Kako Morita, a Japanese illustrator and artist, illustrated natural history specimens for a wide range of American biologists in the early 20th century, most notably fishes for David Starr Jordan, with many appearing in U.S. Bureau of Fisheries publications. Although biographical information is incomplete, significant portions of Morita’s travels and his contacts with different organizations and biologists in the United States are reconstructed. During his first visit to the United States in 1902–03 he was employed as an assistant artist at Stanford University in California where Jordan was president. Morita then briefly returned to Japan only to come back to the United States and spend 1904–05 in Minnesota where he illustrated birds and possibly fishes for the Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota. His residence in Minnesota was interrupted by a brief stay in Chicago in late 1905 where he taught art. In early 1906, Morita was in Milwaukee, Wisc., but there is no information on what he did there. His trail picks up again in early 1908 when, under the direction of the ichthyologist Bashford Dean, he painted several fish-related watercolors for the American Museum of Natural History. Also in 1908, Morita painted mammals for the U.S. Bureau of Biological Survey based in Washington, D.C., and drew birds for the spouse of one of the Survey’s employees. More significantly, Morita began working with various scientists at different laboratories that comprise the Carnegie Institution of Washington. These included Charles B. Davenport, director of the Station for Experimental Evolution in Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; David T. MacDougal, director of the Desert Laboratory in Tucson, Ariz.; and Alfred G. Mayer (later Mayor), director of the Marine Biological Laboratory in the Dry Tortugas, Fla. Morita returned to Japan in 1912, and there is evidence he came back to the United States in 1913 and 1918. The former date appears to be about when Morita illustrated a monograph on the fishes of Peru by Barton W. Evermann and Lewis Radcliffe, the former a protégé and collaborator of Jordan. Morita’s activities after 1918 are not known except for an incident in 1930 when he attempted to enter the United States at the Port of Seattle, Wash., but was debarred and sent back to Japan. This clearly bothered him, and he stated as much in print. Although Morita travelled widely in the United States and worked with many organizations and scientists, Jordan was the one constant in his American experience providing him with introductions and friendship as Morita clearly struggled to survive as a natural history illustrator.
This study generates and updates mathematical conversions among body length and weight measurements of sharks commonly encountered in the western North Atlantic Ocean. At the initiation of individual research programs, standardized measurements are determined to meet program objectives, yet these measurements often vary among programs and may differ within programs over time. Since length is of vital importance to understanding the basic biology of a species (e.g., growth, length at maturity) and to enforce management regulations based on size, it is necessary to have length-length and length-weight conversions to be able to standardize measurements for individual species. We compiled length and weight data on sharks from nine research programs operating in the western North Atlantic Ocean from Canada through the Gulf of Mexico to obtain length-length and length-weight conversions for 27 species and 3 genera consisting of 6 species. Length-length and length-weight conversions are presented for all species using over the body fork length as the independent variable. This study updates and expands previous conversions with new information.
From 2007 to 2019, the southeastern U.S. shrimp fishery's mandatory observer program has collectively observed 1,766 U.S. Gulf of Mexico and southeastern U.S. Atlantic penaeid otter trawl, rock shrimp, and skimmer trawl trips. During observed shrimp trips, the program documented interactions with sea turtles, marine mammals, sawfish, giant manta rays, sturgeons, and seabirds. Spatial and temporal distribution of sea turtle interactions manifested higher numbers of mortalities off the coasts of Louisiana, Texas, and the southern waters of west Florida. Of the 280 sea turtles captured, 233 were alive at release. Marine mammal interactions, though low in number (n =16), resulted in near -total mortality. Habitat range of sawfish overlapped with fishery effort, resulting in captures (n =17) off Florida's coast with over 50% being released alive. Documentation of giant manta ray interactions began in 2019 and showed a higher occurrence in the southeastern U.S. Atlantic shrimp fishery relative to Gulf shrimp. The Gulf shrimp fishery off Louisiana and the southeastern U.S. Atlantic shrimp fishery off the coasts of the Carolinas and Georgia reported the capture of 14 sturgeons with close to 80% survival rate at release. Reporting of all captured seabird species was required; however, reports were low totaling 15.
