Introduction: Medicinal plants constitute an essential foundation for the development of therapeutic agents. Research on medicinal plants indicates that endophytes can produce a wide range of bioactive compounds and exhibit pharmacological activities similar to those of plants. This comprehensive review explores the therapeutic activities of ten extensively studied medicinal plants and their endophytic partners, including Embilica officinalis Gaertn., Curcuma longa L., Ocimum sanctum Linn, Psidium guajava L., Moringa oleifera Lam., Capsicum annuum L., Aloe barbadensis Miller, Catharanthus roseus L. Don, Azadirachta indica A. Juss, and Myristica fragrans Houtt. Methods: A literature review was conducted using databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed to retrieve relevant data, and selected studies detailed phytochemicals and pharmacological activities of ten plants and their associated endophytes. Results: Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic properties of the selected plants are also observed in their endophytes. Notable effects include antimicrobial activity against Methicillin-resistant S. aureus exhibited by endophytes derived from Neem, compared with those of their host plant. Bacillus pacificus NCLALC2 from turmeric exhibited 163% anti-inflammatory activity versus standard controls, while the NAF-1 strain (Streptomyces hydrogenans) from aloe vera showed improved cytotoxic potential compared to its host plant. Discussion: A wide variety of endophytes present in medicinal plants synthesise metabolites similar to or novel to those of their host plants, suggesting endophytes as sustainable alternatives to plant-derived drugs. Conclusion: Medicinal plants and their endophytes create a complementary biosynthetic system that increases chemical diversity for therapeutic use. Combining endophyte-based biotechnological approaches with traditional phytochemistry offers an innovative path for developing nextgeneration natural therapies.
Introduction: The rise of multidrug-resistant Plasmodium strains calls for urgent attention. This computational study investigates the drug-likeness, pharmacokinetic properties, toxicity profiles, and molecular docking affinities of three acteoside derivatives, designated Dact, Pact, and Cact, relative to artemisinin and chloroquine. Method: Dact, Pact, and Cact were drawn and optimized, and their toxicity, ADME properties, and molecular docking were evaluated using SwissADME, pkCSM, and the MM-GBSA method, respectively. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were also performed. Results: All compounds met Lipinski and Veber rules (bioavailability 0.55). Dact was most polar/ soluble; chloroquine was most lipophilic. All showed high GI absorption; only artemisinin and chloroquine crossed the BBB. Dact was non-mutagenic and non-hepatotoxic, unlike others (mutagenic) and chloroquine (hepatotoxic). Dact showed the strongest binding to both Plasmodium targets, outperforming references. DFT confirmed Dact's smallest energy gap, indicating high reactivity against CRT/MDR1. Discussion: The superior binding and reactivity of Dact suggest its potential to inhibit resistance mechanisms (CRT/MDR1). Unlike chloroquine, Dact lacks hepatotoxicity and mutagenicity, improving safety. Its high polarity limits BBB penetration, reducing CNS side effects. These computational advantages warrant in vitro validation. Conclusion: These findings position Dact as a promising antimalarial candidate, with potential to overcome resistance, enhance efficacy, and improve safety.
