Since the radiation effect manifest itself in association with other macroscopic phenomena (temperature, voltage, noise), the central topic examined in this paper is the influence of the dose of gamma radiation on macroscopic characteristics, i. e. on the ideality factor. The physical phenomena under consideration are complex because, in addition to high-energy gamma radiation, there is also a 1/f noise of low-energy radiation. In addition, in the semiconductor detector of electromagnetic radiation, all the microscopic effects characteristic of the behavior of the diode structure in the synergy of high-energy and low-energy radiation field come to the fore. Since all the effects that occur are of a stochastic nature, their influence on the macroscopic properties of the detector is expressed by the ideality factor. In the paper, stochastic phenomena of microscop discharges in a semiconductor (p-n) detector are connected with macroscopic phenomena, as well as the possibility of their statistical correlation.
As a core component for monitoring neutron flux in reactor cores, self-powered neutron detectors are widely used in various types of reactors due to their compact size, robust structure, and no need for an external power supply. The reliability of their performance is directly related to the safe operation of reactors. In view of the lack of systematic coverage of full-life-cycle testing for self-powered neutron detectors in current standards, this paper aims to establish a multi-dimensional collaborative verification system and a standardized process spanning from component preparation to final factory acceptance. This system includes material and structural integrity testing (material composition, geometric dimensions, surface integrity, internal integrity), extreme environment adaptability testing (impregnation, normal-temperature pressure resistance, high temperature, vibration, impact, drop, humidity), and key performance testing (insulation resistance under low and high temperatures, frequency response analysis of distributed capacitance). Investigating the methods and standard requirements for each testing phase provides a basis for the research and development, production, storage, use, and maintenance of self-powered neutron detectors.
Elastic scattering of deuteron and 6H projectiles from a $ ^{64}\mathrm{Zn} $ target at incident energies between 10 MeV and 40 MeV has been investigated using three complementary approaches. Semi-microscopic and fully microscopic calculations based on the Sao Paulo potential were employed alongside the crystal model framework and the continuum discretized coupled channels method. The analysis focused on determining critical interaction and strong absorption distances and evaluating fusion cross sections. The extracted critical distances for $ ^{6}\mathrm{He} $ support its halo nature when compared with deuteron results. Furthermore, the normalization factor obtained within the fully microscopic approach helps resolve discrepancies reported in the literature. The crystal model, despite being characterized by only two parameters, demonstrated good agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental data, validating its effectiveness as a real potential description.
A gamma irradiation system-based reference radiation field utilizing a $ ^{137}\mathrm{Cs} $ source has been established at the Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences to provide accredited calibration and reference radiation fields in accordance with ISO 4037-1:2019. The system was designed using Monte Carlo simulations (MCNP 6.2) to develop a conical collimator. Its performance was evaluated through a series of tests, including air kerma measurements, beam uniformity assessments, reproducibility tests, and analysis of scattered radiation contributions. The effective beam radius and beam profiles were characterized using ionization chambers and Gafchromic film, demonstrating strong agreement with simulation data. Air kerma rates were evaluated from 100 cm to 500 cm with two $ ^{137}\mathrm{Cs} $ sources (18.5 GBq and 370 GBq). Calibration equations were subsequently derived from these measurements. A reference air kerma rate of 3 $ mGyh ^{-1} $ was achieved at a distance of 2.568 m. The calibration coefficient was validated through a measurement audit conducted with the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, yielding an En-value of 0.08, indicating the system's high reliability and traceability. This study demonstrates that the established $ ^{137}\mathrm{Cs} $ irradiation system meets the relevant requirements of ISO 4037 for reference radiation fields and provides a reliable platform for calibrating and evaluating the performance of radiation protection instruments, including survey meters and personal dosimeters.
