INTRODUCTIONThe Church of San Colombano in Bobbio, Italy, represents one of the most important centers of early medieval monasticism in Europe and offers a valuable context for bioarchaeological research. Among the most significant discoveries is Tomb 1, a deep, multi-use burial chamber containing commingled remains of numerous individuals. The assemblage provides an opportunity to investigate health conditions and lived experiences within a medieval monastic community.STUDY AIMThis study aims to investigate external rib lesions in adult individuals interred in Tomb 1, with particular attention to pathological alterations potentially related to respiratory disease, trauma, or nonspecific inflammatory processes, while also reconstructing aspects of the individuals’ biological profiles.MATERIALS AND METHODSAnthropological analysis was conducted on the osteological remains recovered, comprising a minimum of 11 adults. Standard methods were applied for sex and age-at-death estimation, while rib preservation and fragmentation were assessed following established protocols. Macroscopic paleopathological examination focused on ribs, with detailed photographic documentation used to record surface alterations, new bone formation, and degenerative changes.RESULTSFive adult individuals preserved rib fragments suitable for pathological assessment. Observed lesions include periosteal new bone formation, microporosity, striations, widened costal grooves, and degenerative changes at articular facets. Notably, most alterations affect the ventral rib surface, while visceral involvement is limited and focal. Vertebral remains show degenerative changes but no clear evidence of infectious destruction.CONCLUSIONSThe predominance of external rib surface lesions, combined with the absence of osteolytic changes, suggests that healed trauma, mechanical stress, or chronic nonspecific periosteal reactions are more likely than classic pleuro-pulmonary infections such as tuberculosis. Although definitive diagnoses are precluded by fragmentation and commingling, the Bobbio assemblage highlights the interpretative complexity of rib pathology and underscores the importance of cautious, contextualized approaches in paleopathological research on medieval populations.
INTRODUCTIONBody height, body mass, and BMI are key indicators of physical development, reflecting the combined effects of genetic potential and environmental conditions. Secular changes in these traits are particularly pronounced in populations undergoing socio-economic transformation, including rural regions. Eastern Poland remains one of the economically weakest regions of the European Union, which may influence the somatic development of children and adolescents.STUDY AIMThis study examined long-term secular changes in body height, body mass, and BMI among rural boys aged 7–15 years from eastern Poland between 1986 and 2021.MATERIAL AND METHODSThe sample comprised 14,685 boys from five cross-sectional surveys conducted in 1986, 1996, 2006, 2016, and 2021, with sample size increasing from 1,259 to 5,599. Measurements were performed using standardized anthropometric procedures, and BMI categories were defined using Cole’s international cut-off points. Statistical analyses included one-way ANOVA with Games–Howell post hoc tests, linear regression, and chi-square tests for BMI categories.RESULTSSignificant increases were observed in all traits. Between 1986 and 2021, mean body height increased by 7.85 cm, with the largest gains among 13-, 9-, and 14-year-olds. Mean body mass rose by 5.83 kg, particularly in 14- and 15-year-olds. BMI increased by 1.21 kg/m², with the greatest changes occurring in older boys. The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased consistently across all age groups, with a marked acceleration between 2016 and 2021, while the prevalence of underweight declined slightly over the long term. Regression models confirmed systematic upward trends in all somatic traits.CONCLUSIONSThese findings indicate that although linear growth continues, the pattern of development is increasingly characterized by rising body mass and BMI, reflecting a shift toward a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity. This trend highlights the need for targeted public health monitoring and early preventive strategies in rural populations.
Background The atlas (C1) vertebra joins the cervical column to the cranial base and differs anatomically from other cervical vertebrae. Skeletal analysis may provide the only way to assess biological sex and age in poorly preserved and decomposed remains to estimate their biological profile. It is thus essential that methods are devised that allow such estimates from a wide range of bones. Aim This study applies Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) to evaluate whether the C1 vertebrae can be used in estimating age and sex. Materials and Methods CBCT of 61 male and 61 female subjects from South India with an age range of 20-60 years were included in the study, and C1 vertebrae were measured using axial and coronal sections. Data were analysed to gen¬erate an equation to predict age according to independent variables using linear regression, while discrimi¬nant analysis was used to derive an equation that classifies the values into either biological sex. Results Male subjects showed higher maximum anteroposterior diameter, maximum transverse diameter, and the distance between the base of the skull and the anterior tubercle than females (p=0.001). The highest standard error for males was observed in the maximum anteroposterior diameter. The base of the skull to the anterior tubercle had the highest standard error among female subjects. The base of skull to posteriori tubercle had the lowest standard error for males, while the angulation from the transverse to the anterior tubercle had the least standard error for females. The accuracy of sex classification was 89.3%. How¬ever, parameters did not demonstrate sufficient reliability for age estimation. Conclusion The presented parameters may be used for sex determination in forensic identification and other medico-legal practices. In contrast, these parameters are not reliable for age estimation in our sample.