Introduction: The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms has intensified the search for novel antimicrobial agents, particularly from botanical sources. Nanotechnology offers promising strategies for drug delivery, and silver nanogels have demonstrated potent antimicrobial properties. This study aims to synthesize silver nanogels using extracts of Delonix elata and Delonix regia and to comparatively evaluate their antimicrobial activity. Specifically, the objective is to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of silver nanogels fabricated from ethanolic, hexane, and hydroalcoholic extracts of different plant parts (seeds, bark, and leaves) against selected microbial strains. Methods: Seeds, bark, and leaves of Delonix elata and Delonix regia were extracted using ethanol, hexane, and hydroalcoholic solvents. These extracts were utilized for the synthesis of silver nanogels. The antimicrobial activity of the prepared nanogels was evaluated against Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 441), Escherichia coli (MTCC 1573), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 424) using the cup plate method. Ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin were used as standard reference antibiotics. Zones of inhibition were measured at concentrations ranging from 20-100 μg/mL to determine comparative efficacy. results: Nanogels prepared using hydroalcoholic and hexane extracts showed the highest zones of inhibition as compared to ethanolic extracts amongst the various extracts used. The nanogel of the barks and leaves especially that of Delonix regia exhibited the best antimicrobial activity with maximum 13 mm zone of inhibition registered around 100 ug /ml. Although conventional drugs exhibited more inhibition potential, there were a number of nanogel samples having similar activity on increased dosing. Results: Silver nanogels prepared using hydroalcoholic and hexane extracts exhibited significantly higher antimicrobial activity compared to ethanolic extracts. Among the different plant parts, bark- and leaf-derived nanogels, particularly from Delonix regia, demonstrated the highest activity, with a maximum zone of inhibition of 13 mm observed at 100 μg/mL. Although standard antibiotics showed superior antimicrobial effects, several nanogel formulations exhibited comparable activity at higher concentrations. Discussion: The findings indicate that plant-based silver nanogels possess considerable antibacterial potential against tested pathogens. Enhanced efficacy may be attributed to improved extraction of bioactive phytochemicals in hydroalcoholic and hexane solvents, along with improved diffusion and sustained release characteristics of nanogels. Statistical analysis (mean ± SD and significance testing) supports the reliability of the results. These observations are consistent with recent literature and highlight the potential of nanoformulations as alternative or adjunct antimicrobial strategies against drug-resistant microorganisms. Conclusion: The study concludes that silver nanogels synthesized from Delonix elata and Delonix regia exhibit promising antibacterial activity. The type of extract and plant part significantly influence the efficacy of the formulation. These findings contribute to the advancement of plant-based nanogel systems as potential antimicrobial alternatives.
Introduction: Increasing resistance to conventional antifungals and the ability of these fungi to form biofilms highlight the urgent need for novel therapeutic agents. Flavonoids, a class of polyphenolic compounds, have attracted attention due to their broad spectrum of biological activities. This review evaluates the in vitro antifungal activity of flavonoids against Candida species, highlighting their mechanisms of action and structural diversity. Methods: Recent studies investigating the antifungal activity of natural and synthetic flavonoids against Candida species were analyzed. Eligible articles reported minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), antibiofilm activity, synergistic interactions, and mechanisms of action. Results and Discussion: Multiple flavonoid subclasses-including chalcones, flavones, isoflavones, flavonols, flavanones, and flavan-3-ols-demonstrated antifungal activity, with some compounds exhibiting MIC values as low as 0.125-8 μg/mL against Candida species. Mechanistic insights suggest that flavonoids may interfere with membrane integrity, ergosterol biosynthesis, biofilm development, mitochondrial function, and efflux pump activity. The antifungal properties of these bioactive compounds vary according to their structural features such as hydroxylation patterns, prenylation, and substitution on aromatic rings. Additionally, the observed synergistic interactions with standard antifungals highlight a promising strategy to overcome drug resistance and potentially reduce the therapeutic doses required, minimizing adverse effects. Conclusion: This review demonstrates that flavonoids are strong candidates for developing new agents to combat Candida species.
Introduction: Elaeocarpus serratus, the Ceylon olive, is a tropical flowering plant in the family Elaeocarpaceae. Rudraksha is a common name for the plant in India. Crude extracts of certain plant parts are used to treat various conditions, including skin disease, ascites, worms, inflammation, leprosy, cough, diarrhoea, and chronic rheumatism. Liver toxicity is one of the common problems leading to severe disabilities, extending from severe metabolic imbalance to even mortality. Even with notable progress in modern medicine, efficient drugs that promote liver function, whole organ protection, or repair the hepatocytes are lacking. To develop highly potent and least injurious drugs for the management of hepatic diseases is therefore important to identify newer treatment options. Methods: The leaves of Elaeocarpus serratus were subjected to ethanolic extraction using maceration. The animals, after quarantine, were distributed into 6 different groups (with n=6); normal control, Disease control (Acetaminophen, APAP), standard (silymarin), and E. serratus (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg p.o). The animals were treated for 7 days with the plant extract. On the 5th day, APAP was administered to induce hepatotoxicity. On the 7th day, blood was withdrawn and subjected to different liver function tests. The organs were dissected for histopathology. In-silico evaluations were performed to determine the interactions between the leaf’s phytoconstituents with the proteins involved in the hepatic damage pathway. A total of 20 phytoconstituents, in addition to a standard silymarin, were docked against the selected target proteins involved in the process of liver toxicity, which include proteins bearing the PDB IDs 3KRR, 4CIK, 5WUU, 6V7K, 6VL4, and 7XGJ. Results and Discussion: Following the administration of Acetaminophen, marked changes in the values of liver enzymes and proteins were observed. The extract of the leaf, at 400 mg/kg, exhibited significant hepatoprotective action, aiding in normalizing the parameters, which was comparable with the action of the standard drug, silymarin. Histopathology study of the tissues also proved the benefits of the plant extract as a hepatoprotective agent. In silico analysis of targets involved in liver toxicity revealed evidence of participation of these constituents in the potential treatment of the damage that could occur, utilizing those protein targets. Conclusion: The results of the present work confirm that the ethanolic leaf extract of Elaeocarpus serratus has hepatoprotective action in a dose-dependent fashion. However, there is a need to investigate this further on the possible mechanism of action and other aspects. In-silico studies by carrying out molecular docking of various phytoconstituents of Elaeocarpus serratus leaves against the selected targets involved in liver toxicity revealed evidence of participation of these constituents in the potential treatment of the damage that could occur, utilizing those protein targets.