This work reports on exempted and research fishing trials using Deep-set Buoy Gear (DSBG) and Linked Buoy Gear (LBG), two commercial gear types designed to target swordfish, Xiphias gladius, off the coast of southern California. This study covers the period from 2017 to 2021 and supplements previous published data on the development and initial exempted fishing permit (EFP) trials of deep-set techniques for swordfish within the Southern California Bight (SCB; 2015-16). In this work, five cooperative EFP participants deployed 12,015 pieces of DSBG on 1,225 sets during 299 individual trips (mean=4.1 d/trip). DSBG catch composition was found to be similar to previously published data obtained from the first 2 years of exempted effort, with swordfish comprising similar to 94% of the total catch from 2017 to 2021. DSBG non-marketable catch (bycatch) primarily consisted of blue sharks and made up similar to 1% of the DSBG catch. Collective DSBG catch rates ranged from 1.2 to 2.1 swordfish per standardized 8-h fishing day (mean =1.7 swordfish/std. 8-h day) over the course of this study. Commercial exempted testing of LBG resulted in similar swordfish catch composition (similar to 92%) and average daily catch rates (1.5-1.7 swordfish/std. 8-h day), with fewer overall species caught. Research sets using LBG yielded similar catch composition to DSBG and included a wider range of species than the exempted trials. The findings from this work align with previous exempted and research efforts using both DSBG and LBG and continue to suggest high selectivity in the developing California deep-set fishery for swordfish.
iconic research vessel U.S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross was a frequent visitor to the west coast of Canada as she transited the Canadian In-side Passage to patrol and oceanographic duties in Alaska. Her June 1903 sampling in the Strait of Georgia and Queen Charlotte Strait while en route for Pacific salmon (On-corhynchus spp.) studies in Alaska yielded important early data on oceanographic con-ditions and records of fish and invertebrates. The cruise yielded some of the earliest bot-tom temperature data for the region, 44 fish species were obtained by beam trawl, beach seine, gill net, and hook and line, and a va-riety of invertebrate collections were made. Albatross investigations on this voyage, and others, left a legacy that established British Columbia marine biodiversity baselines and facilitated collaborations between Canadian and American biologists.
This manuscript is a re-view of canned tuna, Scombridae, process-ing from fish receiving through to the la-beling and casing of the finished product. The topics of this review include history, Regulatory Environment (LACF, FSMA, Canned Tuna SOI), HACCP, the food safe-ty hazards of Scombroid fish poisoning or histamine and Staphylococcus aureus, and quality issues including struvite formation and prevention. Canned tuna processing operations are detailed, including receiv-ing, sorting, production planning, recov-ery and labor-hours, thawing, butchering, pre-cooking, cooling, skinning, deboning, loin cleaning, can filling, seaming, retort-ing, labeling, and casing.Included is an in-depth review of changes to the HACCP guidance for processing tuna over the past 25 years (through 2021), and recommendations on how to use the HACCP guidance to im-prove tuna processing safety. The man-uscript reviews the changes over the de -cades by the FDA toward a better under-standing of the regulations and sampling protocols for attributes of tuna decompo-sition and for a safer canned tuna prod-uct. A goal of this document is to record the details and advances in canned tuna processing through 2021, while recogniz-ing that the only constant in the tuna busi-ness is change.
