Neuropathic pain follows nervous system dysfunction or damage, significantly affecting patients’ quality of life. The need for more effective and safer pain management has drawn attention to voltage-gated sodium channels as druggable therapeutic targets in medicinal chemistry, leading to the discovery of various compounds with pharmacological potential, among which heterocycles with pyrazole and indolone cores have stood out for their versatility. Aiming to discover new potential modulators of neuropathic pain, this research studied a series of 35 compounds with a 3-hydroxy-3-pyrazolyl-1H-indolin-2-one nucleus (molecular hybrids with pyrazole and indolone cores) by bioavailability screening, using the computational tools MedChem DesignerTM and AdmetSar 2.0, which predicted good potential to cross biological barriers and suggested theoretically favorable safety profiles. The potential use of these compounds as modulators of the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.7 (PDB code: 6J8G), an important molecular target in the treatment of neuropathic pain, was evaluated using molecular docking with AutoDock suite and DOCK6 software. Docking protocols were validated by redocking crystallized endogenous ligands, and results were validated using the rank-consensus approach. From those computational studies, four compounds, with the highest rank consensus values (0.52-0.59), emerged as promising candidates for experimental assays as NaV1.7 modulators. This study highlights the importance of computer-aided rational design in the discovery of new compounds with therapeutic potential in the treatment of neuropathic pain.
The frequency of rare and orphan genetic diseases is high in some populations in the Colombian department of Boyacá. This is arguably associated with the elevated consanguinity in the region, which can increase autozygosity and the expression of recessive conditions. Surname sharing (Isonymy) analysis is useful for evaluating consanguinity, population migration patterns, and population structure. Here, we estimated inbreeding-related parameters via isonymy analysis to characterize the population structure of Boyacá and to assess whether population isolation is consistent with increased risk of rare genetic diseases in the region. Data were retrieved from national databases, such as the System of Potential Beneficiaries of Social Programs (SISBÉN) and the National Public Health Surveillance System (SIVIGILA). We also obtained information from a demographic and genealogical survey conducted with 1 033 participants in the department of Boyacá. Based on SISBÉN data, isonymy parameters were calculated to assess population isolation and relatedness, while reports of genetic diseases from SIVIGILA were analyzed to explore their relationship with kinship coefficients. This was complemented by genealogical surveys, principal coordinates analysis (PCoA), and cluster analysis. The highest kinship coefficients were found in the municipalities of Chíquiza and Pisba, and no correlation was found between the kinship coefficient and the municipality-level distribution of reported genetic disease cases. Overall, the isonymy parameters were comparable to those reported in population isolates, highlighting the presence of genetically isolated subpopulations in Boyacá. Such isolation is likely consistent with founder effects and local enrichment of rare variants. However, confirmation of a relationship with rare disease risk requires targeted genetic studies and improved epidemiological surveillance.
Amazonian fruits constitute a promising source of bioactive compounds with functional and nutraceutical potential, particularly their non-edible fractions such as peels and seeds, which are commonly discarded as agro-industrial residues. This study evaluated the bioactive compound content and antioxidant capacity of peels, seeds, and pulps of Pourouma cecropiifolia (uva caimarona), Myrciaria dubia (camu-camu), and Mauritia flexuosa (canangucha), as well as the effect of extraction solvents on metabolite recovery. Two 70 % (v/v) solvent mixtures, methanol/water and acetone/water, were evaluated. Extracted phenolic compounds, including flavonoids, anthocyanins, catechin, quercetin, gallic acid, and ascorbic acid, were quantified. Extract antioxidant capacities were assessed by radical-scavenging and reducing-power assays, and multivariate statistical analyses were applied to determine relationships between bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity. Seeds of uva caimarona and camu-camu exhibited the highest concentrations of catechin, quercetin, and gallic acid. Canangucha peel stood out for its elevated content of phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid. Positive associations were observed between bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity. Additionally, 70 % acetone was more efficient than 70 % methanol in extracting the evaluated metabolites. Overall, the non-edible fractions of the evaluated Amazonian fruits demonstrated high antioxidant potential, supporting their valorization as functional ingredients for food and nutraceutical applications.
