Digital development is steadily creating new challenges and stress tests for the global energy infrastructure. However, with the emergence and popularization of mining activities and the proliferation of data centres, the condition and capacity of power grids have become critical issues for the proper functioning of lighting networks, as well as the entire national economy. The purpose of this study is to conduct a comprehensive study and assessment of the impact of mining activities and data centres on the condition of lighting networks, including an analysis of the sensitivity of LED equipment to power quality fluctuations caused by mining and server loads. The objective of the study is to identify key issues and pain points in the operation of lighting networks due to the proliferation of mining activities and data centres, as well as to identify possible actions to mitigate energy risks. The article concludes on the possibility of optimizing energy consumption when adapting mining data centres for data processing for the development of AI technologies. The key reasons for introducing regional restrictions on mining activities are also formulated, which are related specifically to issues of the stability of electrical networks, consumption meters, and ensuring the normal functioning of electronics and lighting equipment during peak loads.
Improving the energy efficiency of indoor lighting systems is a key strategy for reducing electricity consumption without compromising visual comfort. This study presents a performance assessment of Artificial Intelligence (AI) based daylight prediction models for open-loop indoor lighting control and compares their energy-saving impact with a reference closed-loop system. Real-world daylight data collected over a two-year period from a public building forms the basis of the analysis. The closed-loop system employs sensors at each measurement point, while the open-loop alternative leverages machine learning-based daylight prediction models using parameters such as room dimensions, wall reflectance, window size, measurement point distance from windows, and spatial orientation. Eight regression-based prediction models were developed and evaluated, among which the Support Vector Regression (SVR) model demonstrated the highest accuracy, while Theil-Sen Regressor yielded the lowest. The energy analysis was conducted specifically for electrical lighting electricity consumption, and results reveal that closed-loop control systems can reduce annual electricity consumption for lighting by up to 52 %, whereas open-loop systems achieve savings between 33 % and 40 %. Despite its superior performance, the closed-loop approach incurs higher installation and operational costs, resulting in a payback period of approximately from 8 to 10 years. These findings highlight the potential of AI-assisted open-loop lighting control systems as a cost-effective solution for retrofitting existing buildings.
This article provides a legal analysis of the use of financial leasing of lighting equipment in Russian public procurement and explores ways to integrate energy-performance incentives. The study aims to identify key shortcomings of the current lighting equipment leasing model for state and municipal needs and to substantiate the contractual structure of "energy-saving leasing" that links payments to actual energy savings. The methodological basis is an analysis of tender documentation for large-scale procurement under Federal Law No. 44, a comparison of the leasing and energy-performance models, and a doctrinal and regulatory interpretation of Article 327.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the mechanism for standard contract terms. It is shown that Russian lighting equipment leasing practice reproduces the classic financial lease model with fixed payments, which ignores energy savings and shifts the risk of failure to achieve savings to the public client. The paper substantiates the possibility of transforming such contracts into a hybrid "energy-saving leasing" model by introducing a two-component leasing fee structure and tying the variable portion to the achieved savings. The practical significance lies in the proposal of a regulatory framework for codifying these terms in standard contracts, which simultaneously improves the energy efficiency of lighting modernization projects and reduces corruption risks in public procurement.
Simulating the solar radiation spectrum reflected by the Earth atmosphere for trace gas retrievals, such as CO2 and CH4, typically involves solving the radiative transfer equation (RTE), a computationally intensive process due to the multiple scattering term. To accelerate computations, we utilize a fast Python-based radiative transfer model FALCAS that approximates multiple scattering by introducing a virtual layer with isotropic scattering. This allows to mimic the results of the models with full multiple scattering treatment, yet to significantly reduce computation time. We develop an algorithm for retrieving CO2 and CH4 concentrations using FALCAS and evaluate its accuracy against a discrete ordinate model PYDOME. The CO2 and CH4 retrievals are performed using FALCAS from synthetic spectra generated by PYDOME in the (1500–1750) nm spectral range, considering various aerosol and geometric conditions. The error in retrieved concentrations is about 2.0 % for the aerosol optical thickness of about 0.9. This result remains robust under noise and convolution effects as well as across varying geometries, with errors under 5 % at a signal-to-noise ratio of 50.