Introduction and Study Aim The aim of the study is to assess the magnitude of changes in sexual dimorphism with respect to selected morphological traits and the results of physical fitness tests between the ages of 8 and 50. Material and Methods The data come from the Kraków Longitudinal Growth Study and pertain to the somatic development and physical fitness of individuals born in 1970 and 1972, conducted in Kraków from 1976 and 1980 up to 2022. The Mollison Index was used to calculate sexual dimorphism. Results The females were shorter, lighter and thinner than the males in all analysed age groups, and differed only with regard to body height in the 13-year-olds. They were characterised by lower stronger hand strength and lower limb explosiveness throughout the analysed period. With the exception of 8-year-olds, the females had smaller arm circumference, shoulder width and thigh circumference than the males at ages 32 and 50, and at age 17, the girls demonstrated larger thigh circumference. Up until adolescence, the girls had greater body fat under the scapula, on the triceps and in the abdomen compared to the boys. However, in both 32–34- and 50-year-olds, the men exhibited greater body fat under the scapula and in the abdomen. Conclusions A high degree of sexual dimorphism occurs during developmental age – at the end of the adolescence period, especially for fat folds on the triceps and abdomen. Greater dimorphism is observed later, in early adulthood, i.e., at the age of 32–34 years, in terms of height and body weight, as well as body mass index, circumferences – of the arm and thigh, shoulder width, and performance test results. In adulthood (around the age of 50), a noticeable decrease in the degree of sexual dimorphism is observed, which results from the nature of involutional changes.
Introduction Dementia incidence is rising worldwide, driven largely by population ageing and demographic transition. Although dietary factors have been proposed as modifiable contributors, the role of dairy consumption remains unclear, with inconsistent findings across regions, populations, and product types. Study aim This study examined whether total dairy supply independently predicts dementia incidence at the population level after accounting for key demographic and socioeconomic indicators. Materials and methods A global ecological analysis was conducted using data from 204 countries. Variables included dairy supply, dementia incidence (total, male, and female), ageing, gross domestic product adjusted for purchasing power parity (GDP PPP), Biological State Index, and urbanisation. Statistical analyses included Pearson and Spearman correlations, partial correlations, principal component analysis, and multivariable linear regression. Enter models were treated as the primary analyses, while stepwise regression was used as an exploratory model-reduction approach. Results Dairy supply showed significant positive correlations with total dementia incidence (r = 0.54, p < 0.001) and with both male and female dementia incidence (r = 0.53, p < 0.001). Ageing showed the strongest associations across all outcomes (r = 0.73–0.78). In the primary multivariable models, ageing remained the strongest independent predictor of total, male, and female dementia incidence. After adjustment, dairy supply remained an independent predictor, with modest effect sizes for total (β = 0.209, p < 0.001), male (β = 0.190, p = 0.001), and female (β = 0.223, p < 0.001) dementia incidence. Urbanisation and genetic vulnerability were associated with dementia incidence at the bivariate level but were not independent predictors in the adjusted models. Exploratory stepwise analyses showed a similar pattern. Conclusions Ageing remained the strongest global predictor of dementia incidence, while dairy supply showed an additional independent association. These findings suggest that nutritional transitions may interact with demographic ageing to shape global dementia patterns worldwide.