In this study, biochar was obtained via pyrolysis from Dominico-Harton plantain (Musa AAB Simmonds) agricultural waste and surface-treated with FeSO4 to provide it with magnetic properties. This magnetic biochar was used to adsorb crystal violet and malachite green dyes dissolved in water. The morphology, porosity, and elemental composition of biochar were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX) before and after surface treatment. Additionally, biochar spectra were obtained before and after surface treatment, as well as after adsorption experiments, using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The equilibrium kinetics of dye adsorption on magnetic biochar were evaluated using pseudo-first-order (PFO), pseudo-second-order (PSO), and intraparticle diffusion models. The results confirmed the presence of Fe in the biochar. Biochar’s maximum dye removal efficiencies were 99.06 % (𝑡 = 150 min) for crystal violet and 97.45 % (𝑡 = 180 min) for malachite green. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model best described the adsorption rate of dyes on the biochar surface, with 𝑅2 = 0.9933 (crystal violet) and 𝑅2 = 0.9979 (malachite green). This study also demonstrated that magnetic biochar can be successfully synthesized from Dominico-Harton plantain agricultural waste and used for the degradation of crystal violet and malachite green dyes in aqueous solutions.
Colombia is the second country with the highest number of Amerindian ethnic groups, with autonomy and self-governance, allowing them to preserve their culture and Amerindian genetic heritage. In some of these communities, studies using markers such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), the non-recombining region of the Y chromosome (NRY), and Ancestry Informative Markers (AIMs) have helped clarify the settlement processes and genetic admixture of these populations. In this study, we analyzed genome-wide Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) data from four indigenous populations of Colombia, the Wayuu, Nasa-Páez, Pijao, and Embera-Kátio, genotyped on the Axiom SpainBA panel. We were interested in determining the genetic ancestry and structure, as well as patterns of genetic variation in these populations. We collected personal questionnaires to determine family relationships and included only unrelated individuals for further analyses. Population genetic analyses, including other Native and non-Indigenous American populations, showed genetic affinities to other Indigenous American populations and varied levels of genetic admixture with non-American sources. Furthermore, our analyses suggest that distinct demographic histories, including isolation, genetic drift associated with reduced effective population size (Ne), and admixture, have shaped patterns of genetic variation and population structure among Colombian Indigenous populations.
In clinical pharmacy, the Pharmacotherapeutic Profile (PP) serves as a key tool for documenting patient information, treatment, and clinical progression. At IPS Colsubsidio, PP is used for pharmacotherapeutic follow-up; however, it presents limitations: a design focused on dispensing that does not adapt to clinical documentation needs, the absence of a coded format hindering information analysis and organization, and institutional perception of the pharmacist as an administrative rather than a clinical professional. The objective was to design and conduct face and content validation of an instrument to determine the PP of hospitalized pediatric and adult patients at IPS Colsubsidio between February and May 2025. The development and validation studies were conducted in five phases: (1) construct definition; (2) literature review; (3) item identification, domain specification, and preliminary instrument design; (4) face and content validation through the Delphi technique, conducted in two rounds with expert reviewers using Face and Content Validity Ratio (FVR, CVR) and Face and Content Validity Index (FVI, CVI), both evaluated through a Likert scale; (5) final PP design. A total of 75 items were collected from 24 reviewed references and subsequently validated through face and content validity by six pharmacists. After implementing suggested adjustments, a final PP was designed, comprising 72 items distributed across six domains, with high FVI and CVI values of 0.96. The PP optimizes clinical and pharmacotherapeutic data collection and analysis, enabling personalized care and enhancing the pharmaceutical care program.