Introduction: In the current framework, the unconstrained and unreasonable application of pesticides is influencing the livelihood, farming, and environment worldwide. The systematic governance of pesticide application and the rectification of pesticide-polluted soil are the major challenges to conquer. Method: The regulation of current biologically derived pesticide-decomposition procedures, using diverse microorganisms and their metabolites, influenced by the varying chemical and physical conditions of soil, faces several limitations. Therefore, a new policy framework is needed to better safeguard the biosphere against major climate-related risks. Results: Nano-bioremediation has emerged as a promising approach for sustainable development, integrating nanoscience with bioremediation strategies to address environmental contamination and restore polluted ecosystems. Discussion: This innovative approach employs nanomaterials to enhance the efficiency of conventional bioremediation processes. The unique physicochemical properties of nanomaterials enable faster degradation rates and support the removal of a broader range of contaminants. Acting as catalysts or carriers, nanoparticles facilitate contaminant breakdown and significantly improve the overall performance and applicability of bioremediation strategies. With continued research and responsible implementation, nano-bioremediation holds substantial potential for addressing environmental challenges and supporting a more sustainable future. Additionally, advanced omics technologies, such as proteomics, transcriptomics, and metagenomics, are increasingly being applied to investigate microbial diversity, ecological interactions, and their functional roles in environmental bioremediation and monitoring. Conclusion: Thus, this study focuses on nano-based and omics methodologies that are increasingly used in environmental monitoring to address pollution burden.
Ritlecitinib 1 is an oral selective JAK3/TEC kinase inhibitor developed by Pfizer Inc. It was approved for marketing in the US in June 2023 for the treatment of severe alopecia areata in adults and adolescents aged 12 years and older. This article reviews the research progress on the synthetic methods of ritlecitinib 1 reported to date, including routes starting from 5-amino-2- methylpyridine, Boc-D-pyroglutamic acid ethyl ester, and Boc-L-alaninal, and discusses the characteristics of each method (e.g., reaction steps, total yield, atom economy, production conditions, and cost). Among the summarized routes, Pfizer Inc.’s second-generation route (starting from 5-amino2-methylpyridine) has achieved mass production on a tens-of-kilograms scale, making it currently applicable for process scale-up. Additionally, Shandong Fuchang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.’s route a (starting from Boc-D-pyroglutamic acid ethyl ester) is highly competitive as a new process. It completely avoids the chiral resolution process, uses relatively low-cost chiral raw materials, and achieves a high total yield of 40.1%. If the hydrogen pressure required for reductive amination in this route can be further reduced and its process feasibility verified in large-scale production, it is expected to become another efficient option for industrial production. This review aims to provide comprehensive references for the industrial-scale production of ritlecitinib 1.
