ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS - Information on salinity-tolerant mulberry accessions is currently unavailable. This research reveals the discovery of salinity-tolerant mulberry accessions from the exploration of various mulberry accessions in Indonesia. - Salinity-tolerant mulberry accessions can be utilized for sustainable development and biodiversity conservation. - Salinity stress treatment is known to increase secondary metabolites in mulberry plants. - Profiling of secondary metabolites in mulberry plants in response to salinity stress is known. - The integration of metabolomics and ecophysiology offers a new perspective on how plants adapt to stress. ABSTRACT Land salinity in Indonesia continues to increase, therefore research is needed to obtain saline-resistant plants such as mulberries. Mulberry plants are well recognized for their resilience to various abiotic stresses, including salinity. This study aimed to identify tolerant accessions to salinity stress, in accordance with their growth characteristics, and to examine the alterations in secondary metabolites as a reaction to salt stress. The experiment was designed using a factorial randomized block design, which included seven mulberry accessions, identified as MB1 through MB7, and varying NaCl concentrations of 0% (control), 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4%. The study’s results showed that MB2-3 accession tolerates high salinity stress by accumulating proline, flavonoid compounds, phenolic and dissolved sugars, as well as secondary metabolites, with increasing NaCl concentration. Based on the results of UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS analysis of mulberry leaf extract, 100 selected metabolites were obtained. The heat map results showed metabolic substances such as phenylpropanoids, organic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates increased in response to salinity stress. The integration of metabolomics and ecophysiology called ecophysiolomics offers a new perspective on how plants adapt to stress. By analyzing the involvement of metabolites that facilitate tolerance to salinity stress, we can gain a valuable understanding of how mulberry plants endure this environmental challenge. .
ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS - Golden apple snail extract was successfully developed into a biostimulant containing NPK nutrients, 12 amino acids, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). - The biostimulant significantly enhanced coffee seedling growth, including plant height, root length, leaf area, chlorophyll content, and biomass. - Golden apple snail biostimulant achieved the highest Relative Agronomic Effectiveness (RAE) of 104%, outperforming conventional NPK fertilization. - Formulation without EM4 retained higher concentrations of macronutrients and amino acids, whereas EM4 supplementation increased IAA production. - Utilizing an invasive golden apple snail as a plant biostimulant provides a sustainable alternative to inorganic fertilizers for coffee nurseries. ABSTRACT The use of Golden Apple Snail (GAS), an invasive species, as a potential biostimulant source represents an innovation, particularly in sustainable agriculture and waste management. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the biochemical characteristics of GAS and assess its effectiveness on coffee seedling growth. The first test, detecting biochemical characteristics, was conducted using two formulations, i.e., 1) Formulation 1 = 1,000 g of fresh whole GAS extract + 500 g of sugar and 2) Formulation 2 = 750 g of fresh whole GAS extract + 500 g of sugar + 125 mL of EM 4. The results of the 14-day fermentation showed the presence of nutrients N, P, K, 12 amino acids, and phytohormones. Formulation 1 had a total amount of N-Total (1.76%), P2O5 (0.18%) and K2O (0.29%) and a higher amino acid content than those in Formulation 2. In phytohormone detection, IAA was present in both formulations. The results of this test were used for further tests on the growth of Robusta coffee seedlings. The second test of agronomic effectiveness was carried out using a Randomized Block Design, with 6 types of fertilization treatments: 1) Control (Without GAS and NPK Biostimulants); 2) GAS Biostimulant 50 mL/L; 3) GAS Biostimulant 50 mL/L + ½ dose of NPK; 4) 0.5 g Urea + 1 g TSP + 1 g KCL; 5) GAS Biostimulant 50 mL/L + Full NPK Dose; 6) 1 g Urea + 2 g TSP + 2 g KCL. Each treatment was divided into 3 groups having two plants in each group. Observation data at the age of 4 months were tested using ANOVA and showed that there were significant differences in all morphological observation variables, including plant height, root length, number of leaves, chlorophyll content, leaf area, fresh weight, and dry weight or biomass. Based on the dry weight data, a Relative Agronomic Effectiveness (RAE) test was also conducted, which showed that the GAS Biostimulant treatment produced the highest RAE value, namely 104%, compared to the use of NPK fertilizer, showing agronomic effectiveness of GAS Biostimulant as an alternative to inorganic fertilizers in coffee nurseries.
ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS- First report of Podosphaera sp. on invasive Ageratum houstonianum in Nepal.- Pathogen identified by unique cask-shaped conidia, chasmothecia and fibrosin bodies.- Potential biocontrol agent discovered for managing this invasive weed.- This weed can act as a pathogen reservoir; monitoring is essential to protect nearby crops.ABSTRACTAgeratum houstonianum is an invasive annual weed in Nepal that grows in diverse habitats such as fallow areas, crop fields, and roadsides. This study reported a powdery mildew disease on this weed species, which causal agent was identified as Podosphaera sp. Pathogen identification was based on symptomatology and micromorphological observations. The pathogen was characterized by slightly dark, branched and septate hyphae with nipple-like appressoria; straight and unbranched conidiophore; hyaline and cask-shaped conidia with fibrosin-like bodies. Immature chasmothecia with mycelium-like appendages were also observed. The asci were ellipsoidal with a thin oculus. Based on the literature, the fungus was first reported in Nepal on Ageratum houstonianum. This report expands the known geographical distribution and host range of this powdery mildew pathogen in South Asia and highlights the pathogen as a potential biocontrol agent for this invasive weed. Additionally, A. houstonianum is common in agroecosystem, thus, it can serve as a reservoir of Podosphaera sp. facilitating spread to crop plants. Therefore, careful utilization, monitoring, and management of the pathogen are essential both to control the host weed and to limit the spread of pathogen to crops.
ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS Busulfan can damage the liver by triggering oxidative stress Physalis angulata leaves show natural liver protective effects Extract reduced oxidative damage in liver tissue Liver structure improved after extract treatment Early treatment provided stronger liver protection than delayed use ABSTRACT Liver disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, with drug-induced hepatotoxicity representing a major contributing factor. Busulfan, an anticancer drug used in chronic myeloid leukemia, is cytotoxic to proliferating cells and can induce liver injury. Physalis angulata L. (ground cherry) contains bioactive compounds with potential hepatoprotective properties. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of ethanol extract of Phyasalis angulata L. (EEPA) leaves on busulfan-induced liver damage in female Sprague–Dawley rats. Twenty-five rats were randomly divided into five groups: P1 (normal control), P2 (busulfan 40 mg/kg BW, single dose), P3 (extract 300 mg/kg BW, days 1–28), P4 (busulfan + extract, days 1–28), and P5 (busulfan + extract, days 14–28). Parameters assessed were alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver, and liver histology. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a post hoc test. The results showed that Physalis angulata L. extract did not cause significant differences in the serum ALT and AST levels but significantly reduced the MDA concentrations and improved the liver histological architecture. Busulfan administration significantly decreased hepatocyte count and increased Kupffer and inflammatory cells, fatty degeneration, and necrosis. Early administration of the extract (P4) demonstrated stronger hepatoprotective effects compared with delayed administration (P5). These findings suggest that EEPA leaves exerts hepatoprotective effects against busulfan-induced liver injury in rats, likely through antioxidant activity, as evidenced by subsequent histological improvement, and highlighting its potential as a natural hepatoprotective agent.
ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS Mangrove species like Acanthus ilicifolius and Avicennia marina aid food and health. Correlation and PCA reveal food, medicine, and firewood as key use dimensions. Location trends: Sondaken for firewood, Baboi for medicine, Mantehage for knowledge. This study supports mangrove ethnobotany and promotes community bioconservation. ABSTRACT Mangrove ecosystems play a vital ecological and socio-economic role along coastal regions. However, their sustainable utilization faces significant challenges due to habitat degradation and modernization. This study aimed to characterize the ethnobotanical utilization of mangroves by coastal communities within Bunaken National Marine Park (BNMP) and its surrounding small islands, while exploring their potential for food and medicinal bioprospecting. Data were collected through questionnaire surveys, in-depth interviews with informants, and field observations within coastal communities in four locations such as Bahoi, Likupang Barat District, North Minahasa, Sondaken, Tatapaan District, South, Alung Banua, Bunaken Archipelago District, Manado, and Mantehage, Wori District, North Minahasa Regency. The data were subsequently analyzed descriptively, followed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and heatmap visualization. The findings revealed that specific species such as Acanthus ilicifolius and Avicennia marina occupy central roles as sources of food and traditional medicine, emphasizing the close integration between subsistence needs and community health. Correlation analysis and PCA indicated that the categories of food, medicine, and firewood represent the dominant dimensions of utilization, while cultural functions and species knowledge serve as secondary differentiators. Location-based variations underscored the heterogeneity of utilization practices, with Sondaken being more prominent in firewood use, Bahoi in ethnomedicine, and Mantehage in biodiversity knowledge. These findings highlight the necessity of mangrove management that extends beyond ecological conservation to include local wisdom as a foundation for bioprospecting, thereby supporting food security, health, and the well-being of coastal communities. Thus, this research significantly contributed to the literature on mangrove ethnobotany and provided a scientific framework for community-based bioconservation strategies in Indonesia.
ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS Yeast extract boosts metabolites Enhances bioactive yield Best at moderate dose (150 mg/L) ABSTRACT Alocasia cuprea is a tropical ornamental plant species belonging to the family Araceae, widely recognized for its distinctive and aesthetically appealing foliage. Additionally, it represents a promising source of bioactive metabolites. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of yeast extract elicitation for enhancing metabolite production in A. cuprea callus culture established through in vitro propagation. The methods used in this study included callus induction, elicitation treatments, and phytochemical analysis of A. cuprea callus. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of five yeast extract concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/L) with six replications. The results revealed that elicitation treatment did not affect callus biomass. Morphologically, the callus exhibited a friable texture and changed in color from off-white to yellowish-brown following elicitation. However, elicitation increased both the yield and diversity of metabolites in A. cuprea callus cultures. The optimal yeast extract concentration for enhancing the accumulation of major metabolites in A. cuprea was 150 mg/L. At this concentration, the levels of n-hexadecanoic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, and squalene increased by 6.67%, 82.49%, and 291.60%, respectively, compared with control. Nevertheless, the accumulation patterns of individual compounds varied across treatments, indicating that each metabolite exhibits a specific biosynthetic response to variations in yeast extract concentration.
ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS - Identified four Fabaceae tree species across three urban forests in Banda Aceh. - Total estimated potential carbon stock in Fabaceae stands reached 292.08 tonnes/ha. - Trembesi Urban Forest contributed the highest carbon stock at 124.14 tonnes/ha. - Samanea saman is the dominant carbon contributor, storing 248.44 tonnes/ha. - Stem diameter serves as a highly reliable predictor for urban tree carbon stocks. ABSTRACT Urban forests play a crucial role in absorbing carbon emissions through the biomass carbon stocks stored in vegetation. The Fabaceae family is a potential group of tree for carbon storage, but its contribution to the Banda Aceh urban forest area remains understudied. This study aims to identify tree species from the Fabaceae family and estimate the potential carbon stocks stored in stands of this family in the Banda Aceh urban forest. The study was conducted in three urban forest locations: Putroe Phang (PP), Trembesi (TR), and BNI Urban Forests (BNI). Carbon stocks were estimated using a non-destructive method with an allometric equation approach. The results showed that there were four tree species from the Fabaceae family, namely Samanea saman, Pterocarpus indicus, Tamarindus indica, and Delonix regia, with a total of 197 individuals recorded. The total potential carbon stocks stored in Fabaceae stands in the three urban forest areas reached 292.08 tons/ha, with the largest contribution coming from the Trembesi (TR) Urban Forest at 124.14 tons/ha. The tree species that provides the largest contribution to carbon biomass is Samanea saman with an estimate of 248.44 tons/ha.
ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS - Nature-based tools restore biodiversity and self-regulating pest control. - Flowering strips and border crops boost beneficial predator populations. - Neem and custard apple biopesticides disrupt pests without toxicity. - Soil biochar and silicon build strong physical barriers in rice plants. - Integrated duck and fish farming suppresses pests while cutting chemical use. ABSTRACT The Green Revolution expanded global rice production but introduced systemic environmental vulnerabilities by eroding biodiversity and natural pest regulation. This critical review examines the strategic transition from pesticide-intensive cultivation to nature-based solutions (NbS) that prioritize ecological resilience. We synthesize diverse strategies, including ecological engineering, microbial tools, and integrated rice-animal farming, to demonstrate their collective efficacy in maintaining stable yields. Environmental manipulation through flowering strips supports a robust natural enemy complex, including the mirid bug (Cyrtorhinus lividipennis (Reuter)) and the egg parasitoid wasp (Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead). Furthermore, we evaluate the pivotal role of botanical insecticides from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) and the sugar apple (Annona squamosa L)., alongside soil amendments like biochar, to induce systemic host resistance via silicon-mediated defenses. Crucially, we highlight how microbial biopesticides, including the entomopathogens Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner), green muscardine fungus (Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokīn), and specialized granuloviruses, work in synergy with animal co-cultures involving the domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus L.) and the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Together, these synchronized interventions establish multi-layered barriers against major pests like the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)) and the yellow stemborer (Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker)). By aligning cultural, biochemical, and biological practices, these solutions foster functional biodiversity and self-regulating mechanisms, providing a resilient framework for the long-term sustainability of global rice agriculture amidst shifting climatic challenges.
ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS - Covert surveys revealed undocumented wildlife possession within Valencia City residences. - Fifteen species were identified, including three threatened endemic species. - Philippine long-tailed macaque was documented in all study sites. - Human-wildlife interactions may have fueled locals to keep wild animals. - Findings advocate amnesty programs to bolster biodiversity conservation in the urban areas. ABSTRACT The illegal wildlife trade is a globally recognized industry, and the unauthorized possession of wildlife by locals is a significantly overlooked facet of this field. While significant seizures of poached animals were recorded in the country, many remain undocumented and undetected, specifically in small-scale collections or privately owned wildlife. This study assessed the ownership of wild fauna in five locations in Valencia City, Bukidnon, Philippines. A covert research approach was used to elicit information from the owners, which was done randomly within the months of March to April 2025. A total of 26 owners were interviewed, the majority are male (19; 73%), aged 40 – 45 years old (12; 46%), low-income farmers (17; 65%), and with primary education (16; 62%). The results revealed 63 individuals from 15 species: 8 species of birds, 4 species of mammals, and 3 species of reptiles. Of which, 12 (80%) species are classified as least concern, two (13%) are endangered, and one is undetermined. Birds are the most frequently recorded group (24 individuals), mainly intended for consumption, while Macaca fascicularis philippensis exist across all five barangays because of their behavioral flexibility and presumed human compatibility. Owners’ responses indicate that they keep such animals mainly for recreation or hobby (15; 25%), which reflects the affinity of locals to keep wild animals in the city may have been associated with human-wildlife interactions and humans’ familiarity with native and endemic animals. Therefore, the study recommends strengthening the enforcement of existing national laws and international provisions through community-based conservation models, local wildlife amnesty programs, and partnerships with government and non-government organizations.
ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS - Planting time in the wet season changed rice growth and grain yield. - Mid rainy season planting reduced grain yield in all tested rice varieties. - Hybrid Intani 602 recorded the highest yield in late rainy season planting. - Grain yield increased with greater plant biomass and faster crop growth. - Longer flowering and maturity were associated with lower grain yield. ABSTRACT Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a strategic crop in Southeast Asia, where seasonal variation strongly influences its growth, physiology, and yield. This study evaluated the agronomic performance and yield components of three rice genotypes representing local (Pandan Wangi), improved (Inpari 32), and hybrid (Intani 602) types across three planting periods within the wet season (early, mid, and late rainy season) in tropical lowland fields of East Java, Indonesia, during 2023 – 2024. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design within each planting period, and data were analyzed using combined ANOVA, correlation analysis, and genotype by trait (GT) biplot. Results indicated that genotype and planting period significantly affected most agronomic and yield traits, with significant genotype × planting period interactions observed for several key variables. Grain yield was positively associated with biomass accumulation and growth efficiency (DW and CGR) and supported by canopy development (LAI), whereas phenological duration (DTF and DTM) showed negative associations with yield under the tested wet season conditions. GT biplot analysis explained 77.95% of the total variation (PC1 = 64.48%, PC2 = 13.47%) and indicated that hybrid combinations in the late rainy season planting period were closely associated with major yield and biomass traits, while Inpari 32 in the early rainy season planting period was more closely associated with radiation use indices (EPA and RUE) and tiller related traits. Pandan Wangi combinations were positioned nearer to phenological and vegetative traits with lower yield levels. Overall, the findings provide a site-specific basis to interpret varietal suitability and planting period sensitivity within the wet season in tropical lowland rice systems.
ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS - Microsatellite markers were used to study population genetic variation in Rhizophora - Molecular systematic analysis showed moderate genetic diversity with low heterozygosity - Population genetic structure was dominated by within-population variation (AMOVA) - Phenetic analyses revealed weak clustering among Rhizophora populations - Genetic patterns supported connectivity within Rhizoporaceae populations in East Kalimantan ABSTRACT Mangroves of the family Rhizophoraceae are pantropical, with the genus Rhizophora forming a major component of tropical mangrove ecosystems. Rhizophora apiculata and Rhizophora mucronata are widely distributed in the Paser region, Balikpapan Bay, and the Mahakam Delta of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. This study examined genetic diversity and population structure of both Rhizophora species using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The results showed moderate genetic diversity but relatively low heterozygosity in both species. Most genetic variation occurred within populations, as indicated by AMOVA, while R. apiculata exhibited lower genetic differentiation among populations and lacked private alleles, and R. mucronata showed higher population differentiation and possessed private alleles, suggesting localized genetic variation. Cluster and principal coordinate analyses revealed extensive overlap among populations for both species, indicating weak population structure and ongoing gene flow across the study area. Overall, the findings suggest that populations of R. apiculata and R. mucronata in East Kalimantan function as genetically connected units rather than as strongly differentiated populations. These results highlight the importance of maintaining habitat connectivity and protecting genetically unique populations to support the long-term resilience and sustainable management of mangrove genetic resources in East Kalimantan.
ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS - Genetic variation found in long-tailed parakeets native to Enggano Island - Genetic information shows population differences among island parakeets - Enggano Island population displays unique genetic characteristics - Results support conservation efforts for long-tailed parakeets on Enggano Island ABSTRACT The Enggano Long-tailed Parakeet is considered as an agricultural pest by farmers on Enggano Island, leading to a continuing decline in its wild population. This study investigated the genetic characteristics, nucleotide composition, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), species-specific barcodes, genetic distances, and phylogenetic relationships of this subspecies using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Fourteen blood samples were collected from community-owned captive birds. Total genomic DNA was extracted using the DNeasy® Blood and Tissue Kit following the Qiagen Spin-Column Protocol. DNA amplification was performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using specific primers at the Zoology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Bengkulu. The amplified DNA was separated on a 2.4% agarose gel and visualized under ultraviolet light. Samples displaying clear DNA bands were subsequently sequenced by Apical Scientific. Sequence data were processed and aligned using MEGA version 11.0, resulting in a 665 bp COI fragment suitable for analysis. A total of 19 SNPs and 12 species-specific barcode sites were identified, indicating a distinct genetic signature in the Enggano population. Conserved sites were highly dominant (97.14%), while variable sites accounted for only 2.86%. Nucleotide composition analysis revealed a higher GC content (50.50%) than AT (49.47%). Genetic distance analysis showed 6 – 11.3% divergence between Psittacula longicauda modesta and other Psittacula species. Phylogenetic reconstruction placed all Enggano individuals in a well-supported monophyletic cluster (bootstrap value = 100), confirming their genetic separation from other parakeet species. These findings indicate low genetic diversity within the Enggano population, likely resulting from geographic isolation and small population size. The identified barcode sites underscore the strong diagnostic potential of the COI gene for molecular identification and taxonomic differentiation. Overall, this study establishes the first genetic baseline for Psittacula longicauda modesta, expands molecular resources available for the genus Psittacula, and provides valuable insights for conservation planning and taxonomic assessment of this endemic subspecies.
ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS - Healthy duck gut shows rich bacterial diversity dominated by Firmicutes. - Duck intestine is enriched in saturated fatty acids compared to the feed. - Short chain fatty acids in duck intestine greatly exceed those in the feed. - Genera Lactobacillus and Ruminococcus are key markers of duck gut health. - Palmitic, stearic, and vaccenic acids emerge as major intestinal lipids. ABSTRACT Fatty acids exhibit antibacterial properties and serve as metabolic substrates for intestinal bacteria, shaping the composition of the microbiota and the synthesis of microbial metabolites. This study aimed to analyze the duck intestinal microbiota community and its fatty acid profile. This study utilized 25 healthy domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) sourced from an intensive laying farm in Central Java, Indonesia. An exploratory observational research design was employed to analyze data obtained from this study. The intestinal bacteria of duck samples were analyzed using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), and fatty acid components using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Duck feed samples were analyzed for nutritional composition using proximate analysis and fatty acid composition using GC-MS. The Simpson and Shannon indices revealed rich microbial diversity in the duck intestine. The abundance of bacteria was dominated by several phyla, such as Firmicutes (82.58%), Actinobacteria (12.25%), and Bacteroidetes (4.27%). The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was 19.32, with the intestine containing greater proportion of saturated fatty acids (74.32%) compared to unsaturated fatty acids (33.62%). Additionally, the concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the duck’s intestine was 15.72 times greater than that found in the feed. Microorganisms, including Bacteroides (2.88%), Faecalibacterium (0.16%), Prevotella (0.08%), Butyricicoccus (0.67%), Ruminococcus (2.2%), Oscillospira (0.02%), and Mucisspirillum (0.018%) are genera that produce SCFA. Bacteria capable of synthesizing medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) were identified, namely Ruminococcaceae UGC-005 (1.85%) and Acinetobacter (0.005%). Bacteria producing saturated long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) were identified, namely Lactobacillus (12.12%), Prevotella (0.08%), and Alistipes (0.13%). Bacteria capable of producing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) metabolites including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) were identified, namely Propionibacterium (0.004%), Lactobacillus (12.12%), and Bifidobacterium (0.21%). In summary, the intestinal microbiota of healthy ducks exhibits considerable diversity and a high diversity index. Various bacterial genera contribute to the production of SCFA, MCFA, and LCFA, as well as the conversion of PUFA into CLA and CLnA metabolites. This baseline microbiota–fatty acid profile can guide microbiota-informed feed optimization and candidate probiotic selection to support SCFA production, gut health, and productivity, and it provides a reference for monitoring dysbiosis and evaluating dietary interventions in intensive duck production systems.
ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS - Mutualism paradigm aligns biodiversity with sustainable development. - Biodiversity acts as a driver for prosperity rather than a constraint. - Integrated policy mixes unlock powerful synergies for global goals. - Reciprocal benefits are vital to moving beyond mere coexistence. ABSTRACT Mainstreaming biodiversity into the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is currently hampered by a prevailing “coexistence” paradigm, which treats conservation and economic development as separate, often conflicting domains. This fragmentation leads to persistent policy silos and unresolved trade-offs, undermining long-term sustainability. This study aimed to critically diagnose the structural limitations of this approach and proposes a transition toward “mutualism”—a framework where biodiversity and development objectives are mutually reinforcing. Adopting a critical review methodology, we synthesized evidence from policy, economic, and scientific sectors. We analyzed specific instruments, such as Nature-based Solutions (NbS) and Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES), to identify the institutional, financial, and social barriers currently constraining their effectiveness. The novelty of this paper lies in the conceptualization of ‘mutualism’ not merely as an ecological metaphor, but as an operational framework for the SDGs that moves beyond the traditional “do no harm” principle to actively engineering reciprocal benefits. We concluded that while existing instruments show promise, they fail to achieve systemic change due to a lack of strategic alignment. To operationalize mutualism, we recommend a strategic shift focusing on three pillars: implementing coherent policy mixes that integrate regulatory and fiscal instruments, establishing inclusive governance to manage trade-offs, and mobilizing finance that rewards verifiable ecological and social synergies.
ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS - The study in Ujung Genteng coast presents clear evidence of moderate macroalgae diversities and community structure linked to environmental parameters and substrate type - The biological indices scores illustrated a spatial distribution pattern of macroalgae assemblages - Understanding these ecological dynamics of macroalgae is crucial for both conservation and sustainable seaweed cultivation. ABSTRACT The study of benthic macroalgae in Ujung Genteng aimed to describe the spatial distribution pattern of benthic macroalgae based on various parameters that support their growth and influence the health status of the marine ecosystem. The study was conducted from May to December 2023. The observation sites were selected using a purposive sampling method across three coastal areas, chosen based on the physical landscape structure and distinct substrate types. The line transect quadrat method was used for data collection. The study identified 41 species of benthic macroalgae from 28 genera and 19 families. The bubble green algae Boergesenia forbesii emerged as the dominant species, accounting for 16.8% of the assemblages, although this difference was not statistically significant. The distribution pattern of macroalgae showed noticeable spatial variation, with the East Zone, located in the eastern part of the coastal area, considered the most favourable habitat, harbouring 32 species with 312 individuals. The health status of the marine ecosystem in Ujung Genteng was relatively good, indicated by moderate Diversity Index (H’) values around 2.52 to 2.70, high Evenness Index (E) values (0.73 to 0.82), and low Dominance Index (D) values (0.09 to 0.11). The measured abiotic factors also fell within ranges that support the growth of benthic macroalgae. Keywords: benthic macroalgae, spatial, distribution patterns, Ujung Genteng
ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS - Examines mercury accumulation in leaves and roots of nine mangrove species near gold mines - Shows mangroves can stabilize, extract, and accumulate mercury - Evaluates translocation, bioaccumulation, and phytoremediation potential - Identifies mangroves as indicators of mercury contamination - Supports selecting suitable mangrove species for reforestation of contaminated coasts ABSTRACT This study aims to determine the ability to analyze the accumulation of mercury heavy metals in mangrove organs (leaves and roots) and sediments in potentially polluted areas of the coastal mangrove ecosystem of Sekotong, West Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. This research was conducted on mangrove ecosystems adjacent to conventional gold processing areas. Mercury content analysis was carried out on nine types of mangroves found (Avicennia marina, Bruguiera cylindrica, Clerodendrom inerme, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa, Scyphiphora hydrophyllaceae, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, and Lumnitzera racemosa) including leaves, mangrove roots and sediments found under the stands of each type. Sample testing using the AAS (Atomic Absorbtion Spectrophotometer) method. The results showed that the content of mercury heavy metals in the lower substrate of each type of mangrove showed an average of 0.30±0.122 ppm, which was on average lower than the average accumulation of mercury in leaves (0.48±0.716 ppm) and roots (0.33±0.204 ppm). Further analysis showed that four mangroves had the ability to phytostabilize against mercury heavy metals with an average value of TSFs of more than one (Bruguiera gymnorrihza, Clerodendrom inerma, Lumnitzera racemosa, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea), and five others as phytoextractors (Avicennia marina, Bruguiera cylindrica, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, and Rhizophora stylosa) with the value of TSFs>1. The interval of leaf BAFs was between 0.02-15.73 with an average of 2.65±4.961 leaf BAFs and root BAFs between 0.04-4.33 with an average of 1.45±1.280 while the FTD value of Sekotong mangrove leaves at the interval (-0.48)-8.12 with an average of 1.10±2.275 and the root FTD at the interval (-5.55)-3.87 with an average of -0.10±2.449. Root FTD values showing a negative mean value (-0.10±2.449) indicate that the distribution of mercury tends to be higher in the upper part of the plant (leaves).
ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS - Studies on Musca domestica secondary metabolites remain limited. - BSLA results showed significant cytotoxicity in all extracts (aqueous, ethanolic, and 50:50 aqueous–ethanolic). - Extracts contained amides, alcohols, amines, and alkenes. - Amides and alkenes may contribute to cytotoxic activity. - The right wing of the housefly shows potential for future bioactive compound and drug discovery studies. ABSTRACT The housefly (Musca domestica) is a disease vector, yet its survival in pathogenic environments suggests an effective innate immune system. The right wing, often overlooked, is hypothesized to serve as a reservoir for secondary metabolites and has been shown to inhibit pathogen colonization. This study aimed to assess the cytotoxicity and identify functional groups in the right wing of M. domestica to elucidate their significance. Three extracts (aqueous, ethanolic, and 50:50 aqueous-ethanolic) were tested using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay (BSLA) for cytotoxicity screening. The BSLA results showed that all three extracts were toxic after 24 hours, with the aqueous extract exhibiting the highest toxicity value, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was performed on the most toxic-the aqueous extract-and confirmed the presence of amide, alcohol, amine, and alkene functional groups. The presence of these groups supports the existence of previously isolated bioactive compounds in the right wing, such as antimicrobial peptides and 1-lysophosphatidylethanolamine. These functional groups, particularly amides and alkenes, are known to enhance cytotoxicity. In conclusion, the right wing of M. domestica is a potential bioactive source for drug discovery, with its extracts proving cytotoxic and containing key functional groups. For further study, comparative analyses across different maturity stages of M. domestica are recommended to determine the most suitable stage for medicinal use.
ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS • Indigenous communities read animal signs as early warnings for nature events • Shared experiences shape how different animal behaviours gain meaning • Local wisdom shows animals as sensitive partners in human survival ABSTRACT Observing animal behavior and daily activities can help humans gain knowledge and derive practical benefits. A mixed-method approach, combining desk-based study and telephone interviews, was employed to collect data from seven major Papuan tribal groups. The desk study involved the collection of approximately 2,000 references published between 1980 and 2020 using keyword-based searches conducted with specialized software. Data were also provided by leaders from the seven major communities. The collected data were analyzed using Rayyan, VoS Viewer, Crammer’s Phi, and Microsoft Excel. The principal findings indicate that 14 publications addressed topics related to animal signaling and community beliefs. The animals recognized by the seven major tribal group as exhibiting signals included mammals (52%), fish (8%), reptiles (12%), amphibians (8%), birds (4%), and insects (16%). Animals were reported to convey signals through vocalizations (sounds), appearance, body parts, wastes, tracks, constructed objects, and odors. The result of Crammer’s Phi analysis showed (168) = 219.48, P = 0.0046, df = 168, = 0.05 and 0.01, and φc = 0.0105 (1%). This results indicate a significant association between perceived values in interpreting animal signals and tribal community groups in West Papua. A Cartesian graph demonstrated low-to-high levels of both animal signaling and beliefs. Beliefs and practices related to animal sensitivity and communication vary across cultures and communities worldwide. Many indigenous communities maintain a deep spiritual connection with nature and animals, viewing them as sentient beings with their own forms of communication and sensitivity.
ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS - The study examined Terminalia foetidissima and Terminalia copelandii, native Philippine species that remain underutilized due to limited data despite their strong potential for the wood industry. - Wood characterization helps evaluate their fiber properties and potential contribution to meeting increasing wood demand. - The research focused on fiber morphology and derived values of both species grown in Maguindanao, Philippines. - The findings provide reliable baseline data on the basic wood characteristics of these two native Terminalia species. ABSTRACT Talisay-gubat (Terminalia foetidissima Griff.) and Lanipau (Terminalia copelandii Elmer.) are among the Terminalia spp. native in the Philippines. The fiber morphology and derived values of the two species were characterized in this study. Wood samples were collected from matured trees (approximately 10 to 20-yr-old) grown in Maguindanao del Norte (07°08′N 124°16′E). Collected samples were macerated for three-hours, wood fibers were observed under a microscope and then measured using the ImageJ Software. Results showed that T. foetidissima wood exhibited larger fiber diameter (0.041mm), and lumen diameter (0.028mm) with higher flexibility ratio (71.727%). While T. copelandii exhibited longer fiber (1.677mm) with higher cell wall fraction (33.688%), Runkel ratio (0.598), slenderness ratio (51.510), Mulhsteph ratio (51.813%), rigidity coefficient (0.163), and Luce’s shape factor (0.390). Moreover, t-test analysis showed no significant differences in the fiber morphology and derived values. The results indicated that both T. foetidissima and T. copelandii fibers show favorable qualities for pulp and paper production and composite materials. To fully confirm their potential and suitability, however, it is essential to examine other wood properties, including physical, mechanical, and chemical characteristics, as well as factors such as diameter and age classes, height levels, and wood types.
ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS - Floodplain vegetation in the Songkhla Lake Basin comprises 109 vascular plant species grouped into five community types. - Inundation depth and human disturbance are the main factors shaping plant community composition. - The flora is dominated by perennial terrestrial and helophytic (marsh) plants. - Human activities accelerate secondary succession in floodplain areas. - This process causes a decline of rare native species. - Urgent conservation measures are needed to protect native plants and maintain aquatic refugia. ABSTRACT This study examined plant diversity in the threatened Songkhla Lake Basin floodplain, a vital yet degrading wetland. Carried out from September 2022 to January 2024 across ten plots using the Braun-Blanquet method and cluster analysis, the research aimed to document floristic composition, identify influencing factors, and assess the conservation status. As many as 109 vascular plant species (91 genera, 55 families) were identified in this study, mainly represented by Poaceae and Cyperaceae. Perennial terrestrial plants (64%) and helophytes (24.2%) were dominant. Five distinct vegetation communities were classified based on inundation depth. Results showed that human disturbances, such as agriculture and irrigation, speed up secondary succession, resulting in permanent habitat loss, decline of rare native species, and increased invasion by alien species. The findings emphasized an urgent need to conserve these remaining floodplain ecosystems.