The National TB Program indicates that the number of tests for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in patients with chronic kidney disease on renal replacement therapy (CKD-RRT) is insufficient. The objective of this study was to establish the cost-benefit of diagnostic pathways for LTBI versus the natural history of the disease in CKD-RRT patients, from a societal perspective. A cost-benefit analysis was conducted from a societal perspective using a hybrid prediction model. A decision tree was used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of each pathway, and a Markov model was employed to predict the outcomes of LTBI identification at 5, 10, and 20 years. Study parameters were derived from literature on Tuberculin-PPD and QuantiFERON® TB-Gold-Plus in the CKD-RRT population, studies on LTBI to active tuberculosis progression, official financial and epidemiological sources, and data on the catastrophic costs of TB in Colombia. The annual discount rate was set at 3%, and deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. The model identified a cost per patient of $92.59 USD for the PPD pathway and $197.30 USD for the QFT pathway; out-of-pocket expenses for the patients were $13.29 USD in both pathways. The cost of an active tuberculosis event was $4,810.47 USD, of which $1,633.45 USD was borne by the patient. The decision tree suggested better performance for QFT versus PPD (0.29 vs. 0.27). At 10 years, the diagnostic pathway that generated the best net monetary benefit (NMB) was QFT (NMB vs. Natural History: $154.41 USD; NMB vs. PPD: $88.22 USD), generating savings from year 6 onwards. PPD could be the pathway with the best NMB between 3 and 6 years; prior to any test would generate a net health cost. The factors with the greatest uncertainty were identified for QFT (LTBI prevalence, PPV, NPV), PPD (NPV, LTBI prevalence, PPV), and NMB (probability of progression from “CKD-RRT and LTBI-negative” to ATB). It can be concluded that the implementation of QuantiFERON® TB-Gold-Plus, followed by Tuberculin-PPD, are cost-beneficial scenarios for the CKD-RRT population from a societal perspective, compared to the natural course of the disease as the current prevention strategy in Colombia.
It is currently estimated that more than 75 % of newly developed drugs exhibit limited aqueous solubility and, consequently, reduced bioavailability. This limitation particularly affects drugs classified as BCS classes II and IV. To address this issue, several formulation strategies have been proposed, among which self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) have gained attention. SEDDS are isotropic mixtures of oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant or cosolvent that spontaneously form emulsions upon contact with the gastrointestinal environment. The objective of this study was to preformulate and characterize the emulsifying properties of an ibuprofen (IBU) SEDDS, developed through a 33 factorial design, in order to enhance its dissolution rate. Thermodynamic solubility of IBU in four oils (soybean, lemon, peppermint, anise) was determined using the shake-flask method and UV-Vis analysis. Drug–oil compatibility was assessed using DSC on 1:1 (w/w) mixtures. Based on critical attributes, the surfactant and cosurfactant were selected. Twenty-seven formulations with varying component ratios were prepared. A 33 factorial design was applied, with visual appearance as the response variable, enabling the construction of a ternary diagram and ANOVA analysis. The most promising formulations, both drug-loaded (22.22 % w/w IBU) and unloaded, were characterized in four media (water, HCl buffer, phosphate buffer, citrate buffer) by evaluating self-emulsification time, transmittance, and 24-hour physical stability. Results indicated that the solubility of IBU in peppermint oil was 36.49 mg/mL. DSC analysis suggested a potential transition of IBU to an amorphous state. ANOVA revealed significant effects of peppermint oil and Tween 80. Eight formulations displayed optimal appearance. The unloaded system showed > 90 % transmittance, self-mulsification times < 120 s, and was stable after 24 h. Upon IBU loading, phosphate buffer maintained high transmittance (96.97 %), while a reduction occurred in other pH media; however, self-emulsification times remained under 120 s. The most efficient formulation (1:1:1 peppermint oil, Tween 80, Cremophor RH40) achieved a 43.4 s emulsification time and 97.91 % transmittance. In conclusion, the developed ibuprofen SEDDS demonstrated favorable physicochemical characteristics, supporting its potential as a promising strategy to improve the drug’s dissolution rate.