Introduction: Therapeutic strategies utilizing neurotrophins hold great promise for treating ischemic brain injuries. However, their clinical application is limited due to low bioavailability, which complicates delivery to damaged neural tissues. To address this challenge, the Center for Innovative and Emerging Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies has developed novel systemically active dipeptide mimics of NGF (GK-2) and BDNF (GSB-106). In this study, we aimed to investigate whether the neuroprotective effects of these compounds in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of ischemia are related to their influence on neurogenesis. Methods: Following MCAO surgery, rats received intraperitoneal injections of GK-2 (0.5 mg/kg) or GSB-106 (0.1 mg/kg) daily for 7 days. Neurogenesis in the hippocampal subgranular zone (SGZ) was evaluated 8 days post-MCAO by immunohistochemistry using BrdU and doublecortin (Dcx) as markers. Results: A Significant increase in the number of BrdU-containing cells in the MCAO, MCAO+GK-2, and MCAO+GSB-106 groups was revealed (by 217, 172, and 179%, respectively). The number of Dcx-positive cells also increased in the MCAO and MCAO+GSB-106 groups (by 56 and 97%, respectively). A notable prevalence of morphologically abnormal Dcx-positive cells with ectopic dendrite orientation was observed in the MCAO group and the MCAO+GK-2 group (by 63 and 27%, respectively), but not in the MCAO+GSB-106 group. A dramatic 200% increase in ectopic Dcx+ cells in the hippocampal hilus was documented in the ischemic hemisphere of MCAO rats. This deleterious effect was mitigated by treatment with GK-2 (100%) or GSB-106 (87%). Discussion: Numerous studies demonstrate the involvement of BDNF/TrkB and NGF/TrkA and p75NTR in neurogenesis within the hippocampus; therefore, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the application of BDNF and NGF mimetics could be crucial for developing novel stroke treatment strategies. Conclusion: The dipeptides GK-2 and GSB-106, mimicking NGF and BDNF, respectively, attenuated or prevented some MCAO-induced abnormalities in neurogenesis in rats. These findings suggest their potential to modulate post-ischemic neurogenesis and offer a promising therapeutic approach for ischemic brain injury.
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder that causes a lot of health problems around the world because it is so deadly and sickening. There are two types of diabetes, type 1 (genetic) and type 2 (lifestyle-related). Type 2 is more common. This review examines the function of flavonoids, phenolic compounds possessing anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic characteristics, in the management of diabetes mellitus. The emphasis is on pinpointing natural flavonoid sources and their impact on diabetic conditions. Methods: A literature review was performed, integrating data from previously published research and review articles. The review focused on flavonoids, including luteolin, quercetin, and hesperidin, recognised for their ability to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and inhibit NF-κB signalling, thereby safeguarding pancreatic and renal tissues. Results: The review identified many sources of flavonoids, including oranges and legumes. Certain flavonoids exhibit anti-inflammatory properties by regulating cytokines and inhibiting NF-κB signalling, thereby providing benefits that extend beyond glycaemic regulation to encompass broader physiological states. Discussion: Flavonoids found in common foods like oranges and pulses have significant potential to improve nutrition. Their clarified mechanisms underscore therapeutic benefits for diabetes and associated conditions, stressing the necessity for additional research to enhance their application in health promotion and disease management. Conclusion: Flavonoids, found in foods such as oranges and pulses, show promise as a treatment for diabetes because they can reduce inflammation and lower blood sugar levels. More research is needed to see if they can be used in clinical settings.
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrine disorders and affects the body’s ability to produce or effectively utilize insulin. It is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia caused either by insufficient insulin secretion or by the body’s reduced response to insulin at the cellular level. Glimepiride, a second-generation sulfonylurea, and pioglitazone hydrochloride, a thiazolidinedione, are widely prescribed for the management of blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes mellitus. However, their potential adverse effects require further investigation. This experimental study aims to compare the degree and nature of toxicity associated with glimepiride and pioglitazone, while providing a clearer understanding of their safety profiles and potential risks. Methods: This study was conducted on 18 male Wistar albino rats (Rattus norvegicus), aged 10-12 weeks and weighing 216-260 g. The animals were randomly allocated into three experimental groups: control, glimepiride-treated, and pioglitazone-treated, with six animals in each group. All animals were housed under laboratory conditions with free access to food and water. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in serum urea levels between the control and treatment groups (p > 0.05). Serum creatinine levels were significantly decreased in the glimepiride-treated group compared with the control group (p < 0.05), whereas no significant difference was observed in the pioglitazone hydrochloride-treated group (p > 0.05). Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity differed significantly between the pioglitazone hydrochloride and glimepiride groups, as well as between the glimepiride and control groups (p < 0.05). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity showed a statistically significant difference among all three groups (p < 0.05). Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity was significantly elevated in the glimepiride-treated group compared with both the control and pioglitazone hydrochloride-treated groups (p < 0.05), whereas no significant difference was observed between the pioglitazone hydrochloride-treated and control groups (p > 0.05). No significant differences in serum uric acid levels were detected among the study groups (p > 0.05). A significant difference in serum albumin levels was observed between the control and pioglitazone hydrochloride-treated groups, as well as between the glimepiride- and pioglitazone hydrochloride-treated groups (p < 0.05). Histopathological examination revealed no significant structural alterations in the examined tissues. Conclusion: Both pioglitazone hydrochloride and glimepiride produced measurable biochemical changes without causing any significant histopathological alterations in tissues of non-diabetic healthy rats. The findings suggest subclinical effects rather than overt organ toxicity. Glimepiride demonstrated a slightly more favorable profile to pioglitazone hydrochloride regarding effects on some biomarkers.
