Introduction. Fire severity refers to the magnitude of ecological change caused by fire and is influenced by fire intensity and duration, as well as by vegetation density and type. Fire severity can be assessed using satellite-derived data. Objective. To analyze the major wildfires detected by the NOAA-21 VIIRS sensor in the Purépecha region of Michoacán in 2024 to determine the burned area, affected land-cover types, severity, and fire spread. Materials and methods. Using Sentinel-2 imagery of the study area, pre- and post-fire differences in the Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (dNDVI) were calculated and analyzed by land-cover type. Results. A total of 18 815.43 ha were burned. Agricultural burning accounted for 19 % of the burned area, while pine forest accounted for 33 %; the latter had the largest area classified as highly affected, totaling 1 088.15 ha. The analysis identified 12 burned areas, most of them located in the municipality of Chilchota. Some fires originated from agriculture burning, whereas most fires in forested areas were attributed to negligence or to the expansion of avocado production. Conclusions. The burned areas showed varying levels of fire severity, which may facilitate post-fire recovery if seed banks remain in the less severely affected patches. In pine forests, areas experiencing low to moderate fire severity showed relatively small reductions in vegetation density, suggesting that relatively rapid recovery may be expected.
Introduction. The maximum size–density relationship (MSDR) establishes self-thinning thresholds in forest stands. For Pinus occidentalis Swartz, responses to humidity gradients across ecological zones in La Sierra, within the northcentral portion of Cordillera Central of the Dominican Republic, remain poorly understood. Objectives. We aimed to (1) quantify MSDR across dry, intermediate, and humid ecological zones within La Sierra region, Santiago Province, Dominican Republic; (2) test whether slopes and intercepts of the natural log-transformed Quadratic Mean Diameter and stand density in terms of trees per hectare by ecological zone [ln(QMD)–ln(TPH)] relationships differ among ecological zones; and (3) compare Reduced Major Axis (RMA) with Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). Materials and methods. Quadratic mean diameter (QMD) and stand density in terms of trees per hectare (TPH) from even-aged P. occidentalis plots across dry, intermediate, and humid zones were log-transformed. Analyses were limited to plots with relative density > 0.7. MSDR were estimated using RMA regression in reciprocal form, with delta-method confidence intervals. OLS models, observed–fitted comparisons, and mean absolute error were used for benchmarking. Results. RMA slopes steepened from dry (−0.510) to intermediate (−0.669) and humid zones (−0.894), indicating stronger self-thinning under humid conditions, though slope differences were not significant. Intercepts differed significantly among zones (p < 0.001), revealing vertical shifts in size–density trajectories. RMA slopes exceeded OLS estimates, while observed–fitted patterns and mean absolute error were comparable across methods. Conclusions. While slopes correspond with classic self-thinning theory, intercept shifts indicate ecological effects on growth potential. Results support using RMA for estimating size–density relationships in forest stands where both variables show variability and assist with zone-specific silvicultural density management.
Introduction. Global warming increases vapor pressure deficit (VPD) by raising temperature, a condition that negatively affects the growth of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. Objectives. To develop a regional tree-ring chronology of P. menziesii and evaluate the influence of climatic variables on radial growth. Materials and methods. Samples were collected from four sites in Durango and Chihuahua in the Sierra Madre Occidental. They were processed following standard dendrochronological techniques. Crossdating was validated using COFECHA, and ring-width index (RWI) series were generated with the dplR package. Climatic variables were obtained from ERA5-Land, and their relationship with RWI was assessed using the treeclim package in R. Common growth variability among sites was determined through Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). Results and discussion. Four P. menziesii chronologies were developed. The PCA identified a common climatic response, and a 369-year regional series (1655-2023) was constructed. This series showed a positive relationship between RWI and precipitation from November of the previous year to May of the current year (r = 0.76; p < 0.05), and significant negative relationships (p < 0.05) between RWI and minimum temperature from March to June of the current year (r = -0.59), maximum temperature (r = -0.82), and VPD from January to June (r = -0.84). Conclusion. Increases in maximum temperature and VPD intensify atmospheric drought and contribute to reduced radial growth of P. menziesii in the Sierra Madre Occidental.
