught using abstract and rote methods, which limit students' conceptual understanding and reasoning skills. This study addresses these challenges through an AI-based interactive simulation that integrates the historical development of atomic models within a technological and pedagogical framework via scientific dialogues, promoting inquiry, participation, and meaningful learning in chemistry education. Aims: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of AI-based simulation in developing high school students' conceptual understanding, participation, and scientific reasoning skills regarding atomic models. Methods: The study utilized the design and development research method. The simulation was created on the Replit platform using a scientific dialogue approach supported by GPT-4.0. Fifty 9th-grade students volunteered for the study. Data were collected through open-ended questions and analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively using usability, user experience, and cognitive load scales. Results: Students rated the simulation as having high usability (M=4.07), good user experience (M=3.76), and low cognitive load (M=2.36). Qualitative feedback emphasized that the scientific dialogues were enjoyable and easy to use. Findings showed increased participation, improved conceptual understanding, and positive learning experiences. Discussion: Results suggest that the simulation effectively increased students' understanding and engagement in learning atomic models. Findings are consistent with previous studies highlighting the role of digital simulations in enhancing conceptual learning. AI-supported feedback and interactive dialogues encouraged motivation and scientific reasoning. Conclusions: Simulation increases student motivation and conceptual understanding by integrating historical, pedagogical, and technological elements. It supports meaningful learning and can be expanded with broader applications in future studies.
Background: Teaching analytical chemistry at the university level faces the challenge of integrating theory and practice to develop students' critical and scientific thinking. Methodologies that contextualize knowledge, such as practical, replicable didactic sequences, are essential for preparing students for the job market. Aim: To report a low-cost, practical didactic sequence of three experiments for teaching analytical chemistry to Biological Sciences students. The study aims to familiarize students with chromatography and spectrophotometry techniques using guava leaves as the base material. Methods: The study followed a three-activity didactic sequence. Guava leaf samples were subjected to classical column and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) to separate and visualize pigments. Flavonoid detection was performed using 5% aluminum chloride in methanol. A methanolic extract was prepared, and its antioxidant capacity was determined by spectrophotometry using the DPPH radical scavenging assay to calculate the EC50 value. Results and Discussion: Column chromatography efficiently separated pigments like carotenoids and chlorophylls. TLC confirmed the separation and indicated the possible presence of flavonoids, reinforcing the plant's phytochemical profile. The antioxidant test showed an EC50 value of 15.42 & micro;g/mL for the extract, demonstrating its biological activity. The teaching methodology proved effective in integrating theory and practice, promoting engagement and understanding of analytical techniques. Conclusions: The presented didactic sequence is a valuable tool for teaching analytical chemistry, promoting students' technical learning and critical thinking. The results validated the methodology as a replicable model for science education. Future research could further refine compound identification using more sophisticated equipment.
Background: Solar air heaters (SAHs) represent a promising passive solar technology for space heating and drying applications. Despite their potential, the combination of thermal (first-law) and exergy (second-law) performance evaluation for SAHs fabricated from low-cost, locally available materials remains largely unexplored. Aim: This study aimed to design, build, and experimentally evaluate three low-cost SAH absorber configurations. Methods: Three absorber configurations (i.e., aluminium tube, corrugated aluminium foil hose, and trapezoidal galvanized steel plate) were constructed at the University of Misan, Maysan, Iraq. The SAH was tested under natural and forced convections at tilt angles of 25 degrees, 30 degrees, and 35 degrees. Thermal efficiency was calculated using the first law of thermodynamics, while exergy efficiency was determined using the Petela factor model. Results: Under natural convection, the trapezoidal steel absorber achieved the highest air temperature increment (similar to 65 degrees C near solar noon). The optimal tilt angle was 30 degrees, yielding an outlet air temperature of approximately 90 degrees C. Under forced convection, the trapezoidal absorber achieved thermal efficiency of 22.9% and exergy efficiency of 0.14%, both superior to the aluminium foil hose (21%; 0.13%) and aluminium tube (20%; 0.12%) configurations. Total fabrication cost ranged from USD 120 to 150. Discussion: Forced convection improved heat transfer by increasing the convective coefficient and reducing thermal boundary layer resistance, resulting in superior first-and second-law efficiencies despite a lower temperature increment. The low exergy efficiencies are consistent with the literature for low-temperature solar thermal systems and reflect the inherent irreversibility of converting high-grade solar radiation into low-grade heat. Conclusions: The trapezoidal galvanized steel absorber, oriented at 30 degrees and operated under moderate forced convection, constitutes the most thermodynamically efficient and cost-effective SAH configuration among those evaluated. The findings support the viability of locally manufactured SAHs for domestic and agricultural applications in rural and high-irradiance regions.