Vessel strikes, entanglement, poaching, intentional harassment, and invasive research are possible direct anthropogenic threats to the endangered Cook Inlet beluga whale, Delphinapterus leucas, population (CIBW) according to the CIBW Recovery Plan. Establishing the prevalence of such threats is necessary for understanding impact and monitoring future trends. We examined records of individual belugas photographed during 2005–17, along with stranding records during this time, to determine prevalence of scars indicative of anthropogenic trauma, and classified these scars according to their likely sources (e.g., entanglements, vessel strikes, puncture wounds, and research). In this combined dataset, 37.7% of 106 individuals had scars classified as either confirmed or possible anthropogenic origin. In the photo-ID records, 15% of individuals had signs of confirmed or possible entanglement, 14% had signs of confirmed or possible vessel strikes, 5% had signs of possible puncture scars, and 24% had research scars. Out of 33 necropsied belugas, 6% had scars from satellite tagging, 6% had signs of entanglement, 3% had possible signs of a vessel The designation under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) occurred in October 2008 (NOAA, 2008) and was preceded by a steep decline in the CIBW population during the 1990’s and a designation as “depleted” in 2000 under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (NOAA, 2000). An unsustainable level of hunting by Native Alaskans (Mahoney and Shelden, 2000) was thought to be the primary cause of the initial population decline. Cooperative agreements between NMFS and subsistence users suspended CIBW hunting after 2006 (NOAA, 2008). If subsistence hunting was the only factor limiting population growth, the population was expected to have recovered in the following decade. However, a survey by NMFS conducted in June 2018 found the strike, and 3% had possible signs of puncture scars. We also examined wound healing, reproduction, and survival of individuals with scars consistent with anthropogenic trauma. One important result from this work is that trauma from anthropogenic sources may take years to manifest. From our limited sample we cannot directly infer the population-level prevalence of anthropogenic trauma, but our assessment shows the source and prevalence in the sample; this is a preliminary step in understanding how anthropogenic trauma may be contributing to the population’s continued decline. population has continued to decline at a rate of about 2% per year since the ESA listing in 2008 (Wade et al.2). The reasons for this decline remain unknown. The CIBW Recovery Plan lists ten likely threats to CIBW recovery, including injury and death from anthropogenic activities (referred to collectively in the Plan as “unauthorized take,” although this category also includes NMFS authorized take for research). Unauthorized take is categorized as a threat of medium concern in the CIBW Recovery Plan, with the level of concern affected, in part, by uncertainties about magnitude and trend. Establishing a baseline estimate of the current magnitude of this threat is necessary for establishing and monitoring future trends. The shores of Cook Inlet are inhabited by most of Alaska’s human population and in2Wade, P. R., C. Boyd, K. E. W. Shelden, and C. L. Sims. 2019. Chapter 2: Group size estimates and revised abundance estimates and trend for the Cook Inlet beluga population. In K. E. W. Shelden, and P. R. Wade (Editors). 2019. Aerial surveys, distribution, abundance, and trend of belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) in Cook Inlet, Alaska, June 2018. AFSC Proc. Rep. 2019-09, 93 p. (https://apps-afsc.fisheries.noaa.gov/documents/ PR2019-09.pdf). Tamara L. McGuire is the Principal Investigator, along with co-investigators Amber D. Stephens and John R. McClung, on the Cook Inlet Beluga Whale Photo-ID Project, Anchorage, AK 99515 (email: tamaracookinletbeluga@gmail. com). Christopher Garner is with 673 CES/ CEIEC, Conservation Dept., Joint Base Elmendorf Richardson, AK 99506. Kathleen A. BurekHuntington is with the Alaska Veterinary Pathology Services, 23834 The Clearing Dr., Eagle River, AK 99577. Caroline E. C. Goertz is with the Alaska SeaLife Center, 301 Railway Ave., P.O. Box 1329, Seward, AK 99664. Kim E. W. Shelden is with the Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NMFS, NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way N.E., Seattle, WA 98115. Greg O’Corry-Crowe is with the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 N U.S. Highway 1, Fort Pierce, FL 34946. Gina K. Himes Boor is with the Ecology Department, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173460, Bozeman, MT 597173460. Bruce Wright is with the Knik Tribe, P.O. Box 871565, Wasilla, AK 99654.