Introduction. Physical, mechanical, and hormonal methods used to enhance germination can, in some cases, cause physiological damage to the seed and endosperm. Chitosan has been used as a germination stimulant in other species; however, its effect has not been evaluated in agave seeds. Objective. To evaluate the effect of chitosan concentrations on the germination and emergence of Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyck 'Xamini'. Materials and methods. Treatments consisted of five chitosan concentrations (0.2, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0 and 3.0 g & centerdot;L-1) and a control (distilled water), arranged in a completely randomized design with four replicates; each experimental unit consisted of 100 seeds. Germination percentages, germination speed index, mean germination time, and emergence percentage and rate were evaluated at 24 h intervals. Results. Significant differences among treatments were observed for all measured variables (P <= 0.0001). Germination of A. salmiana 'Xamini' reached 80 % and 74 % at chitosan concentrations of 0.2 and 0.5 g & centerdot;L-1, respectively. The optimal dose for both the germination speed index and emergence rate was 0.2 g & centerdot;L-1. These lower chitosan concentrations improved germination compared to higher doses (1 and 3 g & centerdot;L-1), which showed the lowest mean values, similar to the control. Conclusion. The use of chitosan at a concentration of 0.2 g & centerdot;L-1 represents a natural alternative, free of toxic residues, to enhance the germination and emergence of A. salmiana 'Xamini'.
Introducción La madera es altamente susceptible al daño por agentes microbianos como los hongos xilófagos. Por ello, la industria se ha esforzado por mantener las estructuras de madera en condiciones mecánicamente funcionales; sin embargo, la contaminación ambiental y la responsabilidad social para minimizar los riesgos a la salud humana han obligado a la búsqueda de nuevas estrategias. Objetivo Definir las condiciones en las cuales los aceites esenciales de Syzygium sp. y Citrus sp. preservan la madera de Pinus sp. ante el daño por Trametes versicolor y Gloeophyllum trabeum mediante el diseño experimental Box-Behnken. Materiales y métodos El experimento se diseñó con tres factores: aceite esencial de Syzygium sp. (AES), aceite esencial de Citrus sp. (AEC) y tiempo (6, 9 y 12 meses), así como tres niveles por factor -1, 0 y +1. La variable de respuesta fue la compresión paralela en probetas (ISO 3345) de madera de Pinus sp. Resultados La madera de pino, expuesta a los hongos xilófagos evaluados, requiere una concentración de 6.25 % de AES y 6.25 % de AEC con el fin de mantener una resistencia estándar de 355.5 kg·cm-2 en compresión paralela. Este efecto preservante perduraría entre los 8.4 y 8.7 meses según el agente xilófago. Conclusión Los aceites esenciales de Syzygium sp. y Citrus sp. son candidatos para ser empleados como preservantes de la madera. El efecto inhibitorio de sustancias químicas de origen natural contra organismos del deterioro de la madera es importante en el avance científico para migrar a tecnologías amigables con nuestro entorno.
Introducción La gestión sostenible de los recursos forestales recae en la constante mejora y actualización de modelos matemáticos que provean información confiable sobre los bienes y servicios de los bosques. Objetivos Generar sistemas aditivos de ecuaciones de volumen y de factores de expansión de biomasa para la estimación de biomasa total en seis especies de encino de la Sierra de Santa Rosa, Guanajuato. Materiales y métodos Se utilizó información de 165 árboles pertenecientes a seis especies de Quercus. Se ajustaron sistemas de ecuaciones de volumen y de biomasa aérea mediante métodos aditivos. Resultados Los modelos multiespecie explicaron más de 94 % de la variabilidad del volumen total árbol y 96 % de la biomasa aérea total. Conclusiones Los sistemas desarrollados permiten una estimación precisa del volumen comercial y de la biomasa aérea, útiles para la gestión forestal sostenible.
