Autonomous agricultural machines improve farming efficiency but still require human oversight for safety and performance, especially when field conditions demand operator intervention. Human-machine interfaces (HMIs) must support situation awareness (SA), particularly comprehension (Level 2 SA) and projection (Level 3 SA) of system status. Unimodal warnings—visual, auditory, or tactile—typically relay critical information, though their effectiveness varies by modality, user interpretation, and environment. This study examines how unimodal warnings influence SA in remote supervision of an autonomous agricultural sprayer. Two experiments evaluated visual, auditory, and tactile cues on response accuracy, urgency perception, and response time under field-like conditions. We also collected subjective ratings of user preference. Results showed visual warnings were most effective, with the highest comprehension accuracy, urgency projection, shortest response times, and strongest user preference (84%). Auditory cues had moderate performance, and tactile cues were least effective. These findings support existing SA theory, emphasizing that warning modality should match task demands. This research informs the design of user-centred HMIs in agricultural automation and demonstrates how aligning modality with SA levels can enhance operator performance, particularly in time-critical supervision scenarios.
Corner Brook Pulp and Paper Ltd produces 150 Mg of pulp and papermill biosolids daily, primarily consisting of unused paper pulp. The current incineration practice is not environmentally sustainable. While the high-water content of these biosolids makes them suitable for composting, their high lignin content poses a challenge for decomposition. In nature, white rot and brown rot fungi are known to degrade woody biomass. To assess their effectiveness in composting paper mill biosolids, samples were inoculated with brown rot fungi (Fomitopsis betulina and Fomitopsis pinicola), and white rot fungi (Trametes versicolor and Ganoderma applanatum). At the end of the experiment after 96 days, the nutrient levels of compost were found to be suitable for land application, and the heavy metal contaminant levels were below the thresholds set by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, indicating its potential for safe use. Brown rot fungi treatments showed a reduction in lignin concentration in the final product, while other treatments showed an increase in lignin proportions, indicating that they target non-lignin compounds of the biosolids. Brown rot fungi may be a more effective treatment to degrade lignin-rich material like papermill biosolids. Further, field-scale research is needed to confirm these findings at a scale that would be beneficial to the papermill industry.
Aeroponic systems offer an efficient method for growing vegetables in cold regions, like Canada’s northern and urban areas during winter. Rock wool, a commonly used growth medium, is synthetic, non-environmentally friendly, and not locally available. This study explored cattail blocks (Typha latifolia) as a sustainable alternative by comparing germination rates, plant survival, plant weights, and reusability for arugula (Eruca sativa), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Results showed that germination was initially faster in cattail blocks than in rock wool, with significant differences (p < 0.05) across all three vegetables. Plant survival in aeroponic systems was significantly higher in cattail blocks (p < 0.05). After 35 days, fresh plant mass was higher in rock wool, but the difference was not significant for arugula, though it was significant for lettuce and tomato (p < 0.05). Rock wool degraded and developed mould, making it unsuitable for reuse, while cattail fibres retained their structural integrity. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis indicated nutrient loss in used cattail fibres, as peaks at 2360 cm⁻¹ and 1597 cm⁻¹ were absent. Overall, cattail fibres showed potential as an eco-friendly, locally available alternative to rock wool for aeroponic systems, supporting sustainable agriculture in cold climates.
This study focuses on enhancing the ergonomic design of tractor cabs using advanced anthropometric modeling tools and a Human-Centered Design (HCD) approach. As the agricultural industry increasingly shifts towards autonomous machinery, operators' roles are evolving from active engagement to more passive oversight. This transition necessitates rethinking cab designs to prioritize operator comfort, safety, and usability. This study investigates the Active Range of Motion (AROM) for various joints (the buttocks, back, shoulders, neck, left leg, right leg, left arm, and right arm) and categorizes these into three zones: comfortable, acceptable, and unsatisfactory. Using RAMSIS software, digital twins of operators were analyzed to assess joint movement and visual field classifications. The findings provide actionable insights for positioning controls and displays within optimal comfort zones and visual cones, ensuring ergonomic efficiency. This study highlights gender-based differences in AROM and validates the symmetrical nature of joint movements across body sides. By employing these findings, designers can develop tractor cabs that meet functional demands and enhance user well-being, safety, and productivity.