Introduction Data on the growth and development of the young generation constitute a reliable indicator of the health and nutritional status of societies. They can be used as a tool for monitoring the social and economic situation of the population as a whole and for identifying groups at risk within it. Study aim The aim of this paper was to present the empirical material underlying the centile estimation of body height and body mass in Polish children and adolescents, to describe the centile modelling procedure, and to report the resulting age-specific distributions of the analysed somatic traits. Materials and methods Our study has a cross-sectional design and is distinguished by both its large sample size and nationwide coverage. A total of 23,988 students were measured (11,880 boys and 12,108 girls) in 405 schools across all regions of Poland between May 2024 and June 2025. Body height and body mass were measured and analysed statistically. Results The results for body height and body mass are presented as centile charts shown against raw-data scatterplots and supplemented with tables of centile values. Conclusions The results presented here may provide a basis for the development of up-to-date reference systems for basic somatic traits in school-aged children and adolescents aged 6–18 years.
Introduction Periodontitis is a disease affecting a significant proportion of both modern and historical populations, and its development is largely associated with poor oral hygiene. Study aim The aim of this study was to assess periodontal status of the historical population of Dąbrówki (Poland), dated to the 16th–17th centuries. Material and Methods The study sample consisted of dental material from 24 individuals (12 females and 12 males), divided into three age groups (17–25, 26–35, and >36 years). The analysis was based on measurement of the distance between the cementoenamel junction and the surface of the alveolar bone, assessment of changes in the mesial and distal interdental septa, evaluation of architectural changes in the alveolar bone, and assessment of the possible presence of molar furcation. Results: Periodontitis was diagnosed in 75% (18/24) of the examined individuals, and pathological changes were identified in 28% (146/520) of the analysed teeth. The occurrence of the disease was related to sex, with periodontitis being statistically more frequent in males (46%) than in females (12%). An increase in disease severity with age was also observed. Conclusions: The results indicate that the population of Dąbrówki exhibited a lower frequency of periodontitis than other Polish populations from a similar historical period. One possible explanation is the rural character of the community, where dietary patterns may have differed from those of urban populations. Research on the Dąbrówki population is ongoing, and further analyses, including isotopic studies, are expected to allow a more comprehensive interpretation of the findings.
Introduction Excess body weight, mainly resulting from high body fat mass, is known to negatively affect immune system functioning due to the proinflammatory and prooxidative roles of adipose tissue. In general, most studies have documented the immunosuppressive role of adiposity by comparing selected immune markers between individuals of normal weight and those with obesity. Study aims This study investigates whether the amount of adipose tissue observed in overweight individuals may already negatively affect immune function. Methods We examined a broad panel of immunological parameters – both innate (WBC, neutrophil count, phagocytic uptake, respiratory burst, complement activity, lysozyme activity) and adaptive (total IgA, total IgG, CD3 count, CD19 count, the strength of antibody response to flu vaccination), in 85 women and 98 men aged 18–37 years, with a BMI between 18.5 and 29.99. As measures of adiposity, we used BMI on a continuous scale, BMI categorized as normal weight or overweight, and body fat mass percentage. Results In women, CD3 count was positively associated with continuous BMI (p = 0.03) and categorized BMI (p = 0.006). CD19 was positively associated with continuous BMI (p = 0.03), categorized BMI (p = 0.01), and fat mass percentage (p = 0.02). In men, categorized BMI was positively associated with phagocytic uptake (p = 0.04). However, none of these relationships would remain statistically significant after applying corrections for multiple comparisons. Conclusion Our results suggest that there is no relationship between adiposity and the analyzed immunity markers in non-obese (normal weight and overweight) adults.
Introduction Dorsal hand vein pattern represents a unique morphological feature of the human body which may serve as a biometric tool for forensic identification. Study Aim The primary aim of this study was to determine the frequency and distribution of dorsal hand vein patterns in a Slovak adult population, with respect to sex and laterality of the hand. Material and Methods This study provides a morphological analysis of dorsal hand vein patterns in a sample of 70 healthy adults from the Slovak population. Vein configurations were classified using the 1951 system developed by Suchý, distinguishing four main types: branched, double-branched, simple, and composite. Results The most frequent patterns were branched and double-branched, while the composite form was rare. No statistically significant differences were found between sexes or between hands, suggesting a high degree of bilateral and intersexual symmetry. A rare morphological subtype, labelled 2N4, appeared exclusively in females on the left hand, potentially reflecting sex-linked vascular variation. Conclusion The results support the hypothesis that dorsal venous architecture is largely determined by early developmental and genetic factors. Given the pattern stability and inter-individual variability, dorsal hand veins remain a promising biometric marker. Despite limitations related to imprinting technique and assessment subjectivity, the study offers a valuable anatomical reference for future biometric, forensic, or anthropological research.