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains one of the most prevalent infectious diseases worldwide, with substantial morbidity and mortality, especially in children under five years old and older adults. In Colombia, CAP accounts for approximately 60 % of deaths from respiratory diseases. The appropriateness of empirical and definitive antimicrobial therapy has a direct impact on clinical outcomes, antimicrobial resistance, and healthcare costs. The objective of this study was to assess the pertinence of antimicrobial prescriptions in hospitalized patients diagnosed with CAP at a tertiary care institution in Cartagena, Colombia, in 2021. Methodology A descriptive, retrospective study was conducted using medical records of adult patients (≥ 18 years) hospitalized for CAP for at least 24 hours. Patients with multiple infections, lymphoproliferative disorders, cirrhosis, or receiving steroids or chemotherapy were excluded. Data on demographics, CURB-65 score, microbiological findings, antimicrobial regimens (empirical and/or definitive), and clinical response were collected. Prescription adequacy was evaluated according to the 2019 ATS/IDSA clinical practice guidelines for CAP. Descriptive statistical analyses were applied. A total of 72 % of patients were ≥ 65 years of age. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most frequently isolated pathogen (47 %). Resistance to penicillin in S. pneumoniae (3.0 %), ampicillin resistance in H. influenzae (2.1 %), and methicillin resistance in S. aureus (1.3 %) were observed. The CURB-65 score was not applied in all cases, limiting the precision of therapeutic decision-making. Empirical therapy was initiated in all patients; in 74.5 % of cases, the regimen was maintained as definitive therapy, while in 25.5 % it was modified after pathogen identification. In patients without microbiological diagnosis, empirical therapy was often adjusted up to three times without targeted therapy. The most commonly used regimen was ampicillin/sulbactam combined with clarithromycin (70 %), consistent with guideline recommendations. Severe cases more often received piperacillin/tazobactam-based regimens, sometimes combined with vancomycin or meropenem. Empirical antimicrobial therapy was widely prescribed but not always effective, leading to multiple modifications in some cases. Definitive therapies were more successful; however, their selection was influenced by comorbidities and drug hypersensitivity. The limited use of the CURB-65 score and the lack of microbiological identification contributed to deviations from ATS/IDSA guidelines, highlighting the need for improved diagnostic and prognostic strategies to ensure rational antimicrobial prescribing in CAP.
Self-medication without medical or pharmaceutical supervision carries significant risks, such as inappropriate use of medications, incorrect dosages, premature prolongation or discontinuation of treatment, drug interaction, and public health issues such as antimicrobial resistance. In Colombia, the use of over-the-counter medicines increased by 80% during the pandemic, highlighting the need to strengthen community pharmaceutical care. The study’s objective was to develop a preliminary Community Pharmacy Model in the Zaragocilla community of Cartagena, Colombia. An analytical, prospective, and cross-sectional observational study was conducted using non-probabilistic convenience sampling. The activities were carried out in three phases: (1) Diagnosis — literature review, community awareness, and collection of sociodemographic and epidemiological data with a validated survey; (2) Intervention — identification of pharmaceutical care needs and actions directed by the pharmaceutical chemist; (3) Community Pharmacy Model — implementation of comprehensive, systematic, and structured care. The results showed a high prevalence of chronic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes in 45% of the respondents, 72% of whom were housewives, and 76% belonged to socioeconomic stratum 2. Alarmingly, 63% of participants had never received proper guidance on medication use, and 66% reported disposing of medications improperly in household trash. Additionally, unhealthy lifestyle habits were identified, with 38% not engaging in physical activity and 53% reporting insomnia. The proposal of a Community Pharmacy Model is a direct response to the real needs of the population, with a high prevalence of poorly controlled chronic diseases, low health literacy regarding medication use, and inadequate disposal practices. Implementation of this model, led by the pharmaceutical chemist, would significantly improve community health by integrating medication dispensing, patient education, and therapeutic follow-up.
Facial skin care is important due to its influence on health and self-esteem. Facial toners play a key role by cleansing, balancing pH, and enhancing treatment effectiveness. The essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L. shows antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities, supporting its potential in acne treatment. Its antimicrobial effectiveness may vary with environmental and processing factors, highlighting the importance of formulation design. Despite its promising properties and local availability in Valle del Cauca, Colombia, few studies have explored its use in facial toners. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity, stability, and consumer acceptance of formulations with different concentrations of basil essential oil. Fresh leaves of Ocimum basilicum L. ‘Genovese’ (12 kg) were shade-dried and steam-distilled for essential oil extraction. Three toner formulations (2 %, 3 %, and 5 %) were prepared with standard cosmetic excipients. Physicochemical properties, stability at 40 °C / 75% RH, and microbiological safety were evaluated. Antimicrobial activity against Propionibacterium acnes was tested by sensitivity assays and analyzed with the Kruskal–Wallis’s test. Consumer acceptance and efficacy were assessed through surveys, hydration tests, and acne reduction analysis. Steam distillation yielded 0.68% of pale-yellow essential oil. All formulations met cosmetic standards and remained stable for 90 days. Antimicrobial tests showed inhibition of Propionibacterium acnes at all concentrations, with the 3% formulation being the most effective (51 mm halo). Hydration assays indicated maintained or improved skin moisture, and microbiological analysis confirmed the absence of pathogens. Volunteer surveys reported full satisfaction with texture and cleansing, and 90% noted improved acne appearance. In conclusion, Ocimum basilicum essential oil can be successfully incorporated into cosmetic facial toners. The 3% formulation demonstrated the best balance between antimicrobial activity, stability, and consumer acceptance, supporting its potential as a natural alternative for acne treatment.