In Manitoba, spring snowmelt and heavy rainfall during the growing season raise the water table in the root zone. A three-year field study (2020-2022) was conducted to evaluate the influence of water-table depth resulting from tile drainage on soybean yield in heavy-clay soils of Arborg, Manitoba. The different water table depth treatments are represented by water table depth over-the-tile, midway-between-tiles, and no-tile (control) in replicated field plots in heavy clay soils. During the 2020, 2021, and 2022 growing seasons, the field plots used for this research had tile drain spacings of 9 m, 4.5 m, and 13.7 m, respectively. The tile depths ranged from 0.9 to 1.1 m. In 2020 and 2021, which were relatively dry years, a higher yield trend was observed in tiled plots compared to the no-tile control plots, due to water being held back during the mid-season, whereas the no-tile plots had excess water during the early season. In 2022, a wetter year, the over-the-tile treatment yielded significantly higher yields (p < 0.05) than the no-tile treatment. Overall, the results indicate that tile drainage combined with controlled water retention during dry periods can improve soybean yield in heavy clay soils. These findings highlight the importance of adaptive drainage water management strategies to balance excess moisture removal with water conservation during drier periods in the Canadian Prairies.
Environmental contamination by petroleum hydrocarbons originating from industrial organic waste can lead to bioaccumulation within ecosystems. The Corner Brook Pulp and Paper Limited produces approximately 150 Mg/day of pulp and paper mill sludge (PPMS) contaminated with heavy oil, thereby limiting its safe disposal. Therefore, this study aimed to determine how the stocking density of the earthworm Eisenia fetida influences the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated PPMS and, in turn, how hydrocarbon contamination affects earthworm population dynamics during vermicomposting. Three stocking densities of E. fetida (1.5low, 2.7medium, and 4high) per kg of PPMS were maintained in PPMS having an initial petroleum hydrocarbon content of 886 ±11 mg/kg. Overall, hydrocarbon degradation was highest in the medium-density (36.6%), followed by low (35.9%) and high (32.4%) densities. Among the hydrocarbon fractions, >C16–C21 showed the highest degradation in the low-density (67.2%), whereas >C21–C32 hydrocarbons were most effectively degraded in the medium-density (28.4%). The C6–C10 fraction remained unchanged in the low-density E. fetida but decreased by approximately 50% in the medium- and high-density. Higher initial stocking density also resulted in increased E. fetida mortality. These findings highlight the importance of selecting an appropriate initial stocking density of E. fetida for effective degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons during vermicomposting of PPMS.
Soil water content (SWC) plays a critical role in crop yield, irrigation scheduling, and water resources management. In the Canadian Prairies, the SWC in the rootzone from rainfall is rarely sufficient to satisfy crop water requirements. Thus, an understanding of the soil water dynamics is important for effective water management. Hydrologic modelling helps us to understand the underlying processes controlling and affecting soil water movement and distribution. The reference evapotranspiration (ETref) is a key input in most hydrologic models; thus, the estimation method could affect simulation results and inferences. The FAO Penman-Monteith (FAO PM) is recommended as a standard model. However, it is limited by requiring too many weather variables that are not readily available. Thus, simple empirical ETref models have been developed as an alternative. Soil moisture sensors were installed at 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1 m depths to measure SWC. SWC was first modelled in a rainfed potato farm in Winkler, Manitoba, using the FAO PM equation as input in the HYDRUS-1D model. Statistical and graphical results showed that the HYDRUS model performed well in simulating SWC with R2 ranging from 0.6 to 0.9, RMSE from 0.003 to 0.03 m3/m3, MAE varying between 0.00932 and 0.0197 m3/m3 and MPE from -1.91 to 1.67%. The impacts of different ETref equations with varying weather inputs on soil water dynamics and seasonal potato crop evapotranspiration (ETc) were further investigated. The results showed that measured SWC and SWC predicted using Irmak, Priestly-Taylor, and the FAO PM equations were not statistically different. Similar results were also obtained for ETc. Hence, under limited data, the Irmak and Priestly – Taylor ETref equations are suitable alternatives that could provide accurate and reliable results for water management in southern Manitoba.