Introduction Psychomotor performance is a key indicator of functional aging and may be influenced by physical activity. Understanding how different activity levels relate to psychomotor abilities in older women is important for supporting independence in later life. Study Aim To examine the association between reaction time, visuomotor coordination, movement anticipation, and both subjective and objective physical activity levels in women aged 65+. Material and Methods A total of 30 women from the University of the Third Age in Rzeszów (70.87 ± 6.07 years) participated. Psychomotor abilities were assessed using standardized computerized tasks, while physical activity was measured using a self-report questionnaire and objective monitoring. Results Higher engagement in household physical activities was associated with faster simple reaction time. Conversely, a greater number of steps and higher low-intensity activity co-occurred with slower responses in choice-based and anticipation tasks. Increased sedentary time was related to poorer visuomotor reaction speed. Conclusions Although the observed associations were not fully consistent, the findings indicate that maintaining regular physical activity may help preserve psychomotor functioning and functional autonomy in aging women. Further research is needed to clarify the direction and mechanisms of these relationships.
IntroductIon With advancing age in females, gait patterns change due to several factors, including nutritional and hor-monal influences. These changes can lead to a lowering of the foot arch, resulting in mild valgus and varus deformities. Regular yoga practice may help tone the musculoskeletal system of the foot, promoting the maintenance of the medial longitudinal, transverse, and lateral arches.StudyAImThis cross-sectional study aimed to compare the arch indices of female yoga practitioners to those of non-practitioners in order to ascertain how yoga affected female arch indices.mAterIAlSAnd methodSFourteen female students from Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi, India, participated in the study, seven of which were regular yoga practitioners and seven were non-yoga practitioners. Their left and right arch indices were determined by taking measurements from their footprints. A Mann Whitney U test was used to compare the foot arch indices of the two groups.reSultSA statistically significant difference between the left as well as right foot arch indices of females was revealed.concluSIonThe study concludes that females who practice yoga may experience foot arch plasticity which is not necessarily evident in non-yoga practitioners. Future studies should test larger sample sizes and different genders.
In paediatric practice, growth references are used by doctors and nurses to evaluate a child’s growth status. We present an assessment of the internal consistency of two Polish references in detecting short stature and obesity in children and adolescents. Key diagnostic thresholds, the 3rd percentile for height and the 95th for Body Mass Index (BMI), were selected for comparison. Percentiles were calculated for hypothetical heights 0.2 cm lower than the third percentile of specific references and 0.1 units lower than the 95th percentile of specific references, in the case of height and BMI references, respectively. The z-scores were calculated and converted to percentiles. MS Excel was used. Around the 3rd percentile of height and the 95th percentile of BMI, there is a discrepancy in the Warsaw growth reference for measured height and BMI, respectively, and the calculated percentile. In the case of the Polish 2010 and 2012 growth references, a hypothetical height 0.2 cm below the third percentile of height-for-age reference yielded percentiles below 3 for all ages in both sexes. The Polish 2010 and 2012 growth references for measurements 0.1 units below the obesity threshold yielded percentiles of 94.69–94.86 in boys and girls. The Polish 2010 and 2012 growth references provide consistent and coherent calculation results for the 3rd percentile of height and the 95th percentile of BMI for children and adolescents aged 3–18 years.
Modern humans are unique among anthropoids in many key features, including our advanced intelligence, large brain-body size, thermal tolerance, and endurance capability. The objective of this theoretical review is to update the theory of Previc (1999) postulating the importance of dopamine in human evolution by synthesizing newer findings concerning dopamine’s role in human intellectual and endurance capabilities. Recent evidence further supports the putative role of dopamine in advanced human intelligence (especially cognitive flexibility) and thermal tolerance and endurance. One key breakthrough is a collection of recent studies demonstrating a uniquely human dopaminergic innervation of the striatum and prefrontal cortex—both essential to human cognition. Another potentially important finding is the human-specific mutation of an enhancer to the EN1 gene that controls eccrine gland formation and plays a major role in the development of dopaminergic brain systems. A plausible evolutionary scenario is put forth in which the enhanced thermal capabilities linked to dopaminergic evolution may have gradually led to the enhanced intellects of modern humans.