Background: Nesfatin-1 (Nes-1), a peptide derived from nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2), has been increasingly recognized for its role in regulating appetite, glucose metabolism, and lipid balance. Growing evidence indicates that alterations in Nesfatin-1 levels may also be linked to metabolic disturbances associated with gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. Aim: This study aimed to investigate serum Nesfatin-1 levels in patients with gastrointestinal disorders and to evaluate their associations with metabolic parameters and potential diagnostic value. Methods: A case-control study was conducted with 128 participants: 88 patients with gastrointestinal diseases and 40 apparently healthy controls. Participants were recruited after endoscopic examination at the Gastroenterology and Hepatology Specialized Center in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf, Iraq, from September 1 to December 25, 2025. It performed laboratory assessments, including serum Nesfatin-1, lipid profile parameters (total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides), blood glucose, hemoglobin, and liver enzymes (ALT and AST). The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) was calculated. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, regression modeling, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: Serum Nesfatin-1 levels were markedly lower in patients with gastrointestinal diseases than in healthy controls (11.82 +/- 2.19 vs. 20.20 +/- 7.14 ng/mL, p < 0.001). Analysis showed that as Nesfatin-1 levels decreased, BMI, glucose, total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, and the TG/HDL ratio increased, ROC analysis showed that the test was very effective at diagnosing, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.91, and the best cutoff point was 13.68 ng/mL, achieving a sensitivity of 80.7% and a specificity of 85.0%. Discussion: These findings suggest that reduced Nesfatin-1 levels may reflect underlying metabolic dysregulation in gastrointestinal diseases. Conclusion: Nesfatin-1 may represent a promising biomarker for predicting metabolic disturbances and supporting the clinical evaluation of gastrointestinal disorders.
Background: The improper and unregulated use of veterinary drugs in animal food production can be harmful to both consumer health and the dairy industry. The presence of antibiotic residues in milk contributes to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria that could be transmitted from animals to humans, leading to the development of allergies and disturbances in the balance of intestinal microflora. Aim: This study aimed to detect penicillin G and streptomycin antibiotic residues in pasteurized and raw milk in Karbala city using a local isolate of Bacillus subtilis. Methods: B. subtilis HS was isolated from an agricultural area and used as a test microorganism for antibiotic residues in milk samples. A total of 45 milk samples, including 32 raw milks from various farms and 13 pasteurized milks from markets, were collected from September 2024 to April 2025. Antibiotic residues in milk samples were detected using Agar Well diffusion method and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Results. Agar well diffusion assay showed that, out of 45 samples (4/13 pasteurized milk and 12/32 raw milk), 30.76% and 37.5% were positive, respectively. The milk samples had a total prevalence rate of 35.5% for antibiotic residues. The results of TLC showed the presence of penicillin G residue was out of 9 milk samples (56.25%), 1 (pasteurized milk), and 8 (raw milk) had an identical spot with the standard antibiotic at Rf value of 0.85. Regarding the presence of streptomycin residue, 2 samples (12.5%) from raw milk showed an identical spot with the standard antibiotic at Rf of 0.51. Both antibiotic residues were detected in 2 samples (12.5%) of raw milk. Discussion: The higher occurrence of antibiotic residues in raw milk compared to pasteurized milk samples could be attributed to farmers not following the withdrawal periods set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission after administering medication to their animals. Also, the lack of control over raw milk sales, where farmers are sold directly without undergoing strict testing. Conclusions: The presence of antibiotic residues in milk samples necessitates that authorities monitor the quality of raw milk entering the consumer market.