This research, which focuses on validating the simulated soil volume in two distinct wheel loader buckets, relies heavily on field tests to validate the simulation method. The study compared validation iterations to volume data from corresponding field tests performed on a standardized soil pile. The soil particle properties were determined by specific soil characterization tests, which were then meticulously virtually replicated to calibrate the simulation materials accurately. The study compared the simulated and actual soil volumes in the wheel loader buckets using Discrete-Element Method (DEM), Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), and real-time simulation. The weight-based method data extracted from the field tests were used as a benchmark for the methodology comparison. The study found that bucket B at speed one (low speed) had a significantly larger capacity than the other bucket and speed combinations, as demonstrated by the results of the weigh-based method. The LiDAR methodology presented excellent volume prediction capacity, with some sectionalization in the results due to the field methodology. The study validated the precision simulation capacity to simulate the volume of soil in the wheel loader buckets by constant simulation results in between the value limits of the benchmark results. The accuracy assessment of the real-time simulation method was agreeably surprising, with results constantly near the precision simulation. The study also describes the methodologies for wheel loader field tests, measurements of physical test material, virtual material calibration using DEM, real-time simulation, statistical comparison between estimation methodologies, and results explanation.
In Quebec, the phase-out of the conventional cage (CC) system for egg production, is expected to be completed by 2036, with a transition to alternative systems such as enriched colonies (ECs) and cage-free (CF) housing. This study aimed to assess Greenhouse gas (GHG), and ammoniac (NH3) emissions associated with those systems. The investigation involved one visit per farm to 30 commercial laying hen facilities in Southern Québec, Canada. The findings revealed that the CF system exhibited the highest numerical average of CO2 emissions (3207 ± 2423 mg h-1 hen-1), followed by CCs (2835 ± 877 mg h-1 hen-1) and ECs (2597 ± 949 mg h-1 hen-1). Furthermore, the EC system had the lowest average CH4 emissions (0.93 ± 0.54 mg h-1 hen-1), while CC (1.07 ± 0.41 mg h-1 hen-1) and CF (1.27 ± 1.11 mg h-1 hen-1) facilities had higher values. Emissions of N2O were similar across all three systems (0.04 to 0.05 ± 0.05 mg h-1 hen-1). The study revealed significant differences in NH3 emissions among CC (2.0 ± 1.0 mg h-1 hen-1), EC (2.5 ± 2.0 mg h-1 hen-1), and CF egg production systems (11.2 ± 15.9 mg h-1 hen-1).
Starting in 2027, Canadian regulations will require regular exercise for tie-stall dairy cows. Producers commonly use pasture-like outdoor pens, but these might not meet environmental regulations as leachate can carry nutrient-loaded runoff. Alternative methods using improved filtering media are needed. This study evaluated the removal capacity of different depths of materials (gravel, woodchips, sphagnum peat moss, and biochar) as a strategy for manure treatment in outdoor exercise pens used to provide movement opportunities to dairy cows. A laboratory experiment was performed using 15 PVC columns (n = 3), with a diameter of 5 cm and a length of 50 cm, filled with different combinations of products for 3 weeks. The increasing depth (10 to 40 cm) of a mix of sphagnum peat moss, wood chips, and biochar in the columns linearly increased the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (50 to 74%), total nitrogen (60 to 97%), phosphates (34 to 59%), and suspended solids (14 to 61%). However, this removal efficiency was time-dependent, as a greater removal rate was observed during the first week (+30% relative to weeks 2 and 3). The filter media with a 300 mm depth of a mix composed of sphagnum peat moss (70%), woodchips (20%) and biochar (10%) was more effective in removing nutrients. However, the treated effluent still surpassed the allowable post-filtration limit. This emphasizes the need for supplementary filtration measures to ensure the safe discharge of effluent into the environment.