Introducción El injerto es la unión entre dos plantas de origen genético diferente que interactúan entre sí. En Cedrela odorata L., el clon del cual se obtienen las varetas podría influir en el desempeño del injerto. Objetivo Evaluar el efecto del clon sobre el prendimiento y crecimiento inicial de la vareta en injertos de corona de C. odorata. Materiales y métodos Se hicieron injertos de corona con varetas de cinco clones de C. odorata (CR-A, CR-B, CR-C, CR-D y CR-E), seleccionados morfológicamente de un ensayo de procedencias en la Sierra Norte de Puebla, México. El prendimiento, crecimiento inicial en altura y diámetro, número de yemas y diámetro de copa del injerto se evaluaron en un diseño en bloques completos al azar. Resultados Se observaron diferencias estadísticas (P < 0.05) por efecto del clon en todas las variables, excepto en el diámetro del injerto (13.1 mm en promedio). A los dos meses, el CR-E tuvo 5, 10 y 35 % mayor prendimiento que los clones CR-B, CR-A y CR-C, respectivamente, mientras que el CR-D no tuvo prendimiento. A los seis meses, los injertos con varetas del CR-B crecieron 19, 21 y 57 cm más que los injertos con varetas de CR-C, CR-A y CR-E, respectivamente. Los injertos desarrollaron en promedio 26 yemas laterales por planta y diámetro de copa de 90 cm. Conclusiones El clon influye significativamente en el prendimiento y crecimiento inicial en altura, número de yemas y diámetro de copa del injerto de corona en C. odorata.
Introducción La producción de planta en viveros forestales enfrenta fuertes problemas fitosanitarios por la presencia de hongos del género Fusarium que provocan déficit y marchitez en las plantas. Objetivo Evaluar el efecto de siete cepas nativas de Trichoderma spp. en el control biológico de Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl. y en el crecimiento de Pinus oocarpa Schiede ex Schltdl. durante la producción en vivero. Materiales y métodos Se probaron ocho tratamientos organizados al azar con cuatro repeticiones cada uno. Se emplearon cepas nativas de Trichoderma asperellum (Ta64, Ta67 y Ta97), T. paratroviride (Tp82 y Tp88), T. martiale (Tm69), T. tomentosum (Tt33) y un tratamiento control sin cepa del hongo antagonista. La incidencia se evaluó a través del porcentaje de plantas con síntomas de F. oxysporum. Los datos morfológicos de 288 plantas sanas extraídas al azar de los ocho tratamientos se registraron y se analizaron con ANDEVA y prueba de Tukey (p ≤ 0.05). Resultados El tratamiento control mostró el mayor porcentaje de incidencia del patógeno con 53 %, mientras que los tratamientos inoculados con cepas nativas variaron entre 27 y 46 %. Con las cepas nativas se lograron resultados satisfactorios en calidad de planta de acuerdo con los índices morfológicos evaluados. Conclusión La cepa Tt33 (Trichoderma tomentosum) fue la más efectiva, ya que redujo la presencia del patógeno hasta 50 % con respecto al testigo y promovió el mayor crecimiento en plantas.
Introduction. Toumeyella are phytophagous pests that affect host plant growth, cause mortality, and consequently generate economic losses. Objective. To identify Toumeyella responsible for infestations in nurseries of Pinus patula Schltdl. & Cham. in the state of Puebla. Materials and methods. Scale insects were collected from two-year-old P. patula plants, and microscopic slide preparations were made. The scales were identified taxonomically; for molecular identification, first-instar nymphs were used for DNA extraction, and the COI (Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I) gene was amplified by PCR. The resulting sequences were compared with available GenBank sequences of Toumeyella scales. Results. Morphological characteristics, such as the absence of spiracular setae and the clustering of bilocular pores on the dorsum, were consistent with T. parvicornis. This study provides a new genetic sequence of the scale insect, which showed concordance with other T. parvicornis sequences deposited in GenBank. In addition, the presence of a parasitoid belonging to the family Encyrtidae was recorded in T. parvicornis. Conclusion. This study represents the first report of T. parvicornis on P. patula and in central Mexico.
Introduction. The Forest Biometric System for forest management in Mexico (SiBiFor) proposes dominant height growth equations that use the Korf function under the Generalized Algebraic Difference Approach (GADA); however, it has been identified that some functions do not meet the required properties (transitivity) of GADA. Objective. To update the site index models proposed by SiBiFor for the species Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham., Pinus ayacahuite Ehren ex Schltdl. and Pinus teocote Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham. corresponding to UMAFOR 2108. Materials and methods. To ensure an objective evaluation, the original stem analysis data from 64 dominant trees collected by SiBiFor for the UMAFOR in 2016 were used. To model dominant height growth and generate the site index curve families, the base Korf model was applied using the GADA approach. These corrections are analyzed and documented in detail, as some studies were found to incorrectly apply the solution derived from the GADA approach in the Korf model. Results. The corrected equations for the three pine species showed satisfactory parameter estimates, satisfied the properties of the GADA approach, were invariant to the reference age, and allowed the estimation of dominant height and site quality at any height and base age. Conclusions. The proposed update and fitting of the corrected models improve their accuracy for classifying productivity and timber yield of the species with greater reliability.