The present study was conducted to generate facial anthropometry baseline data for adult males and females of Igbo ethnicity in south-eastern Nigeria and to develop facial anthropometric prediction and correlation models. This cross-sectional, descriptive study design involved using 200 males and 200 females. The study criteria included subjects with no history of facial surgery and were within the age interval of 18–35 years. With the aid of spreading and digital caliper, different percutaneous facial measurements were obtained and data collected were analyzed both descriptively and inferentially. There were statistically significant sex differences in all metrics. Mandibular width (MW) correlated with both forehead width (FHW), lower facial height (LFH) and nasal width (NW) for both sexes. Total facial height (TFH) correlated with NW, upper facial height (UFH), mid-facial height (MFH), and lower facial height (LFH), while NW correlated with MW, UFH, MFH, and LFH. Predictive models developed using univariate regression analysis for both sexes showed that MW was a strong predictor of FHW, while UFH, MFH, and LFH were individually strong predictors of TFH (p<0.05). Further, MFH and LFH were significant predictors of FH for both sexes. By using multivariate regression analysis, it was revealed that the combination of both FW and FHW were strong predictors of MW, while the combination of UFH, MFH, and LFH were significant predictors of TFH. Conclusively, these new data should aid forensic and surgical efforts in Nigerian contexts. Our models can be tested on other underrepresented populations to better understand current methods in facial anthropometry.
Prosocial co-operation is critical for evolution and survival on Earth and has crucially shaped the development of Homo sapiens. Inter-brain neural synchronization (IBNS) has been shown to enhance prosocial co-operation in mammals and avians. The selection pressures which led to the development of IBNS throughout primate evolution are currently unknown. This paper aims to expand the understanding of IBNS in non-human primates by reviewing the literature on various primate populations that display prosocial behaviors that could correlate with IBNS. Binary logit modelling using machine learning methods was applied to social, ecological, morphological, and biological (SEMB) variables correlated with prosocial behaviors to obtain probabilities of prosociality. Our results suggest that select SEMB variables such as daily socialisation, food-sharing and hierarchy structure are strong predictors of prosocial behaviors in primates. We provide a framework that offers testable hypotheses for the existence of IBNS in primates based on the correlations between SEMB variables and prosocial behaviors. We also offer ideas of the ecological/behavioral forces that may correlate with neural activation patterns of primate IBNS. Through comparison to Homo sapiens models, these findings suggest IBNS in primates may exist beyond cercopithecids and may be evoked by similar socio-ecological contexts. However, some key neurological distinctions between the two groups exist, influencing which distinct patterns of behavior may evoke IBNS (relative to their socio-ecological context).
The year 2025 marks exactly one hundred years since the founding of the Polish Anthropological Society in Poznań (November 12, 1925), initiated by Professor Adam Wrzosek of the University of Poznań, who became its first president, as well as the 150th anniversary of Adam Wrzosek’s birth. This year also marks the 120th anniversary of the establishment, on the initiative of Kazimierz Stołyhwo, of the first institution devoted to physical anthropology in Poland and the first in Eastern Europe: The Anthropological Laboratory at the Museum of Industry and Agriculture in Warsaw (1905). Year 2026 will record the centenary of the publication of the first volume of the Polish Anthropological Society journal “Przegląd Antropologiczny”, now “Anthropological Review” (1926), and the 170th anniversary of the beginning of anthropology as a university discipline (1856), considered the year when the first anthropology lectures were given at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków by Professor Józef Majer. A number of works devoted to the history of physical/biological anthropology in Poland have been documented in the literature, especially the history of individual centers, published in the 1950s on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the discipline in 1956, as well as studies on the history of Polish anthropology in a more comprehensive approach on other occasions. This article explores the history of biological anthropology in Poland, narrated mostly through short biographies of its founders – the professors whose work and achievements contributed to the development of the discipline, becoming part of the history of science. The biographical histories essentially cover the 19th and 20th centuries and include the professors who have either already made history or who have turned 75 on the date of publication of this article (born up to 1950).