Small modular reactors are increasingly considered a solution for emerging energy demands in metropolitan areas, industrial zones, and data centres, owing to their rapid deployment and operational reliability. This study assesses the operational training capabilities of the IAEA's integral pressurized water reactors small modular reactors simulator, an educational platform distinguished by its user-friendly interface, low computational demands, and comprehensive parameterization options. A series of simulations was conducted to investigate small modular reactors behaviour under different operating modes and malfunction scenarios. Simulated load maneuvers in turbine-leading and reactor-leading modes demonstrate that power response depends on the control strategy, underscoring the need to adjust boron concentration during significant load changes. The analysis further underscores the constraints imposed by $ ^{135}\mathrm{Xe} $ poisoning on reactor restart capability. Simulation results show that partial and total loss of forced circulation are fully manageable due to the inherent characteristics of the reactor design. Finally, in severe scenarios such as station blackout and steam generator tube rupture, the activation of passive safety systems safe reactor shutdown.
Ensuring consistent beam quality is vital in radiation therapy, as treatments typically span 15-20 days. Accurate forecasting of the beam quality factor enhances treatment precision. This study compares long short-term memory time series models optimized using Bayesian and hyperband optimization. Time series forecasting of 6 MV photon beam quality was performed using stacked timeseries model. Hyperparameter tuning was implemented in Python, with the two optimisation. Data was collected from three linear accelerators-Infinity, Synergy, and Truebeam-with approximately 1000 measurements per device. Bayesian optimization outperformed hyperband in both speed and predictive accuracy. For Infinity the root mean square error for Bayesian is 0.0155 achieved in 3 m 56 s against the hyperband with 0.0126 in 53 m 30 s. For Synergy the root mean square error for Bayesian is 0.0102 obtained in 4 m 52 s against hyperband with 0.0184 in 35 m 45 s. For TrueBeam the root mean square error for Bayesian is 0.0024 arrived in 3 m 27 s against hyperband with 0.0138 in 48 m 27 s. Bayesian optimization offers a faster and more accurate method for hyperparameter tuning in this time series based beam quality forecasting. Its novel application in radiotherapy quality assurance presents a promising advancement for improving treatment reliability.
Positron emission tomography/computer tomography is a crucial modality for the quantification of metabolic activity and anatomical structure. Reducing radiation dose, especially in repeated imaging, remains a significant challenge. This study focuses on optimizing computer tomography parameters to reduce dose, while maintaining image quality. The aim of this research was to determine the impact of varying computer tomography tube voltage and anode current, on the quantification of standardized uptake value, contrast-to-noise ratio, and radiation exposure (volume CT dose index, dose-length product). A NEMA IQ body phantom was scanned using various combinations of tube voltage and anode current. Standardized up-take value, contrast-to-noise ratio, volume CT dose index and dose-length product, were evaluated from the different scans. The obtained results were statistically assessed. Reducing tube voltage and anode current did not significantly affect standardized uptake value accuracy but, reduced radiation dose. Image quality (contrast-to-noise ratio) remained diagnostically acceptable, supporting the potential for optimization without compromising accuracy. Optimization of computer tomography parameters (tube voltage, anode current) is feasible and beneficial in clinical practice, as it reduces patient radiation burden while maintaining image quality and standardized uptake value accuracy.
Accurate interpretation of TM stress-test electrocardiogram signals is important for early identification of cardiovascular abnormalities and continuous healthcare monitoring. This study proposes a deep learning-based electrocardiogram classification framework using time-frequency signal analysis and transfer learning techniques for intelligent healthcare monitoring applications. Electrocardiogram signals obtained from publicly available physiological databases and TM stress-test recordings were transformed into time-frequency representations using continuous wavelet analysis. The generated signal representations were classified using a pre-trained deep learning architecture to improve electrocardiogram signal classification performance under stress conditions. Experimental results demonstrated an average classification accuracy of 97.1 %, sensitivity of 97.9 %, and specificity of 97.6 % for three-class electrocardiogram signal classification. The findings indicate that the proposed framework can support automated electrocardiogram monitoring and intelligent healthcare applications. Nevertheless, the study is limited by dataset size and the absence of external validation. Future work will focus on multicenter electrocardiogram datasets, lightweight deep learning architectures, and intelligent healthcare communication systems integrating software defined radio and visible light communication technologies.