Introduction. Wood is highly susceptible to damage by microbial agents, such as wood-decay fungi. Consequently, the industry has strived to keep wooden structures in mechanically stable conditions; however, environmental contamination and the social responsibility to minimize risks to human health have driven the search for new preservation strategies. Objective. To define the conditions under which essential oils from Syzygium sp. and Citrus sp. preserve Pinus sp. Wood against damage by Trametes versicolor and Gloeophyllum trabeum using a Box-Behnken experimental design. Materials and methods. The experiment was designed with three factors: Syzygium sp. essential oil (SEO), Citrus sp. essential oil (CEO), and time (6, 9 and 12 months), each with three levels-1, 0 and +1. The response variable was parallel-to-grain compression of Pinus sp. wood specimens, measured according to ISO 3345. Results. Pinus wood exposed to the evaluated wood-decay fungi requires a concentration of 6.25 % SEO and 6.25 % CEO to maintain a standard parallel-to-grain compression strength of 355.5 kg & centerdot;cm-2. This preservative effect is expected to last between 8.4 and 8.7 months, depending on the fungal agent. Conclusion. Essential oils from Syzygium sp. and Citrus sp. are promising candidates for use as wood preservatives. The inhibitory effect of naturally derived chemical compounds against wood-deteriorating organisms represents important scientific progress toward the adoption of environmentally friendly technologies.
Introduction. Plant production in forest nurseries faces serious phytosanitary challenges due to the presence of Fusarium fungi, which cause damping-off and wilting in plants. Objective. To evaluate the effect of seven native strains of Trichoderma spp. on the biological control of Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl. and on the growth of Pinus oocarpa Schiede ex Schltdl. during nursery production. Materials and methods. Eight treatments were evaluated in a completely randomized design with four replications each. Native strains of Trichoderma asperellum (Ta64, Ta67 and Ta97), T. paratroviride (Tp82 and Tp88), T. martiale (Tm69), T. tomentosum (Tt33) and a control treatment without the antagonistic fungus were used. Disease incidence was assessed as the percentage of plants showing symptoms of F. oxysporum. Morphological data from 288 healthy plants randomly selected from the eight treatments were recorded and analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test (p <= 0.05). Results. The control treatment showed the highest pathogen incidence (53 %), whereas treatments inoculated with native strains ranged from 27 % to 46 %. The use of native strains resulted in satisfactory seedling quality, as indicated by the evaluated morphological indices. Conclusion. The Tt33 strain (T. tomentosum) was the most effective, reducing pathogen presence by up to 50 % compared with the control and promoting the greatest seedling growth.
Introduction. Grafting is the union of two plants of different genetic origin that interact with each other. Graft performance may be influenced by the clone from which the scions are derived. Objective. To evaluate the effect of clone on grafting success and initial scion growth in crown grafts of C. odorata. Materials and methods. Crown grafts were performed using scions from five C. odorata (CR-A, CR-B, CR-C, CR-D and CR-E), morphologically selected from a provenance trial in the Sierra Norte de Puebla, Mexico. Grafting success, initial growth in height and diameter, number of buds, and graft crown diameter were evaluated using a randomized complete block design. Results. Statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) due to clone effect were observed for all variables except grafting diameter (mean = 13.1 mm). After two months, clone CR-E showed 5, 10 and 35 % higher grafting success than clones CR-B, CR-A and CR-C, respectively, whereas clone CR-D showed no graft take. After six months, grafts with scions from clone CR-B grew 19, 21 and 57 cm more in height than grafts with scions from clones CR-C, CR-A and CR-E, respectively. On average, grafts developed 26 lateral buds per plant and a crown diameter of 90 cm. Conclusions. Clone significantly influences grafting success, initial height growth, number of buds and crown diameter in crown grafts of C. odorata.