Introduction:: Excess thyroid hormone affects many different organ systems. About 0.2-1.3% of people globally suffer from hyperthyroidism, making it a common ailment. The purpose of this study is to assess how Ovothiol-A can treat and prevent cardiac and renal dysfunction in a rat model of thyroxine-induced hyperthyroidism. Methods:: Rats are given 600 mg/kg of thyroxine hormone orally to create a model of hyperthyroidism. Thirty-six male rats were split into the following two main groups: therapeutic and protective. Three subgroups (6 per group) were created from each group: the control group, the hyperthyroidism group, and the Ovothiol-A (250 mg/kg) group. The experimental period was 21 days. Results:: The electrocardiogram revealed an improvement in the ST segment and heart rhythm after giving Ovothiol-A. Triiodothyronine, thyroxine, urea, creatinine, uric acid, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, fasting blood glucose, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, and TNF-α were significantly decreased after taking ovothiol-A, while thyroid-stimulating hormone, lipid profile, total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glutathione-S-transferase, reduced glutathione, and catalase increased. Histopathological examination showed significant improvement in the renal and cardiac tissues, significantly reducing collagen precipitation and tissue fibrosis. Discussion:: Ovothiol-A effectively diminished biochemical changes, oxidative stress, and histopathological changes. Conclusion:: Ovothiol-A exerted notable therapeutic and protective effects in hyperthyroid rats by reinforcing the antioxidant defense system, reestablishing redox homeostasis, and improving both renal and cardiac functions. Additionally, it diminished inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and reduced fibrotic alterations in several organs, helping to maintain tissue structure and functional integrity.
Keloids are a challenging dermatological condition, characterized by abnormal wound healing and excessive fibrosis, resulting in raised, disfiguring scars that can significantly impact patients' quality of life. Despite the availability of various treatments, including corticosteroid injections, laser therapy, and surgical excision, effective and consistent therapeutic options remain elusive due to high recurrence rates and limited efficacy. This study investigates the potential of botanical extracts to influence keloid formation and modulate underlying cellular and molecular processes. Using a combination of in vitro and in vivo models, we screened a diverse range of plant-derived compounds for their effects on fibroblast proliferation, collagen synthesis, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Detailed molecular analyses have revealed that several compounds exhibit strong anti-keloid activity by targeting key pro-fibrotic signaling pathways, such as TGF-β/Smad and MAPK/ERK. These compounds also demonstrated the ability to induce fibroblast apoptosis, reduce excessive collagen deposition, and normalize extracellular matrix organization. Furthermore, our findings suggest that these plant-based compounds may act synergistically with current treatments to enhance their efficacy while minimizing side effects. The study highlights the therapeutic promise of botanical extracts in managing keloids and underscores the importance of natural products as a source of innovative treatments. Future research should focus on optimizing the pharmacological properties of these compounds for clinical applications, investigating their long-term safety and efficacy, and exploring their potential integration into multimodal therapeutic strategies. These efforts could pave the way for the development of novel, targeted approaches to improve keloid management and patient outcomes.