This paper examines the effect of gamma radiation on static random access memory, one of the most commonly used memory components. In commercially available static RAM components, identical memory content was written before exposure to a gamma radiation field. The effect of radiation was evaluated by examining how total dose affected error counts, leak-age current, and the stability of individual static RAM. Experiments were conducted under well-controlled laboratory conditions. The results showed that both the deposited radiation dose and the single-event upset effect are particularly detrimental to these components.
In this study, four rare earth-doped BaO-ZnO-CaO- \mathrm{B_2}\mathrm{O_3} glass samples were prepared using melt-quenching technique. The density of the glass was determined using Archimedes' method and found in range 3.28-3.72 gcm^{-3} . The linear attenuation coefficient for the prepared glasses was measured experimentally at four energies 0.059 MeV, 0.662 MeV, 1.173 MeV, and 1.332 MeV emitted from ^{241}\mathrm{Am} , ^{137}\mathrm{Cs} , and ^{60}\mathrm{Co} gamma sources, respectively. The attenuation factors were calculated using Phy-X, and the relative deviation of the theoretical and experimental values ranged between 1.08 % and 6.54 %, indicating the reliability of the linear attenuation coefficient measurement for EuEr-X glass (65-x-y) \mathrm{B_2}\mathrm{O_3} -13BaO-6CaO-(16+y)ZnO-x \mathrm{Eu_2}\mathrm{O_3} -x \mathrm{Er_2}\mathrm{O_3} , where y = 0-12 mol % in 4 mol % increments and x =0.25-1 mol % in 0.25 mol % increments. The enhancement in linear attenuation coefficient with \mathrm{Er_2}\mathrm{O_3} , \mathrm{Eu_2}\mathrm{O_3} , and ZnO showed a clear energy dependence, where the increase in linear attenuation coefficient is more pronounced at 0.059 MeV relative to 0.662 MeV, 1.173 MeV, and 1.333 MeV. At 0.059 MeV, the linear attenuation coefficient improves by 44 %, while lower enhancement of 13-14 % is found in the energy range of 0.662-1.1333 MeV. Other shielding factors, such as half value layer Radiation shielding efficiency, were estimated. This glass structure can be considered a transparent protective shield for low-energy photons, especially in medical and nuclear applications.
In this investigation, a novel glass system was fabricated via melt quenching. Effect of adding TeO2 on the composition (40-x)B2O3 + (15 + x + y)TeO2 + 25ZnO + (20-y)CaO was stud-ied, where x = 0, 2, 4, 6 mol % and y = 0, 3, 6, and 9 mol % in order to give four fabricated glasses coded by BTZC-1, BTZC-2, BTZC-3, andBTZC-4, respectively. The densities were measured by Archimedes' principle and were 3700, 3860, 4015, and 4166 gcm-3, respec-tively, due to the increasing additives of TeO2. The attenuation properties of the synthesized glass were determined experimentally and theoretically at four energies 0.060, 0.662, 1.173, and 1.333 MeV. A germanium detector was used as a spectrometer, and theoretically the Phy-X software was used, with the findings in agreement between the two techniques. For the BTZC-1 glass at 0.059 MeV, the linear attenuation coefficient was 7.512 cm-1 using the ex-perimental approach and 7.975 cm-1 via Phy-X. The maximum linear attenuation coefficient values were 7.975, 9.826, 11.622, and 13.368 cm-1, respectively for BTZC-1, BTZC-2, BTZC-3 and BTZC-4 at 0.060 MeV, with minimum values of 0.194, 0.201, 0.207, and 0.214 cm-1 at 1.333 MeV.
Ac ti va tion anal y sis and dose as sess ment of re ac tor com po nents are pre req ui sites for de com mis sion ing, cost es ti ma tion, and ra di a tion pro tec tion. At pres ent, im prov ing the ac cu racy of nu clear safety anal y sis re mains the key area of re search. To this end, based on the cou pling method of Monte Carlo code and the fuel de ple tion code, the his tor i cal nu clide de ple tion and ra dio ac tiv ity of de tec tors in spent fuel as sem blies, are cal cu lated and an a lyzed, the law of typ i cal nu clide ac tiv ity with burnup depth is stud ied, and the dose rate dis tri bu tion af ter the cool ing of spent fuel as sem blies, is eval u ated. The re sults of the cal cu la tions are in good agree ment with the ac tual mea sure ments, and the er ror is within an ac cept able range. Cru cially, it was found that af ter a cool ing pe riod of 3 years, with out ap ply ing shield ing mea sures, the dose rate at a dis tance of 30 cm from the sur face drops to be low 1 mSvh-1. On this ba sis, the shield ing de sign scheme of re ac tor de tec tors is pro posed, which pro vides a ref er ence for the re search on the ra di a tion shield ing of a de tec tor in the spent fuel as sem blies.