Introduction. Sustainable management of forest resources relies on the continuous improvement and updating of mathematical models that provide the most accurate information on forest goods and ecosystem services. Objectives. To develop species-specific (SEVE) and multispecies (SEVM) additive systems of volume equation, as well as species-specific (FEBE) and multispecies (FEBM) biomass expansion factor equation systems, for estimating total biomass in six oak species from the Sierra of Santa Rosa, Guanajuato Materials and methods. Data from 165 trees belonging to Quercus rugosa, Q. obtusata, Q. sideroxyla, Q. coccolobifolia, Q. laurina and Q. candicans were used. The destructive sampling method was applied to quantify total tree volume (TTV) as the sum of total stem volume and branch volume. SEVE and SEVM were fitted, along with FEBE and FEBM for stem, branches, and foliage, to estimate total biomass. Model performance was evaluated using the adjusted coefficient of determination (R-adj(2)), root mean square error, mean absolute percentage error, and mean absolute error. Results. According to R-adj(2), SEVM explained 94.9 % of the variability in TTV, whereas SEVE explained between 0.91 and 0.98 across species. FEBM explained 96.6 % of the variability in total tree biomass, while FEBE explained between 93.4 and 98.3 %. On average, 51. 4 % of total biomass was distributed in the stem, 46 % in branches and 2.6 % in foliage. Conclusions. The developed additive systems allow for accurate estimation of both commercial volume and aboveground biomass.
Introduction Taper equations are useful tools in forest management, and their application can be extended to species in arid or semi-arid ecosystems. Objective To develop a compatible system of equations for estimating the volume of individual trees of Juniperus coahuilensis (Martínez) Gaussen ex R. P. Adams in the semi-desert region of Durango. Materials and methods A total of 153 trees were destructively sampled. Iterated seemingly unrelated regression (ITSUR) was used to simultaneously fit the system, ensuring minimum error and compatibility among the equations. Heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation in the hierarchical data was corrected using weighted regression and a continuous second-order autoregressive model, respectively. Results The system of equations is the first developed for J. coahuilensis in Mexico and includes a taper function, a merchantable volume equation, and equations for stem volume, coarse branch volume, and total volume. The equations explained 98 % of the observed variability in merchantable volume, 86 % in stem volume, and more than 45 % of the variability in branch volume. Conclusions The use of the compatible system of equations developed will be useful for the management of J. coahuilensis in arid and semi-arid ecosystems and will reduce errors in total tree volume estimates.
Introduction. Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) agroforestry systems (AFS) are carbon sinks that can generate additional income for coffee producers. Objective. To compare carbon sequestration in coffee AFS compared with monocultures and to estimate the economic value of this environmental service. Materials and methods: The study was carried out in coffee AFS (15 plots) and monocultures (17 plots) in a montane forest in the province of Chanchamayo, Jun & iacute;n, Peru. Allometric equations were used to estimate aboveground biomass. Opportunity cost was used to calculate the economic value of the carbon stored in the AFS. Results. Coffee AFS store more carbon than monocultures (62.67 +/- 63.6 Mgha(-1) vs. 6.25 +/- 7.33 Mgha(-1), respectively; P < 0.05). Floristic diversity in the AFS had no significant impact on carbon storage; however, more diverse composition showed higher carbon contents. The average opportunity cost per ton of CO2 equivalent (tCO(2) eq) is 1 774.2 USDha(-1)yr(-1). If a payment of 20.83 USD and 89.45 USD per tCO(2) eq is implemented, farmers' income from selling CO2eq could increase from 4 862.17 to 20 879.5 USDha(-1)yr(-1). Conclusions. Coffee AFS sequester 80 % more carbon than monocultures. Implementing payments for CO2 eq capture would generate significant additional income for farmers, ranging from 3.6 to 16.9 times their current earnings.