The COVID-19 pandemic and governmental actions to contain its spread threatened the livelihoods of mil- lions of small-scale fishermen around the world. Because the duration and scale of the impacts can vary widely within and across fisheries and regions, it is important to mon- itor ground conditions. This study reports on the early socioeconomic effects of CO- VID-19 on Puerto Rican small-scale fisher- men. The study focuses on the first 6 months of 2020 since COVID-19 began to disrupt seafood markets in January 2020. Drawing on 317 telephone interviews with fishing captains conducted between July and September 2020, we find that the pandemic severely disrupted fishing operations owing to three main factors: loss of seafood markets mainly in the leisure and hospitality sector, strict commonwealth and local governmental restrictions (lockdowns and curfews), and the adoption of sanitary control and prevention measures (face cov- ering and social distancing requirements). These interrelated factors forced most fish- ermen to pause their fishing activities. For- ty-three percent of the fishermen polled stopped their fishing between 1-3 months, and another 33% suspended their fishing for more than 3 months. Preliminary self-reported fishery statistics show that landings and dockside revenues fell by 40% and 51%, respectively, in the first semester of 2020 (January-June) relative to the same period in 2019. However, the fishermen surveyed specified that their fishing revenues had declined by 65% during the same period. Fishing income shortfalls, layoffs, and the loss of non-fish- ing opportunities adversely impacted fish- ermen's livelihoods. Captains reported los- ing, on average, almost $6,900 relative to the first semester of 2019. One in four cap- tains reported laying off, on average, 1 crewmember. The study also found that fish- ermen withstood the initial impacts of the pandemic thanks to the support of family and friends, personal savings, and social protection programs (unemployment benefits, federal stimulus checks, food stamps, etc.). Entrepreneurial fishermen were able to make ends meet by turning to online retailing and delivery and by continuing to sell roadside and house-to-house
Seasonal occurrence of cetaceans along the Pacific Coast of Washington has been difficult to characterize because decreased daylight and inclement weather conditions result in a lack of consistent survey effort. Therefore, passive acoustic recorders were deployed at four sites along the Washington coast from 2008 to 2013 to record and detect sound-producing cetaceans. The most frequently detected cetaceans were gray whales, Eschrictius robustus; humpback whales, Megaptera novaengliae; sperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus; and killer whales, Orcinus orca. Unlike the results from previous surveys, year-round acoustic monitoring indicates that migratory species such as gray, humpback, and sperm whales use parts of the Washington coast throughout the year. This information is essential for estimating the potential for human interactions such as entanglement or ship strikes with these species. Seasonal occurrence of the four species was variable between the four sites, even among those sites that were closest in include several stocks listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (Carretta et al., 2014b). The abundance and population density of cetaceans in the California Current off the U.S. Pacific Coast, including the Washington coast, has been estimated from summer and fall ship and aerial surveys (Barlow and Forney, 2007; Barlow, 2010; Chandler and Calambokidis1). However, species distribution in this area likely changes between seasons, since many cetacean species undertake long-distance annual migrations (Calambokidis et al., 2001). Forney and Barlow (1998) found that half of the abundance estimates for species surveyed off the California coast exhibited significant differences between the winter and summer surveys indicating that species’ distribution in the California current changes seasonally. Determining cetacean seasonal distribution patterns is difficult and cost 1Chandler, T., and J. Calambokidis. 2003. 2002 aerial surveys for harbor porpoise and other marine mammals off Oregon, Washington and British Columbia. Unpubl. rep. on file at Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fish. Sci. Cent., NMFS, NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115. proximity. These results indicate that caution should be used when extrapolating the results from a single site to a larger scale. Combining multiple sites into a loose network of recorders allowed us to characterize the spatial and seasonal occurrence of these cetaceans on the Washington coast during times of the year when aerial and ship surveys are not feasible. Additionally, we provide a baseline for monitoring yearly shifts in occurrence due to changing population demographics, oceanographic conditions, or anthropogenic inputs. prohibitive due to protracted periods of inclement weather, remote access, and short daylight hours. Previous attempts to better describe the year-round occurrence of cetaceans along the Washington coast have been limited temporally and spatially. Aerial surveys were conducted in the late 1980’s and again in the 1990’s (Shelden et al., 2000; Green et al.2). More recently non-systematic ship surveys have been conducted to locate endangered southern resident killer whales, Orcinus orca, in winter and spring months along the Washington and Oregon coasts (Hanson et al., 2010). Acoustic monitoring and associated small boat surveys have been employed to monitor marine mammal occurrence in the U.S. Navy Northwest Training Range Complex (Oleson and Hildebrand, 2012; Trickey et al., 2015), but these have been limited in space to two sites on the central 2Green, G. A., J. J. Brueggeman, R. A. Grotefendt, C. E. Bowlby, M. L. Bonnell, and K. C. Balcomb. 1992. Cetacean distribution and abundance off Oregon and Washington 1989-1990. In J. J. Brueggerman (Editor), OR and WA marine mammal and seabird surveys. Ebasco Environ. Rep., Bellevue, WA (unpubl.), p. 1–100.