Dental calculus is a creamish-yellow to brownish-black hard crust deposited on teeth, having the dietary micro-remains, biomolecules, oral microbes and the secretions preserved in it over a long period of time. It has served as a valuable source material for research in diverse scientific disciplines such as anthropology, archaeology, microbiology and forensic sciences. The host and microbial DNA extracted and sequenced from dental calculus deposits (DCD) have helped to establish the identity of unknown individuals, and also the use of certain drugs, tobacco products by the individuals of the past as well as contemporary human populations. The entrapped cellular as well as tissue fragments in calculus can help in identification, reconstruction of dietary habits, food practices, manner of death/pathologies the geographical and occupational affinity of ancient human remains. Calculus deposits gleaned from the archaeological or paleontological specimens can be used to assess the shifts in oral microbiota compositions and host-pathogen co-evolution as researchers have found calculus as rich source of oral microbiomes, pathogens, dietary biomolecules, and host DNA. Advancing dental calculus research through validation studies, technological innovations, interdisciplinary collaborations, longitudinal research, and ethical considerations holds promise for its robust forensic anthropological utilizations. The current status of anthropological, archaeological and microbial research involving dental calculus deposits, future challenges, and its forensic anthropological significance are presented in this review article.
Human biology research in the 21st century takes on a whole new meaning with an improved range of methodological, ethical, and technological advancements. Human biologists working in diverse sub- and inter-disciplinary areas now have at their disposal access to more efficient technical toolkits than ever before, producing data that can be rapidly shared through open access platforms. However, we also face challenges with the ever-increasing presence of artificial intelligence (AI), and continued ethical concerns around ‘helicopter research’ using human personal and tissue data in developing countries. Anthropological Review (AR), the flagship journal of the Polish Anthropological Society (PTA), is an open access journal with a long history of publishing inter-disciplinary human biology research and continued commitment to sharing high quality findings. In this piece, as PTA is celebrating its 100th anniversary in 2025, and as the editorial board of AR with a new Editor-in-Chief, and the President of PTA, we outline the stance of AR on key issues in today’s human biology research. We focus on open access, early career researcher opportunities, AI, the need for multi-methodological approaches and inter-disciplinarity, and commitment to the application of ethical framework in human biology research featured in our journal.
Generation Z, unlike any generation before them, lives in an era of rapid and global technological change, where most activities take place online. This lifestyle has significant implications for the well-being and health of internet users. The question is whether the contemporary socio-economic status (SES) and biological profile of Generation Z ‘immersed’ in new technologies is a universal phenomenon, independent of the country of residence. This study sets out to identify similarities and differences in the socio-economic and biological characteristics of Generation Z students from three European Union countries. Data were collected directly in France, Slovakia, and Poland. We used a survey questionnaire and non-invasive anthropometric measurements in Generation Z respondents (n=157). Our results show that there is a significant relationship between country of residence and three SES indicators: income, self-rated financial situation and time spent online, as well as three biological measures: body mass index (BMI), relative fat mass (RFM) and waist circumference (WC). Country of residence only partly explains the similarities and differences in the socio-economic status and biological characteristics of Generation Z students. In terms of SES, the participants’ profile is significantly influenced by financial situation, i.e. the student’s monthly disposable income and self-assessed financial situation, as well as time spent online. In turn, for biological factors, the significant measures are: BMI, RFM and WC.
The physical development of the human body is used as an objective indicator of the health status and work capability of the population. Height and weight are the main anthropometric traits which vary and change significantly during the growth period and are used as a base for the development of anthropometric standards at different ages. The aim of this study is to assess the basic anthropometric traits in adolescent boys and girls in Bulgaria in order to establish age- and sex-specific variation in growth. During the period 2016–2018, a transversal anthropometric study in five secondary schools in Sofia, Bulgaria was conducted. A total of 424 adolescents (211 boys and 213 girls) aged 9 to 14 years were studied. Anthropometric measurements were performed according to the classic 1957 methodology of Martin-Saller. Statistically significant sex differences (p<0.05) were indicated for height and weight in the age periods: 10–11 years, with priority for girls and 13–14 years, with priority for boys. Age-related differences (p<0.001) in the age period 9–14 years were also observed. Physical development of adolescent Bulgarian students follows the general trends of the postnatal ontogenesis, reflected in increasing the sizes of anthropometric features highlighted in 10–11-year-olds girls and 13–14-year-olds boys. These new data for height, weight, and BMI in 9–14-year-old Bulgarian students might be a practical addition in the pediatric practice of monitoring of children’s health.