Introduction: Thiosemicarbazones are heterocyclic compounds with diverse biological properties. They can exhibit anticancer, antioxidant, and pro-oxidative properties depending on their structure. The Advanced Glycation End-Products (AGE) pentosidine-like and vesperlysinelike compounds are actually involved in oxidative stress and diseases. This study aimed to determine the effect of copper-thiosemicarbazone coordination compounds for inhibiting AGEs with a comparison to a known pro-oxidative compound, Doxorubicin. Methods: Several copper coordination compounds of thiosemicarbazones were tested at two different concentrations (10.0 μmol/L and 1.0 μmol/L). The levels of pentosidine-like and vesperlysine- like AGEs were estimated and compared to those of controls and values after treatment with doxorubicin. Results: A high concentration of doxorubicin, CMD-8, MG-22, and TIA-160 remarkably enhanced the level of pentosidine-like AGE. Their values were up to four times higher than the control. For vesperlysine-like AGE, the effect was variable: the concentrations of CMD-8 and MG-22 remarkably increased the level, whereas CMC-34 remarkably decreased it. In the 1.0 μmol/L concentration, the modulating effect on AGE was less prominent; some compounds still affected the level. Discussion: The differing reactions of AGE subclasses imply distinct molecular mechanisms controlling pentosidine-like and vesperlysine-like AGE formation. The decrease levels of various AGE subclasses imply potential antiglycation/protective effects of certain compounds. Conclusion: Concentration- and structure-dependent effects of copper-thiosemicarbazones on AGE accumulation occur. There is a need in separate assessment of AGE subclasses to accomplish the evaluation of the metabolic role and therapeutic potential.
Introduction: Aegle marmelos is a medicinal plant used in traditional South Asian medicine. It is known to be a rich source of bioactive compounds exhibiting various therapeutic properties. Aegeline is one of the major active constituents with reported neuroprotective activity. Herein, we evaluated the efficacy of aegeline-rich A. marmelos extract for its efficacy in a cellular model of Parkinsonism. Methods: Sequential extraction of A. marmelos leaves was performed to obtain aegeline-rich extract (AMCE), which was characterized using RP-HPLC. Antioxidant and iron-chelation activities of AMCE were assessed using FRAP and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. Cytotoxicity, mitochondrial ROS levels, and protective effects against MPP⁷ and rotenone-induced toxicity were studied using differentiated SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. The effects of AMCE and aegeline on α-synuclein phosphorylation were evaluated in wild-type and A53T mutant α-synucleinoverexpressing SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. Results: AMCE exhibited concentration-dependent antioxidant and iron-chelating activities, which were significantly higher than pure aegeline. Both AMCE and aegeline were non-toxic up to 5 μg/mL. They also showed significant neuroprotective effects upto 82%. AMCE completely inhibited mitochondrial ROS production at 10 μg/mL, while aegeline showed partial inhibition. Pretreatment with either AMCE or aegeline significantly reduced α-synuclein phosphorylation in both wild-type and A53T mutants. Discussion: The findings of the present study suggest that both aegeline and AMCE are promising candidates for therapeutic development against Parkinson’s disease. However, AMCE showed superior activity compared to aegeline alone, presumably due to the synergistic effect of other phytochemicals present in it. These in vitro findings should be further validated in animal models of Parkinson’s disease. Conclusion: Aegeline-rich extract, AMCE, exhibits multifunctional neuroprotective effects, including antioxidant activity, iron-chelating ability, and inhibition of α-synuclein phosphorylation.
Introduction: Anagyris foetida L. has been used in traditional medicine for centuries. It is rich in secondary bioactive constituents. It was used to treat eczema and as a cathartic, emetic, and vermifuge. However, its medical activities are poorly investigated. The current study explores the phytochemical composition, anti-psoriatic activity on keratinocytes, and the acute toxicity of the Anagyris foetida leaf ethanol extract. Methods: Ethanol was used as a solvent to extract the leaves of Anagyris foetida. The antiproliferative effect of the extract was evaluated in human keratinocytes. HPLC and FTIR were performed to quantify the bioactive compounds of the ethanolic extract. The safety of the ethanolic extract was evaluated using an acute toxicity study. Results: HPLC analysis showed that the alkaloid, N-methylcytisine, is present at a higher concentration than other alkaloidal compounds and isorhamnetin flavonoid in the ethanolic extract, which was supported by FTIR spectra. The extract exhibits a dose-dependent anti-proliferative effect on keratinocytes. The acute oral toxicity showed that the ethanolic extract has low acute toxicity. Discussion: Quinolizidine alkaloids are known for their neuroactive, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. Furthermore, isorhamnetin is a flavonoid with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticarcinogenic properties. Therefore, N-methylcytisine, cytisine, and isorhamnetin are likely responsible for the observed biological effects in this study. Conclusion: Anadyris foetida leaves have powerful anti-psoriatic activity with acceptable safety in the current study. This may be a promising medicinal plant for the treatment of skin inflammatory diseases.