Background: In this study, new biomarkers for concentrations of some electrolytes and their relationship to diabetes were estimated. Aim: The study aims to assess the critical concentrations of some important electrolytes present in the body and their relationship to patients with type 2 diabetes and to study the reasons for the decrease and increase in some concentrations. Methods: A sample was drawn from patients with type 2 diabetes, and the concentrations of some important ions were measured. Some of these ions were studied using an American Origin Model SEMI electrolyte device that was then used to test the electrolyte concentrations. Results: A total of 100 participants were included in this study, comprising 50 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and 50 age-matched healthy controls (ND). The participants ranged in age from 15 to 65 years. Biochemical assessments included measurements of calcium, chloride, sodium, and potassium levels in both groups. Among the participants, 35 (70%) were male and 15 (30%) were female. No statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed between T2D and ND groups with respect to sex distribution. Discussion: Electrolyte imbalances can result from using of drugs such as diuretics, antidiabetic medications, and exogenous insulin, as well as hyperglycemia, renal failure, and ketoacidosis, other conditions that alter the body's concentration of electrolytes. In contrast to ND patients and T2D patients, serum Na+ and Cl-levels increased significantly (p < 0.05) in this investigation, although the increases in Ca+2 and K+ levels were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). This finding is in line with previous research that showed elevated Na+ and Cl-levels in diabetes patients due to increased water loss via osmotic diuresis. However, there was no discernible change in Ca+2 between the T2D and ND individuals (P value > 0.05). Conclusions: Glucose homeostasis may be disrupted due to alterations in sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride levels.
Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat, with antiprotozoal resistance receiving less scrutiny, particularly in vulnerable populations. Patients with mental disorders, often on long-term psychotropic therapy, may have altered gut microbiomes that could predispose them to parasitic infections and drug resistance. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis and characterize Blastocystis hominis resistance to the antiprotozoal drugs metronidazole and trimethoprim in patients with mental disorders. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted by analyzing medical records of 40 patients from a psychiatric center. Intestinal parasitocenosis was assessed using bacterioscopic and culture methods on Jones' medium. The susceptibility of isolated Blastocystis hominis strains was determined by the standard disk diffusion method and by assessing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results: Protozoal infections were detected in 27.5% (11/40) of patients, with Blastocystis hominis being the most prevalent (53.8% of positive cases). Among the isolated strains, 42.9% were sensitive to metronidazole and 57.1% to trimethoprim; the remaining strains were resistant. The MIC for metronidazole was 10-3 mg/m L, and for trimethoprim, 10-4 mg/mL. Conclusions: A high rate of antiprotozoal drug resistance in Blastocystis hominis was identified in this vulnerable population, potentially linked to antipsychotic-induced gut dysbiosis. The findings underscore the need for parasitic monitoring and susceptibility testing prior to empirical therapy in this group.