The growing demand for avocados in Colombia has led to a significant increase in production, which in turn generates a large amount of waste, primarily seeds, constituting approximately 25 % of the fruit. This waste has negative environmental impacts. Although some initiatives for reusing avocado waste exist, the utilization of its seeds in the cosmetics industry is still limited. However, studies have shown that oil extracted from avocado seeds contains valuable fatty acids, including linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acid. The increasing demand for natural cosmetics presents an opportunity to capitalize on this waste, as avocado seed oil is valued for its hydrating properties due to its richness in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The aim of this study was to develop a liposome formulation to encapsulate avocado seed oil and enhance its moisturizing effects by improving skin penetration, thereby offering a potential solution to the problem of agricultural waste. Avocado seed oil was first extracted and characterized to determine its physicochemical properties, including density, acid value, and peroxide value. Then, the liposomes were prepared using the ethanol injection method and a Plackett-Burman experimental design. Variables analyzed included stirring time and speed, oil concentration, the presence of polysorbate 80, and the use of rotary evaporation. Particle size and encapsulation efficiency were measured as response variables. The prepared liposomes had particle sizes ranging from 100 nm to 1.6 µm. Statistical analysis showed no significant effect of any individual factor on particle size or encapsulation efficiency. However, the interaction between oil concentration (percentage) and solvent evaporation appeared to have some influence both. Encapsulation efficiencies ranged from 10 % to 72.57 %, with formulation eight achieving the highest efficiency. These findings demonstrate the potential of encapsulating avocado seed oil in liposomes for the cosmetic applications. Furthermore, the ethanol injection method proved to be effective for creating avocado oil-containing liposomes. This formulation represents a viable and sustainable alternative for producing high-value moisturizing ingredients from agricultural waste.
Heavy metal poisoning remains a critical public health issue worldwide, causing neurological, renal, and systemic damage. Dimercaprol (British Anti-Lewisite, BAL), developed during World War II as an antidote against arsenic and other toxic metals, continues to be clinically relevant due to its strong chelating properties. Despite its long history of use, detailed biochemical data on its metabolic degradation and fragmentation pathways remain scarce. This study aims to elucidate the gas-phase degradation mechanisms of BAL using experimental tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). MS/MS analyses were performed on a Shimadzu LCMS-8050 triple quadrupole equipped with electrospray ionization (ESI). Dimercaprol was directly infused at 0.1 mg/L, and precursor ions were fragmented via collision induced dissociation with argon. Collision energies ranged from 10 V to 50 V, and product ion spectra were acquired between 2 m/z–120 m/z. Spectral data were compared against predicted fragmentation patterns available in the Drug Bank database. Distinct collision energy-dependent fragmentation patterns were identified. At -10 V and -20 V, the ion m/z 107 ([C3H7S2]+) was predominant, while at -40V, fragments m/z 75 ([C3H7S]+) and m/z 61 ([C2H5S]+) were observed. These results diverged significantly (≥15% intensity differences) from Drug Bank simulations, highlighting the limitations of predictive models for organosulfur compounds. Thermochemical analysis indicated preferential stabilization of positive charge on sulfur centers, with reaction enthalpies between 221 kcal/mol–279 kcal/mol. A seven-step fragmentation pathway was proposed, leading to cyclic intermediates that explain BAL’s metabolic behavior. This study experimentally identified key fragmentation markers of dimercaprol (m/z 107, 75,61), providing robust fingerprints for its degradation. The discrepancies within in silico spectra emphasize the necessity of experimental validation, particularly for sulfur-containing pharmacological agents. These insights not only clarify BAL’s degradation pathways but also support the rational design of novel therapeutic derivatives for heavy metal detoxification.