Introduction: The Gut-brain axis is a newly explored bidirectional channel that controls several neurological and intestinal disorders. There is evidence that several gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases are regulated by changes in neurological processes. Gut-brain axismediated intestinal inflammation represents a chronic and often progressive condition, affecting a significant portion of the global population. Methods: Scientific literature was retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases covering publications from 2000 to 2025. Result: The findings of this article also underscore multiple lines of evidence focusing on the application of non-starch polysaccharides in the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease. Discussion: Intestinal inflammation is characterized by persistent symptoms including diarrhoea, rectal bleeding, and abdominal pain. However, several therapeutic substances are available to mitigate these symptoms, yet none of them provide effective and long-lasting solutions. Several reports have suggested that the dysbiosis condition and further associated comorbidities may be reversed by including some minor changes in our daily lifestyles. These changes include controlling stress, meditation, exercise, and, more importantly, our diet. The literature indicates that the inclusion of non-starch polysaccharides in the diet may help in both ways (therapeutic and prophylactic) to mitigate the disease. Unlike other polysaccharides, non-starch polysaccharides remain undigested and reach the colon successfully, which helps in the healing of damaged gut epithelia by increasing the expression of healing proteins and immune cells. Conclusion: In this context, this review article summarizes several biological pathways in which non-starch polysaccharides play an important role in controlling the disease progression and promoting healing.
Introduction: Rosa damascena, a key species in the Rosaceae family, is prized for its pharmacological properties. This research aims to characterize the chemical profile of the hydroethanolic extract of Rosa Damascena Flowers (RDFE), as well as to assess its antioxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterase properties in vitro. Methods: The chemical profile of RDFE was examined by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS), and phenolic compounds were quantified using standard spectrophotometric assays. Antioxidant potential was assessed using DPPH radical scavenging and ferric reducing power tests, while acetylcholinesterase inhibition was evaluated by an enzymatic bioassay. Results: UHPLC-MS analysis revealed phenolic compounds, primarily phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins, along with high total phenolic content. RDFE displayed notable antioxidant activity, with IC50 = 22.00 μg/mL in the DPPH assay and EC50 = 31.00 μg/mL in the FRAP assay, as well as moderate acetylcholinesterase inhibition (IC50 = 379.00 μg/mL) in vitro. Discussion: These biological activities are likely associated with the phenolic and flavonoid composition of RDFE. Conclusion: These findings provide preliminary evidence of RDFE’s antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities, supporting further in vivo and mechanistic studies
Introduction: In distinction to being utilized as a chemopreventive for multiple cancers, curcumin has also been attributed to the suppression of neurodegenerative diseases. The primary metabolite of curcumin, Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), shares many of the same molecular characteristics as the original compound. Methods: ScienceDirect, PubMed, and other portals were extensively searched to provide a systematic review of the chemical and biological features of THC in neurodegenerative diseases and a current update on its nanocarriers. Results: Several lines of data support the idea that AD pathogenesis is related to APP and Aβ. Researchers looked at how THC affected the hippocampus in APP/PS1 mice and how it prevented Aβ from inducing BV-2 cytotoxicity. This article elaborates on the anti-tumor and antiinflammatory activity of tetrahydrocurcumin and its recent advancements in nanotechnology, with various applications. Discussion: THC shows significant inhibitory effects on neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), and Huntington's Disease (HD). Although THC is superior to curcumin, it has limitations, such as limited bioavailability due to poor aqueous solubility (especially at physiological and acidic pH), as well as a lack of stability at a high log P. Conclusion: Nanocarriers are useful tools for the delivery of tetrahydrocurcumin. Utilization of THC-loaded nanocarriers in neurodegenerative diseases still needs to be explored by researchers. They may show superior potential with enhanced self-penetration.