Blue cheeses owe their distinctive texture, flavor, and aroma to Penicillium roqueforti. Understanding the technological traits and secondary metabolite production of this species is essential for cheese quality and safety. Here, 20 P. roqueforti isolates from traditional Turkish blue cheeses, including Tulum and Civil, were evaluated for growth at different temperatures, salt tolerance, proteolytic and lipolytic activities, and production of mycophenolic acid (MPA) and roquefortine C (ROQC). Marked strain-level variation was observed. Hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis grouped the isolates into three clusters. Civil cheese isolates showed improved growth under temperature and salt stress and produced lower ROQC than Tulum isolates, suggesting adaptation to distinct cheese environments. Selected isolates were tested in model Tulum cheeses, where all successfully colonized and formed blue veins. Secondary metabolite levels in cheese were low. These results highlight the diversity of Turkish P. roqueforti isolates and support the development of cheese-specific starter cultures.
This study characterized a novel extracellular acid protease from Lacticaseibacillus paracasei (APLP) and evaluated its potential as a milk-clotting enzyme for cheese making. APLP was purified by heat treatment, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and size-exclusion chromatography, yielding a 30 kDa enzyme that showed effective milk-clotting activity at pH 6 and 35 degrees C, despite optimal proteolytic activity at pH 8.5 and 50-75 degrees C. Under equal-volume conditions (1 mL enzyme extract per 10 mL milk), APLP achieved flocculation in 71 s, substantially faster than the commercial comparator Presurpara 1/5000 (484 s). Coagulation activities were 13.9 PU/mL versus 2.04 PU/mL, respectively. APLP also exhibited superior specific activity (8.74 PU/mg) and coagulation power (1/42,810) compared to Presurpara 1/5000 (1.17 PU/mg and 1/25,196, respectively). A prototype cheese (Lacticop) produced with APLP and enriched with rosemary received favorable sensory evaluation scores. These findings indicate that APLP is a promising microbially derived coagulant for large-scale cheese production.
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) addition to milk represents a promising approach to reduce phosphorus bioavailability in cheese for consumers with impaired renal function, but no data is available on the structural, sensory characteristics of cheese. This study evaluated the effects of CaCO3 supplementation (2 g/L) on physico-chemical, structural, sensory properties of Caciotta cheese. CaCO3 significantly increased cheese porosity, likely due to CO2 release under mildly acidic conditions, while textural and rheological properties were unaffected. Low-field NMR relaxometry revealed reduced proton relaxation times in specific water populations, suggesting altered water-protein interactions for CaCO3-enriched cheese. Sensory analysis indicated slightly lower but positive consumer acceptability scores for CaCO3-enriched cheese, mainly related to appearance and flavor, whereas texture perception remained unchanged. Overall, CaCO3 supplementation enabled the production of nutritionally functional Caciotta cheese preserving satisfactory structural and sensory quality. These findings provide useful insights into the development of dairy products targeted at special nutritional needs.
The current study aims to understand the contribution of koku-active substances such as gamma-glutamyl peptides and volatile compounds to the overall perception of koku-related sensory properties using multivariate statistical analysis. Specifically, we examined blue-mould, smear-ripened and hard yellow type cheeses and cheese powders. The results highlighted blue-mould cheese and cheese powder among other cheese types, showing the highest diversity and quantity of gamma-glutamyl peptides. Among the seven different measured kokumi peptides, gamma-Glu-Thr and gamma-Glu-Glu showed the strongest correlations with koku-related descriptors such as mouthfulness, richness, and persistence of aftertaste. Volatile markers, including esters, alcohols, terpenes, and sulfur compounds, were strongly linked to sensory attributes typically associated with smear- and blue-mould-type cheeses, such as 'smear flavour', 'blue cheese culture', or 'mouldy'. These findings confirm the synergistic role of gamma-glutamyl peptides and volatiles in shaping flavour complexity and koku perception. The proposed multivariate framework offers a robust tool for guiding formulation strategies in cheese-based products.