Vector-borne diseases cause 700,000 deaths annually. Aedes aegypti (Stegomyia) is a transmitter of infections such as dengue, which results in 96 million symptomatic cases and 40 000 deaths per year. According to the INS, in March 2025 a total of 47 559 dengue cases were reported. This issue carries both health and economic implications due to this vector; therefore, plant extracts offer potential as pesticides and repellents. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate the structure–activity relationship of compounds present in Alstonia scholaris (Ditta) leaves with larvicidal activity. Ditta leaves were processed following the guidelines of Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant Materials. Chemical groups were identified through qualitative and quantitative tests using UHPLC-ESI+-OrbitrapHRMS. Subsequently, computational predictions and bioassays were performed on Ae. aegypti larvae and Artemia salina nauplii exposed to different concentrations and controls, where mortality and LC50 were evaluated. A molecular docking analysis was carried out between the identified phenolic compounds and biological targets related to the vector’s life cycle; binding energies and interactions were recorded in each simulation. The leaves of A. scholaris met the established criteria for the species. The extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, phenols, leucoanthocyanidins, sterols, and terpenes, consistent with the literature reports. The polyphenolic compounds identified were ursolic acid (71.3 mg/kg) and rosmarinic acid (5.7 mg/kg), both possessing pharmacokinetic properties that would allow them to exert biological effects. They are non-toxic to humans, although rosmarinic acid is more toxic in other species. Molecular docking showed binding energies from –5.50 kcal/mol to –6.08 kcal/mol for rosmarinic acid and from –8.01 kcal/mol to –11.64 kcal/mol for ursolic acid, indicating favorable ligand–target interactions. In vivo assays yielded LD50 values of 733.612 mg/L for Aedes aegypti and 403.82 µg/L for Artemia salina, consistent with predictive models. Alstonia scholaris demonstrated activity against Ae. aegypti (Stegomyia); however, its toxic potential should continue to be explored through the combination of in silico and in vivo approaches. Furthermore, this study highlights the importance of pharmacognostic research to ensure quality, identity, and purity of plant species.
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (SiO2-NPs) are promising systems for controlled drug delivery due to their biocompatibility, low toxicity, and functionalization potential. Identifying optimal synthesis parameters is essential to obtain nanoparticles with nanometric dimensions and physicochemical properties suitable for biomedical applications. In this study, the sol-gel method was employed using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as a precursor and two surfactants for comparison: cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and Tween 80. Twelve experimental conditions were tested, varying pH (acidic and basic), homogenization type (magnetic stirring and ultrasonic cavitation), and reactant concentrations. The resulting samples were characterized by FT-IR, SEM, AFM, DLS, zeta potential, and cytotoxicity assays in L929 fibroblasts. The best synthesis conditions corresponded to high concentrations of TEOS and CTAB in a basic medium under ultrasonic cavitation. The nanoparticles obtained ranged from 50nm – 100nm in size, with spherical morphology and evidence of internal porosity. FT-IR confirmed Si–O–Si bond formation and surfactant removal after purification. SEM and AFM revealed homogeneous structures, while DLS corroborated particle size distribution within the expected range. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated cell viability above 70 % for all samples, classifying them as non-cytotoxic according to ISO 10993-5. The combination of TEOS with CTAB under basic conditions and ultrasonic cavitation enabled the synthesis of stable, biocompatible, and non-cytotoxic mesoporous silica nanoparticles with potential for future drug delivery applications. The influence of surfactant type on internal morphology highlights the importance of optimizing critical synthesis parameters. Further studies on surface functionalization and pore size distribution are recommended to advance toward clinical applications.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and increasingly prevalent condition, associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. Citrus flavonoids possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, with therapeutic potential in colitis. The preventive effect of the peel of the Tahitian lime (Citrus latifolia), a by-product rich in bioactive compounds and largely underutilised, was evaluated in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model. An extract from Tahiti lime peel was obtained through lyophilization, grinding, and extraction with 60% ethanol. It was characterized by its phenolic and flavonoid content, as well as its in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS assays). Subsequently, its preventive effect was evaluated in a DSS-induced colitis model in CD-1 mice. The experimental design included three groups (healthy control, DSS, and DSS + extract), with oral administration for five days before induction and a 20-day follow-up. Colon length and weight were analyzed, along with histopathological studies. The Tahiti lime peel extract showed a high phenolic content (291.71 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid content (187.81 mg QE/g), along with significant in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH: 232.09 µmol Trolox/g; ABTS: 442.9 µmol Trolox/g), comparable to well-known sources such as blueberries. This effect is attributed to the flavonoids’ ability to neutralize free radicals due to their phenolic structure. In the murine model of colitis induced with 5% DSS, the extract administered preventively reduced weight loss, disease activity index, and macroscopic damage, as well as improving the histological architecture of the colon by preserving the mucosa and promoting crypt regeneration. These results suggest a protective effect against colitis, mediated by the reduction of oxidative stress. In summary, this study revealed that Tahiti lime peel extract possesses remarkable in vitro antioxidant activity, as well as high phenolic and flavonoid content. These properties significantly contributed to its ability to mitigate DSS-induced colitis in CD-1 mice. The results showed that the extract markedly reduced damage to the colonic mucosa, as evidenced by a reduction in disease signs such as weight loss, diarrhea, and histological alterations in tissue architecture.