Information on soil water status and dynamics is needed for agricultural management, as well as engineering and environmental investigations. Water status and dynamics in the vadose zone are primarily influenced by two fundamental properties: soil water content (SWC) and soil hydraulic properties (SHP). The application of ground penetrating radar (GPR) for monitoring and estimating these properties has received wider attention and has significantly advanced in recent years. While SWC estimation using GPR has been well-reviewed over the years, SHP estimation has not received the same attention. Notably, there has been increasing research on SHP estimation using GPR in the last decade. This paper reviews the recent studies and advances in applying GPR to study soil water dynamics and SHP estimation. We compared the progress and advantages of the three techniques (Borehole, Surface, and Off-ground), identified key issues affecting their application, and noted future research opportunities. By synthesizing these studies, this review paper aims to draw attention to evolving methodologies in GPR applications for monitoring soil water dynamics and SHP estimation as good indicators of soil hydraulic resistance and how these opportunities can be harnessed to improve soil water management.
The Great Lakes, also known as the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of interconnected freshwater lakes located in the upper mid-east region of North America located at the border of Canada and the United States of America (USA). The Great Lakes are a source of drinking water for 10% of Americans and 25% of Canadians. Human activities have significantly degraded the Great Lakes in the past few decades. Against this backdrop, conducting a detailed study to assess the water quality and its quantification in the Canadian Great Lakes Watershed (CGLW) seems imperative. This study used the LTHIA model to analyze the surface runoff and two Non-Point Source pollution – total suspended solids (TSS) and total phosphorus (TP) of the Canadian Great Lakes watershed. The temporal analysis showed the highest runoff, TSS and TP in the Northern Lake Erie sub-watershed in 1954. In contrast, the lowest was observed in the Northwestern Lake Superior sub-watershed in 1952. The spatial analysis showed higher runoff, TSS and TP in the Eastern Lake Huron and Northern Lake Erie sub-watersheds. The decadal analysis revealed higher runoff, TSS and TP in 1980-90, 1990-99 and 2000-09. The climate change analysis revealed more variation in the runoff, TSS, and TP were projected in mid-century (2035-64) compared to end-century (2070-99). Finally, it has been shown that the LTHIA model can successfully simulate both water quantity and quality-related processes and climate change effects.
In this study, a rapid grey and academic literature scoping review was conducted to investigate how Indigenous Knowledges, perspectives, values and cultures are being incorporated into engineering education in several colonialized countries. The findings were used to make recommendations on advancing the Biosystems Engineering curriculum at the University of Manitoba to educate future engineers who have the cultural capacity to work ethically, respectfully, and reciprocally in engineering practice and partnership with Indigenous Peoples and communities. The study was spurred in part by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada’s 94 Calls to Action. In collaboration with Indigenous Peoples, calls for integrating Indigenous knowledge and teaching methods into classrooms and building student capacity for intercultural understanding, empathy, and mutual respect. Sources for this review were gathered from Canada, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand, countries that share a similar history of European colonization and are developing methods for curricular change. The findings demonstrated that incorporation of Indigenous Knowledges perspectives in engineering education can be organized into five main themes: 1. capacity building for engineering educators, 2. consultation and collaboration with Indigenous Peoples and communities, 3. coalescing dominant, Indigenous and engineering perspectives, 4. preparing students for professional practice with Indigenous Peoples, and 5. developing a new curriculum. By incorporating these recommendations, engineering educators will help create an educational environment where Indigenous Peoples and their ways of knowing, being and doing have space alongside Western and engineering worldviews. This will prepare engineering students for culturally sensitive and ethically sound professional practice and support the students who will see themselves reflected in Biosystems Engineering.
Despite its beginning in the 1850’s and being first in Canada to purchase a tile drainage trencher, subsurface drainage of agricultural lands in Quebec is poorly documented, which the present paper will try to document from 1850 to 1970. In Quebec, Catholic priests and monks played an important role in educating rural communities by establishing French agricultural schools throughout the province. For the English rural communities, Macdonald College (Macdonald Campus of McGill University) played a major role especially in preparing plans, besides promoting the technology. The Quebec Ministry of Agriculture encouraged subsurface drainage early in 1912 but would prefer investing in land clearing and watercourse deepening to establish more farms, from the employment needs created by WWI, the great 1930 depression and WWII. This work mostly completed in the early 1960’s, the Quebec Government would then initiate a major subsurface drainage program, allowing private enterprises to take over shortly after 1967. Although the Ministry changed names several times even after 1967, the term ‘Ministry of Agriculture’ will be used throughout this article. To compare trencher performance, a 15 m average spacing is presumed. This paper is limited to the main events and persons involved, without being able to cover them all.