Introduction: Arthritis is not merely a localized joint disorder, but a systemic inflammatory disease, with the joint-brain axis, which is characterized by peripheral chronic inflammation, compromising the blood-brain barrier that further leads to comorbidities in the central nervous system. This work examines the role of systemic inflammatory spillover and intestinal dysbiosis in the development of neuroinflammation and evaluates the therapeutic potential of plant-derived bioactives, such as Curcumin, Quercetin, and boswellic acids, in regulating this inflammatory continuum. Methods: A literature search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, with the MeSH terms and keywords, including: arthritis, neuroinflammation, and plant-derived bioactives, focusing on those that were published within the past 10-15 years with quantitative data, such as the HPLC/LC-MS characterization and the IC50 values. Inclusion involved mechanistic research on the joint-brain axis, BBB dysfunction, glial stimulation, CNS comorbidity, and two-sided action bioactives. Further, the information was organized into key areas, including peripheral signaling and molecular pharmacology. Results: Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) and gut endotoxins facilitate microglial activation, cognitive impairment, and BBB permeability through the tight junction down-regulation and MMPs. Multi-target anti-inflammatory efficacy of phytochemicals is only achievable with poor bioavailability; lipophilicity, BBB entry, and dual peripheral-central delivery are promoted by phytosomes and nanocarriers. Discussion: Plant bioactives such as curcumin (NF-kB/MAPK inhibitor, IC50 5-20 mM) and quercetin (NLRP3/TNF-α suppressor, IC50 1.5-10 mM) provide dual joint and neuroprotection. Advanced delivery systems further enhance their bioavailability, offering potential therapeutic benefits against neuro-arthritic comorbidities, including pain sensitization. However, challenges such as poor standardization and the need for longitudinal human studies continue to limit their clinical translation. Conclusion: The bioactives of plants with phytosomes/nanocarriers act as a mediator between peripheral and CNS pathophysiology in arthritis by restoring a systemic-neurological balance; large-scale clinical research is necessary in the future to demonstrate the disease-modifying capabilities.
Introduction: Curcuma species such as Curcuma caesia and Curcuma amada, though investigated to a lesser extent, have been traditionally used for medicinal purposes of wound healing. This study focuses on developing a hydrogel incorporating silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Curcuma caesia and Curcuma amada for wound healing. Methods: The green synthesis method was used to fabricate AgNPs from these Curcuma species extracts, and characterization was done, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, particle size analysis, zeta potential measurements, and SEM-EDX analysis, which provided insights into the properties and structure of the synthesized AgNPs. Their antioxidant potential was established through DPPH radical scavenging assay. Formulation and evaluation of hydrogels incorporated with these AgNPs was done along with an in vitro release study, in vivo skin irritation and wound healing efficacy. Results: AgNPs synthesized from showed particle size, PDI, zeta potential of 140.73 nm, 27.3%, -31.2 mV and 103.09 nm, 27.3%, -34.7 mV respectively for C. caesia and C. amada. DPPH radical scavenging assay IC50 for C. caesia and C. amada was found to be 2.14 μg/ml and 3.77 μg/ml respectively. Both hydrogels showed slow release of AgNPs. C. caesia and C. amada synthesised AgNPs loaded gel showed 83±1% and 81±1% wound contraction rate. Discussion: Characterization techniques confirmed the preparation of silver nanoparticles from the rhizome extracts of Curcuma caesia and Curcuma amada. DPPH radical scavenging assay demonstrated its superior antioxidant activity compared to the extracts. Formulation and evaluation of these AgNPs incorporated hydrogels exhibited promising physical properties, pH compatibility with skin, desirable viscosity, and controlled release behavior in in vitro studies. In vivo studies showed no adverse skin reactions upon hydrogel application. Furthermore, the AgNPloaded hydrogels demonstrated accelerated wound healing in an excision wound model, significantly enhancing wound contraction rates compared to control groups. Histopathological analysis confirmed improved wound closure and tissue regeneration. conclusion: Hydrogel loaded with AgNPS synthesized from both Curcuma species showcased significant wound healing potential as therapeutic agent. Conclusion: Hydrogel loaded with AgNPs synthesized from both Curcuma species showcased significant wound healing potential in comparison to the marketed formulation, and further molecular studies and clinical studies can be performed to establish it as a potent therapeutic agent for wound healing.