Commercially available sunscreens contain filters that can affect not only human health, mainly by causing endocrine imbalances, but also the environment. It is therefore necessary to search for new natural ingredients from raw materials for the manufacture of sunscreens that can prevent diseases and other skin and health problems. This study evaluated the photoprotective activity of ethanolic extracts, as well as organic and aqueous fractions of the peel and seed of green and ripe avocados. Ethanolic extracts of Hass avocado peel and seed were prepared using the ultrasound method and then fractionated. The flavonoid concentration of the samples was determined using the aluminum chloride method, and the absorbance at 510 nm was measured in triplicate. The organic fractions of ripe peel and seed, which showed the highest flavonoids concentration, were subjected to spectral scanning in the range of 290 nm - 320 nm at 5 nm intervals to calculate the Sun Protection Factor (SPF). Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of phenolic compounds, tannins, and flavonoids. The aqueous fraction of ripe peel and the organic fraction of ripe seed showed similar flavonoid concentration (242.67 mg rutin/g), while significant differences were observed among the other groups according to the ANOVA analysis (p < 0.05) and Tukey’s test. The results of the SPF assessment established that the extracts of ripe avocado peel and seed showed the highest SPF 25 and 20, respectively. The seed: peel mixture (1:5) presented an SPF value 4.2, placing the formulation in the high range. The peel and seed of Persea americana represent a potential source of molecules with photoprotective activity. The ripe avocado peel extract demonstrated an SPF categorized as medium protection, which, in combination with other natural extracts, may enhance overall photoprotection.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global health challenge, with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) being a major threat. The urgent need for novel therapeutic agents has driven research into natural bioactive compounds. Bactris guineensis, a native Colombian plant, is rich in polyphenols, which have demonstrated antimicrobial properties in prior studies. This research explores the potential of B. guineensis polyphenols as inhibitors of MRSA through molecular docking studies. Three-dimensional structures of 13 polyphenols from B. guineensis were retrieved from PubChem. Geometric optimization was performed using Gaussian 09 with Density Functional Theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-31G level. The optimized conformations served as ligands for molecular docking, which was conducted with AutoDock Vina, evaluating binding energy as the primary affinity metric. Seven S. aureus protein targets (PDB codes: 5M18, 6O9W, 4URO, 7JM2, 5TZJ, 3FRF, 6H5O) were obtained from the Protein Data Bank, prepared using SYBYL-X, and assigned Kollman charges with polar hydrogens in AutoDockTools. Validation was performed using crystallized endogenous ligands. The overall energy profile across all targets demonstrated favorable binding affinities, with values ranging from -5.9 to -10.3 kcal/mol. Isoorientin, a C-glucosylated flavone with known in vitro antimicrobial activity, exhibited the highest binding affinity (-10.3 kcal/mol) against the TarS enzyme (PDB: 5TZJ), which catalyzes β-OGlcNAcylation of teichoic acids in the MRSA cell wall. Isoorientin formed key interactions, including two hydrogen bonds with aspartate 178 and additional contacts with residues R206, E177, H210, Q179, and S175. Schaftoside showed strong affinity (-9.7 kcal/mol) for dihydrofolate reductase, interacting with critical residues (L28, V31, I50, L54) in the enzyme’s hydrophobic channel, mirroring known inhibitors. Polyphenols from B. guineensis, particularly isoorientin and schaftoside, demonstrate significant potential as anti-MRSA agents by targeting key bacterial enzymes. These findings highlight the value of characterizing bioactive metabolites from native Colombian plants for developing novel antimicrobial therapies.