The mean global temperatures are increasing as a result of climate change. To understand how the change in ambient weather influences the temperature of the stored grain, the temperature fluctuation patterns of the floor, roof, sidewalls, and headspace were monitored from mid-August 2019 to the end of October 2021 in Winnipeg, Canada. The bin was filled with 300 t of wheat at an initial average moisture content of 12.5 ± 0.1% (wet basis). The thermocouples were installed at 17, 9, and 12 locations on the floor, roof (outside), and sidewalls (outside) of the bin, respectively. Sixteen temperature and relative humidity sensors were installed at different locations with varying distances from the surface of the grain in the headspace. The ambient weather (air temperature (°C), relative humidity (%), barometric pressure (kPa), average solar radiation (W/m2), precipitation (mm), wind speed (m/s), and wind direction (degrees with reference to the north)) were also measured near the bin during the study period. The temperatures of the roof, sidewalls, and headspace were influenced by the ambient temperature and solar radiation. In Year II (November 2020 – October 2021), the floor, roof, sidewalls, and headspace temperatures were higher by 2.1 ± 0.1°C, 3.9 ± 0.1°C, 3.5 ± 0.2°C, and 1.9 ± 0.1°C than that in Year I (November 2019 - October 2020), respectively. The ambient temperature increased by 1.8°C in year II, compared to year I. These results can be used in the prediction of temperatures in grain bins caused by weather changes.
For areas with seasonally shallow water tables and poorly drained soils, subsurface drainage systems are ideal for removing excess water from the root zone and improving soil workability, trafficability, and timeliness of field operations. With increased interest in tile drainage in southern Manitoba, the objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of drainage on canola yield and canola oil qualities over three growing seasons (2019-2021) in Winkler, Manitoba. The study was carried out on replicated field plots with three different drainage treatments: controlled drainage (CD), free drainage (FD), and no drainage (ND). Subsurface drain tiles were installed at a depth of 0.9 m. The drains were spaced at 8 m for CD and 15 m for FD. Compared to FD plots (3.02 Mg/ha), the CD plots (3.51 Mg/ha) had significantly higher yields in 2019 with good rainfall. With low rainfall in 2020 and 2021, the impact of drainage, especially CD, diminished, with no significant differences between the treatments. In 2020, the average yields were 3.12, 2.52, and 2.97 Mg/ha for ND, CD, and FD, respectively. Similarly, in 2021, there was no significant difference between CD (1.14 Mg/ha), FD (1.52 Mg/ha), and ND (1.07 Mg/ha). The impact of CD under drought conditions was not significant. This could be related to the narrower drain spacing, which tends to remove water rapidly within the soil profile during short periods of high-intensity rainfall. The canola quality assessments (oil, protein, glucosinolate and fatty acid profile) showed no significant differences between ND, CD, and FD in each of the years. This suggests that environmental variables (mainly temperature and precipitation) may have masked drainage impacts on canola quality.
This study evaluated six segmentation methods (clustering, flood-fill, graph-cut, colour-thresholding, watershed, and Otsu’s-thresholding) for segmentation accuracy and classification accuracy in discriminating Fusarium infected corn grains using RGB colour images. The segmentation accuracy was calculated using Jaccard similarity index and Dice coefficient in comparison with the gold standard (manual segmentation method). Flood-fill and graph-cut methods showed the highest segmentation accuracy of 77% and 87% for Jaccard and Dice evaluation metrics, respectively. Pre-trained convolution neural network (CNN) and support vector machine (SVM) were used to evaluate the effect of segmentation methods on classification accuracy using segmented images and extracted features from the segmented images, respectively. The SVM based two-class model to discriminate healthy and Fusarium infected corn grains yielded the classification accuracy of 84%, 79%, 78%, 74%, 69% and 65% for graph-cut, watershed, clustering, flood-fill, colour-thresholding, and Otsu’s-thresholding, respectively. In pretrained CNN model, the classification accuracies were 93%, 88%, 87%, 84%, 61% and 59% for flood-fill, graph-cut, colour-thresholding, clustering, watershed, and Otsu’s-thresholding, respectively. Jaccard and Dice evaluation metrics showed the highest correlation with the pretrained CNN classification accuracies with R2 values of 0.9693 and 0.9727, respectively. The correlation with SVM classification accuracies were R2–0.505 for Jaccard and R2–0.5151 for Dice evaluation metrics.