Background: In the meat industry, nitrites and nitrates are used in sausages for their well-known properties. However, there are health concerns about their potential to form carcinogenic compounds, so studies are ongoing to identify natural alternatives. Aim: The research examined the impact of incorporating acidic liquid whey and dry whey with ascorbic acid on the levels of biogenic amines and the measurement of residual nitrite in freshly produced and refrigerated sausage. Methods: The study comprised two experiments: The first experiment featured five treatments: T1-Sodium Nitrite 0.005%; T2-Sodium Nitrite 0.005% + Liquid Whey 5 ml; T3-Sodium Nitrite 0.002% + Liquid Whey 5 ml; T4-Liquid Whey 5 ml; T5-Liquid Whey 5 ml + Ascorbic Acid 0.05%. The second experiment encompassed six treatments: T1-Sodium Nitrite 0.005%; T2-Sodium Nitrite 0.005% + Dry Whey 2%; T3-Sodium Nitrite 0.005% + Dry Whey 5%; T4-Sodium Nitrite 0.002% + Dry Whey 2%; T5-Dry Whey 5%; T6-Dry Whey 5% + Ascorbic Acid 0.05%. After the manufacturing process and a 21-day storage period, the levels of biogenic amines and residual nitrite were assessed. Results: The incorporation of both acidic liquid whey and dry whey, alongside ascorbic acid, resulted in a reduction of biogenic amines in the sausage. Significant differences were observed between the treatment containing solely sodium nitrite and those incorporating only acidic liquid whey or dry whey, as well as those with ascorbic acid combined with either acidic liquid whey or dry whey. The investigation also revealed a decrease in residual nitrite levels in sausages treated with acidic liquid whey and dry whey, in conjunction with ascorbic acid, compared to the treatment that included only sodium nitrite. Discussion: These additives resulted in processed meat products with the lowest levels of biogenic amines and the lowest residual nitrite values. Therefore, the use of both acidic and dry whey, in addition to ascorbic acid, in processed meat products is recommended as an alternative to nitrites. Conclusions: The use of both liquid and dry whey in sausage production is an innovative strategy for developing nitrite-free meat products, in line with the "clean label" trend.
Background: The rapid growth in the number of renewable energy sources (RES) connected to the electrical grid has created a significant power quality (PQ) issue with voltage instability at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) due to their intermittency. Although several controllers have been proposed to address these issues, an artificial neural network (ANN) based on a DSTATCOM controller for the hybrid grid is commonly used. However, a standalone ANN typically loses its ability to maintain DSTATCOM control due to premature convergence caused by suboptimal weight tuning during sudden changes in weather conditions. Aim: The goal of this research project is to develop an improved method for tuning the weights of an ANN to enhance its response to rapid changes in renewable energy output while ensuring the controller operates successfully under these conditions. Methods: This study proposes using a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to optimize the ANN-DSTATCOM controller's tuning weights to regulate the DC-link voltage of a Hybrid Power System comprising Photovoltaics (PV), Wind Turbines (WT), and conventionally generated electricity. The proposed controller is implemented and evaluated using MATLAB/Simulink simulations. Results: Our results were based on simulations comparing the proposed PSO-ANN controller with existing PI and standalone ANN controllers. The PSO-ANN controller performed far better than the other two controller types in terms of system stability and oscillation reduction. Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is measured at 2.74% for voltage and 3.37% for current, which meets IEEE 519 compliance while providing a record-breaking, superior response speed that restores system stability after disturbance or fault events. Discussion: The improved performance of the PSO-ANN controller compared to other solutions is attributed to the PSO algorithm's ability to efficiently optimize ANN weights so that the PSO-ANN controller can be more adaptable to varying conditions resulting from the use of renewable energy sources. Due to the limitations imposed by the simulation scenarios used, future work will include physical validation and expansion to larger hybrid systems. Conclusions: The PSO-ANN-based DSTATCOM controller described here represents an efficient means of enhancing both the power quality and the of renewable
Background: Intestinal parasitic diseases, particularly blastocystosis caused by Blastocystis spp., represent a global health concern, affecting up to 80% of populations in developing countries. Understanding the functional digestive disturbances associated with this infection is crucial for diagnosis and treatment. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the structural and chemical changes in the gastrointestinal tract during Blastocystis spp. infection using comprehensive coprogram characteristics and to evaluate the diagnostic value of its indicators. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 503 individuals with gastrointestinal diseases and confirmed Blastocystis spp. infection, compared with 150 healthy controls matched by sex and age. Fecal samples were analyzed without prior dietary standardization, using four preparations: native, Lugol's solution, Sudan solution, and glycerin. Analysis included evaluation of detritus, muscle and plant fibers, starch, and protozoa identification. Results: Infected individuals showed significant digestive disturbances compared to controls. Reduced detritus content was observed in over 50% of infected individuals, indicating impaired digestion. Over 80% exhibited poorly digested cylindrical muscle fibers. Digestible plant fiber was significantly elevated, varying with stool consistency (p < 0.05). Complete absence of starch digestion was observed in 100% of infected individuals, with 56.85% showing significant amounts (++) and 43.15% very large amounts (+++), contrasting with 98% of controls with no detectable starch (p < 0.001). Discussion: The findings indicate that Blastocystis spp. infection causes profound alterations in digestive processes, characterized by fermentation and incomplete digestion of carbohydrates and proteins. Coprological examination proved to be a simple, highly valuable diagnostic tool for detecting these functional disorders. Conclusions: Coprogram indicators serve as effective laboratory instruments for diagnosing parasitic diseases like blastocystosis and can guide therapeutic strategies in clinical practice.