This study investigated the surface characteristics and the rehydration behavior of sodium caseinate powder obtained from camel and bovine milk (CMSCP, BMSCP, respectively). Both powders exhibited similar total fat and ash contents, whereas CMSCP contained slightly lower protein and higher lactose quantity than BMSCP. Despite having comparable fat content, the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that CMSCP exhibited greater surface fat (48.9 +/- 2.4%) and lower protein (50.4 +/- 2.5%) contents than BMSCP. This highlighted the hydrophobic nature of CMSCP surface which was confirmed by its higher C/O ratio (5.6 +/- 0.3). FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the structural differences between both powders. CMSCP displayed strong hydrophobic protein-protein interaction and a higher beta-sheet structure, as well as a unique glycerol-casein band at 1037 cm-1, indicating the development of insoluble aggregates. Such protein aggregations, surface fat coverage and surface hydrophobicity deeply reduced the rehydration behavior of CMSCP which was confirmed by the turbidity measurements.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important dairy-safety concern because of its antimicrobial resistance, biofilm-forming capacity, and persistence in milk systems. This study evaluated the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of bovine-derived Loigolactobacillus coryniformis XJ-C-L1 as a natural strategy for controlling MRSA in dairy matrices. XJ-C-L1 CFS produced an inhibition zone against a raw-milk-derived MRSA isolate, showed antibacterial activity against selected foodborne bacteria, suppressed microbial growth, and reduced biofilm biomass and thickness. In pasteurized milk, CFS inhibited MRSA at 4, 25, and 37 degrees C, achieving a maximum reduction of 4.24 +/- 0.20 log CFU/mL. Time-kill analysis confirmed concentration-dependent inhibition, with 2 & times;MIC reducing viable cells to undetectable levels after 24 h. The activity was heat-stable and protease-insensitive but disrupt after pH neutralization. Integrated metabolomics, genome annotation, pHmatched validation, and lipid-compound assays supported an acid-dependent, metabolite-associated activity basis. These findings support XJ-C-L1 CFS as a promising antimicrobial candidate for improving MRSA control in milk.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of prolonged ripening(0-72 months) on the physicochemical, rheological, and microstructural properties, as well as consumer evaluation, of Bursztyn cheese. Extended ripening resulted in progressive moisture loss and increased dry matter content. Texture profile analysis revealed an increase in hardness up to 24 months of ripening. The storage(G ') and loss(G '') moduli increased with ripening time, whereas meltability and water activity decreased. MIR spectroscopy confirmed ongoing biochemical transformations related to proteolysis and lipolysis. Optical and confocal microscopy demonstrated progressive structural heterogeneity and crystal accumulation. XRD analysis identified brushite in the 72-month-ripened cheese. Consumer evaluation indicated that cheese ripened for 36 months exhibited the most balanced sensory profile, whereas the 72-month-ripened cheese showed highly intense sensory attributes appreciated mainly by cheese connoisseurs. The results demonstrate that prolonged ripening strongly influences cheese functionality and may support the production of premium long-ripened cheeses.
This study employs computational fluid dynamics methods to analyze bag filters with three structural configurations: non-guided, flat flow-guided, and curved flow-guided systems. The investigation specifically focuses on the influence of these configurations on key parameters, including internal flow field distribution patterns and filter bag load distribution. The evaluation is conducted using indicators such as flow amplitude and the speed variation coefficient. The results indicate that the flow amplitudes for the three structures are 0.41, 0.13, and 0.10, respectively, with notable differences observed in both the flow distribution coefficient and speed variation coefficient. Analysis of flow field uniformity of and particles motion demonstrates that the curved flow guide effectively improves flow field uniformity, providing improved speed distribution and flow allocation at all section heights.