Introduction. The assessment of forest cover and the outcomes of its management within protected natural areas is essential for determining the effectiveness of implemented initiatives. Objective. To analyze the transitions and dynamics of forest cover and land use in the Nevado de Toluca Flora and Fauna Protection Area (APFFNT) during the period 1971-2021, with the aim of evaluating its conservation status. Materials and methods. Forest cover in the APFFNT (53 590.67 ha) was analyzed using geographic information systems by comparing satellite imagery from two time periods. Changes were evaluated using the Pontius methodology through a transition matrix for the period, which facilitated the quantification of total area, gains, losses, transitions between categories, overall change, and net change. Results and discussion. Over the past 50 years, coniferous forest cover-primarily composed of Pinus hartwegii Lindl. and Juniperus deppeana Steud. -increased by 3 577 ha (6.67 % of the total area of the APFFNT). This gain originated mainly from grassland areas, which showed a decline in their original extent, with a change rate of-1.26 %. Human settlements expanded by 148.92 ha (0.28 %). Additionally, the presence of a sand mine of approximately 15 ha was detected within the protected natural area. Conclusion. The analysis of the APFFNT reflects the land use changes that occurred over the 50-year period between 1971 and 2021. While the changes are not considered extreme, there is a clear trend toward landscape transformation.
Introduction. The increasing use of artificial neural networks (ANN) for estimating tree species parameters provides the basis for comparing them with traditional timber volume estimation methods. Objective. To compare the effectiveness and accuracy of three methodologies (neural networks, mathematical methods, and statistical methods) for estimating the volume of Pinus sylvestris L. trees. Materials and methods. A sample of 83 specimens of P. sylvestris was used from the Navafria Pine Forest (province of Segovia, Spain). The timber volume estimated using radial basis ANN with four and twelve clusters (groupings of two and three input variables, respectively), two traditional volume estimation formulas, and two linear regression models was compared with the actual measurements (Huber's formula) through a t-test. Estimation errors were also evaluated. The variables used included diameter at breast height, total height, and age. Results. The best estimation results were obtained with ANN; however, the root mean square error was lower than 3 % for all models. Furthermore, the R2values indicate that these explain between 91 and 98 % of the variability in volume. The t-test showed no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) between the actual timber volume values and the estimation methods evaluated. Conclusions. The ANN models show no significant difference from the other estimation methods. Therefore, the use of linear and traditional models cannot be categorically rejected. The choice of methods should be left to the discretion of each expert.
Introduction. Environmental changes, particularly climate, influence forest disease occurrences which could create a new challenge to many tropical forest ecosystems. Objective. To analyze the current state of knowledge on forest fungal diseases in the Philippines to assess their vulnerability. Materials and methods. Data was obtained from academic citation databases, Web of Science and Scopus. Search strings used were "tree AND disease AND Philippines", "tree AND disease AND Philippines AND forest*" and "tree AND disease AND Philippines AND fung*." No limit was set for the publication year. Only literature in the English language was considered (n = 511). Results. Several disease outbreaks caused by fungal pathogens have been documented in Philippine forests and tree plantations since the 19th century. Considering worldwide patterns, certain fungal diseases may become more severe as a result of climate change. This is particularly concerning in the Philippines as the climate conditions have been projected to be highly conducive for numerous tropical pathogens. Conclusions. Existing disease management practices in the Philippines should be enhanced to adopt a more proactive approach. Integrating innovative forest health management approaches into key aspects of forest management can deliver significant benefits in a dynamic, multi-stakeholder Philippine forestry system.
Introduction. Substrate and fertilization are essential to produce forest species with favorable morphological characteristics. Objectives. To evaluate the morphological growth and nutrient assimilation in Pinus durangensis Mart. seedlings, and to estimate costs in response to the use of three substrate mixtures combined with three rates of a controlled-release fertilizer in a nursery. Materials and methods. The plants were grown under the effect of nine treatments consisting of three substrates with varying proportions of fresh pine sawdust, composted pine bark, and peat moss, combined with three application rates of the controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) Multicote (R) 8-month (18-6-12 N-P-K), arranged in a randomized block experimental design. Plant height, stem diameter, dry biomass, nutrient uptake, and production costs were evaluated after 11 months. Results. Growth variables and nutrient uptake showed statistically significant differences (p <= 0.05) among treatments. The combination of 50 % fresh sawdust + 25 % composted bark + 25 % peat moss, with CRF applied at rates of 9 and 12 g center dot L-1, produced high-quality plants in accordance with the Mexican Standard NMX-AA-170-SCFI-2014. However, the 9 g center dot L-1 rate resulted in lower production costs. Conclusion. A specific combination of substrate and CRF application rate was identified that most effectively promotes the growth and nutrient uptake of P. durangensis seedlings in the nursery; furthermore, it reduces production costs.