Background: Conventional reverse-phase chromatography has difficulty effectively separating highly polar carbapenem antibiotics. Current HILIC methods offer improved retention, but are often limited by issues of reproducibility and selectivity. A significant gap remains in the optimal use of HILIC capillary columns in pharmaceutical analysis. Aim: This research aimed to develop and validate an HILIC) method by means of an Inertsil HILIC Capillary EX-Nano column for the determination and separation of four carbapenems (imipenem, doripenem, ertapenem, and meropenem) in pharmaceutical compounds. Methods: Chromatographic conditions were modified using an ammonium acetate/acetic acid buffer system and ACN, with changes in pH (3.0-5.5), buffer concentration (10-80 mM), and organic ratio (50-95%). The technique was authenticated in accordance with the ICH Q2(R1) guiding principle. Precision, accuracy, linearity, detection limits, reliability, specificity, and instrument suitability were evaluated. Forced lysis studies and filler interference tests were performed to determine specificity. Results: The method demonstrated excellent linearity (R-2 > 0.999) across specific ranges for each compound. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values were experimentally verified using both a calibration curve and the signal-to-noise ratio. Recovery ranged from 98.3% to 101.8%, and interday and intra-day precision presented a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 2.0%. Chromatographic separations were achieved with >= 2.0, tail factors <= 1.8, and theoretical plates > 2000 for all peaks. System fit tests confirmed the reliability of the method at all stages. Discussion: The Inertsil HILIC Capillary EX-Nano column demonstrated superior selectivity and reproducibility for separating carbapenems compared to previously reported HILIC methods. Mechanistic evaluation indicated strong hydrophilic interaction enhanced by zwitterionic retention mechanisms. Specificity was established through stress testing and matrix interference evaluation. The method remained robust under variations in mobile phase composition and flow rate. Conclusions: The published HILIC method provides a reliable, accurate, and selective approach. It offers a superior alternative to conventional HILIC and RPLC techniques, meeting certification and quality control requirements.
Background: The increasing demand for efficient and scalable vaccine production has led to the development of innovative platforms such as CrisBio, developed by Cocoon. This technology utilizes chrysalides of the moth Trichoplusia ni as natural bioreactors for recombinant protein expression, employing a baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS). Upon inoculation with specific DNA sequences, these chrysalides enable the synthesis of complex proteins with advanced post-translational modifications in just 3 to 6 days. Notably, CrisBio has demonstrated the ability to produce virus-like particles (VLPs), including the PCV2 Cap antigen and the VP60 protein of RHDV, reaching yields of up to 10 mg of protein per gram of biomass. Aim: This mini-review aims to update the state of the art regarding the use of chrysalides infected with recombinant baculoviruses for subunit vaccine production. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed and SciELO databases to identify studies describing the use of chrysalides and modified baculoviruses in vaccine production.The search strategy included the terms: chrysalides, baculoviruses, and vaccine production, used in various combinations. Results: The CrisBio platform supports fully automated handling and processing of chrysalides, significantly streamlining the inoculation and protein expression phases. The use of engineered baculoviruses enables rapid production of recombinant proteins with complex structures and high yields. Moreover, this system proves to be highly scalable and cost-effective, with production costs reduced by up to 95% compared to conventional cell culture-based methods. Discussion: Traditional vaccine manufacturing techniques face limitations in scalability, cost, and production speed.In contrast, CrisBio offers substantial advantages, including faster turnaround, lower costs, and the ability to produce proteins with complex post-translational modifications, making it a promising platform for a wide range of biopharmaceutical applications. Conclusions: Compared to traditional methods, the CrisBio platform enhances biosafety, reduces production time and costs, and offers a scalable solution for subunit vaccine development. Its implementation could significantly improve global access to vaccines, particularly in low-resource settings.
