This review paper aims to elucidate the critical genetic parameters essential for effective forest tree improvement, emphasizing the nature and extent of genetic variability, its inheritance, and the complexity of key growth and adaptive traits. Forest trees, characterized by long generation cycles, extensive genetic diversity, and strong environmental interactions, require precise genetic evaluation tools for selecting superior genotypes. By assessing parameters such as Genetic Coefficient of Variation (GCV), heritability, and Genetic Advance as a percentage of Mean (GAM), along with correlation analysis, path coefficient analysis, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA), this review presents a comprehensive framework for optimizing tree breeding strategies. High GCV values help identify traits with substantial inherent variability, while heritability and GAM provide insights into trait transmissibility and expected genetic gain under selection. The review underscores that traits exhibiting high GCV, heritability, and GAM are most suitable for early selection in forest tree breeding programs. Furthermore, multivariate tools such as cluster analysis and PCA facilitate the identification of genetically diverse parent trees and reduce trait dimensionality for strategic hybridization. Overall, the findings highlight that a thorough understanding and application of genetic parameters can significantly enhance decision-making in forest tree improvement, ultimately accelerating genetic gains and contributing to the development of high-yielding, climate-resilient, and commercially valuable tree populations.
Macrophages are highly plastic innate immune effectors that integrate tissue-derived, metabolic, inflammatory, and developmental signals to regulate tumour progression and immune surveillance. This plasticity, however, can be exploited by the tumour microenvironment (TME), limiting macrophage-mediated phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and inflammatory activity. Chimeric antigen receptor-modified macrophages (CAR-M) have emerged as an engineered myeloid immunotherapy designed to couple antigen-specific recognition with phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and TME remodelling. This review examines the mechanistic basis of CAR-M function, with particular emphasis on macrophage state plasticity, CAR architecture, phagocytic regulation, immunosuppressive TME constraints, innate immune checkpoints, metabolic adaptation, and interactions with adaptive immunity. Preclinical studies demonstrate the capacity of CAR-M to enhance tumour recognition and reshape immunosuppressive niches, whereas early clinical investigation has primarily established feasibility, safety, tumour trafficking, and biological activity rather than definitive therapeutic efficacy. Key translational challenges include target selection, macrophage source and manufacturing, phenotypic stability after tumour entry, functional persistence, potency assessment, inflammatory toxicity, and scalable quality-controlled production. Emerging strategies incorporating synthetic signalling, metabolic or epigenetic reprogramming, and combinatorial checkpoint modulation may improve CAR-M function, but many remain preclinical or conceptual. By critically distinguishing established mechanisms from emerging and speculative approaches, this review positions CAR-M within the broader landscape of engineered innate immunity and outlines a translational roadmap for developing macrophage-based therapies in cancer. Multidimensional immune reprogramming and translational trajectory of CAR-macrophage therapy- Chimeric antigen receptor engineered macrophages (CAR-Ms) integrate antigen-directed phagocytosis, antigen processing and presentation, and context-dependent inflammatory signalling to coordinate tumour clearance with adaptive immune activation. CAR-dependent immune-state, metabolic, and epigenetic reprogramming may further reshape the tumour microenvironment (TME), potentially enhancing immune infiltration and attenuating local immunosuppression. These mechanisms provide a framework for investigating CAR-M applications in oncology and emerging non-oncological settings. Clinical translation remains constrained by antigenheterogeneity, TME-mediated suppression, cellular persistence, manufacturing scalability, on-target/off-tumour effects, and inflammatory toxicity.
Mosquito-borne diseases always remain a significant threat to public health and result in millions of deaths each year. High dependence on synthetic insecticides has led to severe ecological consequences. It has made the mosquito population resistant and caused harmful effects on non-targeted species, leading to environmental pollution. This review analyses a promising and eco-friendly alternative larvicidal agent derived from plants rich in bioactive phytochemicals that actively target mosquitoes. Plants have a wide range of metabolites, such as terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and sulfur-containing compounds with strong larvicidal and insecticidal properties. All of these natural substances affect mosquito larvae through various mechanisms. The mechanism includes neurotoxicity, growth inhibition, and enzyme disruption and many more. The chemical classification, mechanism of action, and effectiveness of these phytochemicals against key mosquito genera such as Aedes, Culex, and Anopheles are analyzed. This review emphasizes how different extraction methods from traditional maceration and Soxhlet to modern ultrasound- and microwave-assisted techniques significantly influence plant-based compounds’ yield and larvicidal effectiveness. Medicinal plants such as Azadirachta indica, Ocimum basilicum, and Artemisia annua are important for their roles in traditional healing and vector control. Mainly medicinal plant species, have already been studied concerning their larvicidal properties, yet unknowingly, Caesalpinia mimosoides hasn’t been thoroughly examined. Larvicides that rely on plants represent a scientific breakthrough and a shift towards healthier, more ethical, and environmentally sustainable forms of vector control.
Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. It affects around 8–13
The present work deals with enhancing the thermal conductivity of organic phase change material (PCM), such as Paraffin wax, using an Al-spiral wire foam structure and storing solar energy for medium-temperature applications. In this regard, PCM (especially paraffin wax) can play a major role in storing solar energy and waste industrial heat in the form of latent heat using non-hazardous chemicals. Paraffin wax has poor thermal conductivity; thereby, heat transfer to the PCM is very sluggish. In this regard, LHTES were fabricated using a spiral foam structure made with aluminum wire. Spirals of different (4 mm, 5 mm 6 mm) internal diameters were used. It has been observed that the Al spiral structure remarkably improved the thermal conductivity and thus reduced the heating time by half in comparison to pure PCM, and the storage efficiency also improved. It was found that PCM with a 5 mm Al spiral structure showed the best performance in terms of overall thermal efficiency, around 79