The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) began placing at-sea observers on commercial shrimping (Penaeidae and Sicyonia brevirostris) vessels in the early 1990’s in the southeastern region of the United States (U.S.) to identify and minimize the impacts of shrimp trawling on federally managed species. Recent analysis of bycatch data relative to smalltooth sawfish, Pristis pectinata, a species endangered globally, indicated a high level of uncertainty in the estimated take in the U.S. Due to costs associated with observer coverage, and given the rare event of capturing a smalltooth sawfish, increasing observer coverage to refine take estimates of this species is not considered practical. We explored the use of electronic monitoring (EM) to provide a valid alternative to increased observer coverage for the purpose of documenting fishery interactions with smalltooth sawfish. This system was additionally used to document interactions with other protected species and large teleost and elasmobranch bycatches (>1.0 kg). While no smalltooth sawfish were observed, the catch and safe release of a loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta, was recorded by both the EM system and observer. The EM system was used to record commercial shrimp vessel operations during six trips, encompassing 1,733 h of video over 94 sea days, with a certified fishery observer also being preswith varying levels of success (Ames et al., 2007; Kindt-Larsen et al., 2012; Ruiz et al., 2015; Stanley et al., 2015; van Helmond et al., 2015, 2017; Bartholomew et al., 2018; van Helmond et al., 2019; Briand et al.1). Van Helmond et al. (2019) provides a comprehensive review of global EM projects and programs, including 12 fisheries that currently have some form of electronic monitoring as part of their regulatory process. Although EM is widely viewed as a way to improve monitoring programs, there is no standardized method of video data collection across fisheries. In fact, past studies have shown that the unique needs of individual fisheries must be assessed, as there is no overall single design pos1Briand, K., A. Bonnieux, W. Le Dantec, S. Le Couls, P. Bach, A. Maufroy, A. Relor-Stirnemann, P. Sabbaros, A. L. Vernet, F. Jehenne, and M. Goujon. 2018. Comparing electronic monitoring system with observer data for estimating nontarget species and discards on French tropical tuna purse seine vessels. Collect. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT, 74(6):3813–3831 (avail. at https://www. iotc.org/sites/default/files/documents/2018/09/ IOTC-2018-WPEB14-18-Rev_1.pdf). ent for the full duration of each trip. Catch composition documented by the EM reviewer was compared to observer data. Overall, 20 tows contained a total of 33 bycatch items in the observer sample that met criteria of being over 1.0 kg. Of these catch items, 87.9% were also detected by the EM reviewer compared to observer data. Detection rates for elasmobranchs were higher in comparison to teleosts, at 95.8%. Pairwise comparison of EM video to data collected by onboard observers (animals >1.0 kg in size) lead us to conclude that EM would be an effective tool for detecting protected resources and larger fauna interactions in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp trawl fishery. sible due to varying vessel layouts, fishing practices, processing methods, catch biomass, and catch composition (Ruiz et al., 2015; van Helmond et al., 2019; Briand et al.1). To date, there is not an EM program implemented in any shrimp trawl fishery across the globe; however, two pilot studies were previously conducted in Australia for prawn (Piasente et al.2). Even with similar targets and fishing practices, there are major differences in the sorting methods between the Australian and the United States (U.S.) southeastern shrimp fleets that have a major impact on EM system development. In Australia, cameras were set up over sorting conveyor belts, allowing for a more detailed view of the catch, as the animals are in a single layer (Piasente et al.2). This is not an option in the U.S. fleet, as 2Piasente, M., B. Stanley, and S. Hall. 2012. Assessing discards using onboard electronic monitoring in the northern prawn fishery. FRDC Project 2009/076. Aust. Fish. Manag. Auth., 59 p. (avail. at https://www.frdc.com.au/Archived-Reports/FRDC%20Projects/2009-076-DLD.pdf).
—Market squid, Doryteuthis that spawning periodically extends into sub-ket squid and absence of spawning prior to opalescens, inhabit nearshore waters along arctic waters. The timing (mid-June to early 2015 were not related to local conditions. It the Pacific coast of North America from July) was relatively compressed compared is unclear whether the increased abundance Baja California to southeast Alaska, with to spawning by southern populations. Wa-and repeated spawning events by market spawning typically ranging as far north as ter temperature during this period averaged squid over the last several years represent southern British Columbia. Increased num-10.0 o C and was within the lower range re-the development of an established popula- bers of market squid and successive spawn-ported for this species during spawning. Sa-tion within southeast Alaska or is the result ing events were observed during 2015–19 linity was less than normally observed, aver-of continued immigration from areas farther in Little Port Walter, a small saltwater bay aging 31.1 ppt. Environmental factors with-south, although colder water temperatures in southeast Alaska. These observations sug-in the area have not changed appreciably along the outer coast during 2017–18 were gest a recent shift in distribution and, com-since the late 1990’s–early 2000’s, suggest-probably less conducive to northerly move- bined with evidence from the 1980’s, suggest ing that the infrequent observations of mar-ments by this species.