The storage environment of grains and oilseeds influences their physico-chemical properties that determine shelf-life and nutritional quality. In case of oilseeds, and more specifically canola, analytical chemistry methods are commonly used to determine their quality which is characterized by fatty acid value (FAV) of samples. As wet chemistry methods are time consuming and require the use of chemicals, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy combined with multivariate data analysis was investigated for rapid assessment of canola quality as affected by sub-optimal storage. Moreover, in order to conduct the analysis on-site outside of a laboratory setting, the feasibility of using a portable instrument was studied. An FTIR spectrum of canola seeds stored at sub-optimal storage condition (35°C and 84% relative humidity) was obtained weekly for a period of five weeks. The quality degradation over this storage period was measured in terms of reduction in germination and FAV content. Principal components analysis (PCA) was applied on FTIR spectral data for dimensionality reduction and the first two principal components could successfully separate canola samples of different qualities (based on their respective storage durations). Quantitative analysis for prediction of FAV using partial least squares (PLS) regression method was done and models were built utilizing the entire spectral data as well by grouping the spectral into three spectral bands. A root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 4.4% and R2=0.96, was achieved with the model built using the entire mid-infrared region. The spectral bands of 1000–1500 cm-1 and 2500–3000 cm-1 were also able to provide comparable results. Various combinations of spectral pre-processing of data were also explored. The results establish that portable FTIR instruments provide an accurate and rapid alternative to chemical analysis for predicting spoilage and determining canola quality.
Peu documenté, le drainage souterrain fait partie de l’histoire du Québec depuis son tout début en 1850, et depuis son achat de la première draineuse mécanisée au Canada en 1902. Le but du présent article est donc de documenter cette historie de 1850 à 1967. L’église catholique a activement participé à l’éducation des communautés rurales francophones du Québec en fondant plusieurs écoles d’agriculture. Du côté anglophone, le Collège Macdonald (Campus Macdonald de l’Université McGill University) jouait un rôle important surtout pour la préparation de plans, en plus de sa vulgarisation. Le Ministère de l’Agriculture encourageait le drainage souterrain à compter de 1912 mais lui adressait peu d’importance pour défricher et excaver les cours d’eaux, afin de trouver des emplois à la suite des deux grandes guerres mondiales, et de la grande dépression de 1930. Une fois les travaux de creusage de cours d’eau pratiquement réalisés vers le début des années 1960, le Ministère lançait un important programme de drainage souterrain pour ensuite laisser la relève aux entrepreneurs privés peu après 1967. En dépit de ses nombreux changements de nom même après 1967, le présent article utilise simplement le nom de ‘Ministère de l’Agriculture’. Pour comparer le taux d’installation de drainage souterrain, un écartement moyen de 15m sera présumé. Le présent article vise a souligner les éléments importants de l’histoire du drainage souterrain au Québec, ne pouvant mentionner tous ceux-ci ni toutes les personnes impliquées.
This paper emphasizes the essential role of a support person for faculty teaching and assessing the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB) graduate attributes as part of an ongoing accreditation cycle. It details the continuous program improvement process adopted by the Department of Biosystems Engineering at the University of Manitoba, and the role of engineering stakeholders. It recounts a study that details the supportive efforts of a Research Associate who helped to validate and implement rubrics with individual professors as outcomes-based tools for teaching and assessing the 12 CEAB graduate attributes, which resulted in the creation of 14 rubrics for 12 courses. Findings included new pedagogical understandings, the appreciation of individual support from the Research Associate, and the continued use of rubrics; the work led most professors to think deeply and in new ways about teaching and assessment. There was evidence that six professors engaged in ‘reverse design’, developing rubrics with targeted learning outcomes and course materials in mind. The work led to critical improvement in teaching practices and evidence of continual program improvement. Despite overall engagement and success, some professors continued to struggle with the concept and use of rubrics. In sum, this experience emphasizes the benefit of a dedicated person to support professors to implement rubrics, and in creating and sustaining an outcomes-based assessment culture in the department.