Background: Certain bacteria, such as Aeromonas caviae, Aeromonas hydrophila, Enterococcus faecalis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, are associated with various types of infections that may affect the intestinal tract and skin, as well as cause more severe complications, including pneumonia, septicemia, and urinary tract infections. These conditions are particularly concerning in hospitalized or immunocompromised patients, highlighting the need for effective strategies for their prevention and treatment. Aim: In this study, the chemical composition of the essential oil from Pimenta dioica fruits obtained by hydrodistillation was investigated, as well as its biological activity against four different strains: Aeromonas caviae, Aeromonas hydrophila, Enterococcus faecalis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, both for the oil and the eugenol standard. Methods: The fruits of the Pimenta dioica species were collected in the city of São Carlos, São Paulo. After harvesting, the fruits were dried at room temperature and subsequently ground in an electric mill. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation, and the product was characterized by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to identify the major components present. Following extraction and identification, both the essential oil and the standard of the major component were tested against Aeromonas caviae, Aeromonas hydrophila, Enterococcus faecalis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae using the Bauer–Kirby method. Results and Discussion: The results showed that the main compound identified in Pimenta dioica essential oil was eugenol, and that both eugenol and the essential oil inhibited bacterial growth, exhibiting inhibition zones measuring between 11 and 28 mm, indicating antibacterial activity against the microorganisms tested. To explain the observed biological activity, previous studies suggest that oil penetration occurred by disrupting the lipid layer and destabilizing the bacterial cellular structure, while eugenol promoted the leakage of cellular components through disruption of the plasma membrane. Conclusion: Pimenta dioica essential oil and the eugenol standard act as antimicrobial agents and can complement synthetic antibacterials in combating bacterial diseases.
Background: The conclusion drawn from the standalone macroscopic-lithologic study of a previous work was significant in correlating a vestige of the Kazaure-Karaukarau-Kushaka-Ilesha Schist Belt through the southern reaches of the Gidan Kwano Campus. The absence of a corresponding microscopic-petrographic analysis for that previous study creates a petrographic knowledge gap. Aims: To replicate and complete macroscopic and microscopic analyses of outcrops along the vestige of the Kazaure-Karaukarau-Kushaka-Ilesha Schist Belt, as well as to conduct a petrologic investigation of the percentage occurrence of schist rock-mass north of this discerned schist belt. Methods: The macroscopic-lithologic study proceeded by classifying observed outcrops at the 11 coincident groundwater-prospect/outcrop locations determined from that previous study by their physical attributes. The microscopic-petrographic investigation proceeded by subjecting rock samples collected during the concurrent macroscopic-lithologic survey phase to thin-section analyses. For the macroscopic-petrologic phase investigation, outcrop locations to the north of the Belt were classified on the basis of their observable characteristics. Result: The lithologic-investigation phase of this study reveals a higher number of outcrop rock samples identified as “granite” compared to schist based on textural and observable surface characteristics. The petrographic investigation of these outcrop rock samples reveals a higher occurrence of schist than of granite. The petrologic investigation phase reveals no presence of schist outcrops in the area north of the discerned Belt. Discussion: Thus, a stronger argument has been further presented that the discerned rock-mass diagonal of the previous standalone macroscopic-lithologic study is actually the Kazaure-Karaukarau-Kushaka-Ilesha Schist Belt. Conclusion: It is recommended that the Federal University of Technology, Minna, concentrate efforts on this rock-mass diagonal named “Jonahite” and its northeast-southwest extensions through the University’s landholding in order to explore for groundwater and gold-mineral resources, schist being the ideal repository host-rock of sustainable groundwater and gold deposits in the Nigerian basement complex geological province.