Although catch shares may tributional objectives over time, we show employment for remaining crew members. be an effective tool to address overcapitalthat, similarly to other catch share proWe also provide lessons learned for the deization in fisheries, there is increasing evgrams, the IFQ Program created winners velopment and review of catch share proidence that the costs and benefits of these and losers with inter-generational and ingrams in the future with respect to definprograms may not be equitably allocatter-community inequities in access and oping measureable objectives and established geographically or across generations. portunities, an effect that may have been ing mechanisms for data acquisition at the This paper examines the spatial and temexacerbated by regulatory exemptions and outset. Data collections implemented at the poral distributional outcomes of 20 years loopholes as well as differentiated transstart of a program can provide informaof the Pacific halibut, Hippoglossus stenolportation access in rural Alaska. Nevertion to track performance against meanepis, and sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria, theless, some programmatic provisions ingful baselines. Although potentially time Individual Fishing Quota (IFQ) Program, may have effectively curtailed a comintensive in the development and implewhich was implemented with many proviplete redistribution of QS (quota shares) mentation periods, long-standing data colsions explicitly intended to mitigate adwithin the fleet. Furthermore, consolidalections may ultimately be easier from the verse effects on coastal communities, crewtion coupled with prolonged fishing seastandpoint of the respondents and adminismembers, small vessels, and new entrants. sons and product changes have providtrators than ones implemented after a proUtilizing performance metrics to track dised for improvements in some conditions of gram is in place. Introduction Catch shares are a management tool that have been applied across the world to address overcapitalization in fisheries (Squires et al., 1995; Arnason, 1996; Wilen, 2000). However, there is growing concern that these programs can have adverse and disproportionate impacts on some participants due to the resultant consolidation and loss of access opportunities from high entry costs (Copes and Charles, 2004; Olson, 2011; Grimm et al., 2012). These distributional effects have been shown at the community level as well, with geographic redistributions of fishing privileges and access rights that can lead to losses of employment, income diversification opportunities, tax revenues, and shoreside support businesses and infrastructure (McCay, 1995; Campbell et al., 2000; Copes and Charles, 2004; McCay, 2004; Kasperski and Holland, 2013; Holland and Kasperski, 2016; Holland et al., 2017). Initial distributions, consolidation, and individual fishing quota (IFQ) leasing (of annual pounds), among other factors, may also lead to inter-generational inequities in access and opportunities within and across communities (McCay, 1995; Palsson and Helgason, 1995; McCay, 2004; Pinkerton and Edwards, 2009; Carothers et al., 2010; Carothers, 2015; Carothers1). Recent research indicates that the privatization paradigm of fisheries access in Alaska has created social conflict in communities, transformed the way in which young people perceive participation opportunities, and potentially undermined the sustainability of cultural fishing traditions and econo1Carothers, C. 2008. Privatizing the right to fish: challenges to livelihood and community in Kodiak, Alaska. Univ. Wash. Dissert., 262 p. (avail. at https://anthropology.washington.edu/research/ graduate/privatizing-right-fish-challenges-livelihood-and-community-kodiak-alaska). mies (Lowe, 2012, 2015; Carothers, 2013; Ringer et al., 2018). This study contributes to the growing body of literature on catch share program effects on the distribution of benefits by examining 20 years of performance of the Pacific halibut and sablefish Individual Fishing Quota Program with respect to its varied spatial and temporal distributional objectives. The Pacific halibut, Hippoglossus stenolepis, and sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria, IFQ Program was implemented in 1995 to address issues associated with the “race for fish” that had resulted from the previous openaccess management regime (NPFMC/ NMFS, 1992). For the halibut fishery, in the years leading up to the IFQ Program, seasons lasted only a few days in which the commercial sector would harvest their annual catch limits (Pautzke and Oliver2). Due to challenges of in-season management in 2Pautzke, C., and C. Oliver. 1997. Development of the Individual Fishing Quota Program for sablefish and halibut longline fisheries off Alaska. Natl. Res. Council Committee to Rev. Ind. Fish. Quotas, 4 Sept. 1997, Anchorage, Alaska (avail. at https://www.npfmc.org/ifqpaper/)
The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program (CSTP) was initiated in 1962 as a collaborative effort between