Water pollution is a critical environmental issue due to its wide-ranging repercussions. Of particular concern are emerging contaminants (ECs), which were previously overlooked due to their low concentrations. However, their resistance to decomposition allows them to remain in water bodies and accumulate in soils for prolonged periods, generating toxicity, altering the food chains, degrading soil quality, and even modifying water composition. Among the most common pharmaceutical ECs are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as acetaminophen. A useful strategy for removing these ECs is adsorption, employing materials such as activated carbon and bentonite. In this study, mixtures of activated carbon and bentonite in 4:6, 5:5, and 6:4 proportions were made under reflux with sulfuric acid for one hour. The mixtures were characterized using infrared spectroscopy, Boehm titration, and point of zero charge (PZC). Subsequently, acetaminophen adsorption capacity was evaluated by varying contact time (20 and 120 minutes), and the data were adjusted to adsorption isotherm models. The Boehm titration identified the presence of phenolic groups (predominant in the 4:6 mixture), as well as lactone and carboxyl groups, conferring an acidic character to the adsorbent surface after sulfuric acid treatment. The PZC of the mixtures ranged from 2.7 to 4.0. Acetaminophen adsorption capacity depended on the carbon:bentonite ratio and contact time. The 6:4 mixture showed the highest adsorption capacity for 20 minutes (95.08 %) and 120 minutes (94.54 %) compared to the others and presented a type I Langmuir isotherm. These findings highlight the potential of activated carbon:bentonite mixtures for the removal of EC from water.
Adverse drug reactions represent a major clinical and public health concern, with hypersensitivity reactions accounting for up to 20% of cases and associated with potentially life-threatening events such as anaphylaxis. When no therapeutic alternatives exist, drug desensitization becomes a critical strategy, inducing temporary tolerance through progressive dose escalation of the culprit agent. Common targets include acetylsalicylic acid, iodinated contrast media, antibiotics, diuretics, and antituberculosis drugs. This study aimed to characterize the drug desensitization process in patients from a level IV clinic in Barranquilla, Colombia, between 2021 and 2025. An observational, descriptive, and retrospective study was conducted, including all patients undergoing desensitization protocols. Demographic, clinical, pharmacological, and immunological variables were collected, alongside protocol details (drug, monitoring, outcome) and clinical courses (ICU stay, vital signs, adverse events). Descriptive statistics were applied using RStudio. Desensitization was performed in ICU or equivalent units under continuous monitoring by a multidisciplinary team. Protocols were adapted from validated international guidelines or developed de novo when no standardized approach was available. Thirty-one patients underwent desensitization, with a mean age of 58.5 years (range 30–85) and balanced gender distribution. Most had high cardiovascular risk, with hypertension (67.7%), acute coronary syndromes (45.2%), and type II diabetes mellitus (38.7%) as predominant comorbidities. The most frequent hypersensitivity involved nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and acetylsalicylic acid (58.1%), followed by iodinated contrast media (22.6%). Acetylsalicylic acid was the main target of desensitization (58.1%), particularly in the context of percutaneous coronary interventions, while contrast media accounted for 32.2%. Less common protocols involved furosemide, pyrazinamide, and even saline solution. Cardiac catheterization was the most frequent associated procedure (54.8%). Hemodynamic stability was preserved, with mean blood pressure 137/78 mmHg, heart rate 75 bpm, and oxygen saturation 98.5%. Overall, desensitization was successful in 96.8% of cases; only one patient (3.2%) experienced a mild mucocutaneous reaction, without discontinuation. Protocol implementation increased progressively, reflecting institutional expertise. Drug desensitization in a high-complexity setting proved to be safe and effective, enabling access to essential drugs in patients with confirmed hypersensitivity. The integration of clinical pharmacists was pivotal to ensuring safety, individualized protocol adaptation, and improved outcomes. Prospective studies are needed to consolidate standardized protocols and expand institutional capacity in allergy and immunology.