As the population is increasing daily, the need for energy continues to increase gradually. Since tunnels require continuous lighting day and night, the energy consumed for the tunnel is quite high. Approximately 20 % of the energy consumed in Türkiye is used in lighting. Road lighting has a high share of outdoor lighting. New-generation technologies in lighting are rapidly being adopted, followed, and implemented. Lighting systems are preferred to become smarter, more economical, and more comfortable. Many automations and smart technology solutions are used for energy efficiency and energy saving. One of the most effective solutions for the development of smart lighting systems is the use of universal protocols. In this study, information about the protocols for the control of LED luminaires, used in the lighting of tunnels, is given. In addition, the lighting of Hekimhan T1 Tunnel in Malatya Province is discussed, DALI (Digital Addressable Lighting Interface) and 0–10 V / 1–10 V Analogue Lighting Control Protocol are applied on this tunnel, and the results are analysed. The lighting design was made using the DALI protocol and then the amount of energy consumed for lighting, operating cost, maintenance and initial installation cost were calculated. The design also was made using the 0–10 / V1–10 V Analogue Lighting Control Protocol. Then, a comparison and recommendations were made.
The digital transformation of regulatory and supervisory activities (RSA) in Russia, aimed at implementing a risk-based and predictive approach, faces systemic legal gaps. Smart lighting systems (SLSs), which are evolving into distributed IoT sensor networks, serve as a "testing ground" for analysing these issues. Research confirms the technological readiness of such systems for automated data collection for regulatory purposes; however, it reveals a critical dependence on data quality standards and metrological verification. This article aims to legally analyse the possibilities and limits of using smart lighting data in RSA for lighting in frame of the "Society 5.0" concept 1 and the sustainable development goals (SDGs), which require ensuring trust in technologies through algorithmic accountability (Explainable AI). The methodology includes a systemic analysis of Russian legislation, a comparative legal study of EU approaches, and a technical and legal analysis of smart lighting architecture. The results identify key issues: the legal uncertainty surrounding the status of machine-generated data, the lack of legislatively established quality standards for integration into geoinformation system (GIS), and a legal vacuum in the area of algorithmic accountability and interoperability. An analysis of new national standards confirms the fragmentation of technical regulation and the persistent gap with the needs of smart city data centres. The conclusion provides recommendations for adapting legislation, including the development of industry-specific IoT data quality standards and AI system quality profiles for smart city data centres, pilot projects to algorithmize standard verification using XAI approaches, and the introduction of requirements for technological interoperability of smart city infrastructure.
Today, the rapid growth of cities and the increasing energy demand make it necessary to re-evaluate road lighting systems in terms of both safety and energy efficiency. Road lighting is critical to the safety, aesthetics, and accessibility of cities. Many existing road lighting infrastructures suffer from problems such as high energy consumption, low efficiency, increased maintenance costs, and environmental impacts. Moreover, despite technological advances, lighting systems in many cities have not been sufficiently optimized. This poses a significant problem for the sustainable use of energy resources and the reduction of carbon emissions. This study presents a comparative analysis of the technical, economic, and environmental impacts of street lighting lamps powered by the electricity distribution grid, solar street lamps, and off-grid solar power plants. This analysis demonstrates that renewable energy-based systems offer advantages in both energy efficiency and sustainability. The study will be an important guide for municipalities, construction companies, and urban planners, who want to choose the most appr
Based on the idea that "cold light is architecture's phenomenological tool", this study explores the transformative role of light on the experience of space. Accordingly, cold light is not merely a lighting element; it is a design language that directly influences the way users perceive, experience, and existentially position themselves in space. According to the phenomenological approach, architecture is not merely a formal act but the shaping of human consciousness and sensory experience. In this context, cold light is one of the most effective tools an architect uses to design experiences. Therefore, cold light in architecture can be a powerful and phenomenological control tool that governs users' psychological and cognitive states.
The second part of the review opens with a brief section on some long-observed effects and paradoxes of colour perception that only became more or less understood in the latter half of the 20th century, after detailed studies of the specifics of the neural colour-coding system. It then examines the mechanisms responsible for chromatic vision, starting from the sensory mosaic of the retina and layers of the lateral geniculate body and ending with the primary and deeper areas of the visual cortex. Next, after a short departure from the rational knowledge of colour sensation towards its artistic-emotional perception, the review considers modern approaches to colour space models and chromaticity diagrams that are preferred in scientific works on the physiology of human chromatism. In this case, an opportunity arises to compare two main approaches to the study of colour sensation – the physical approach, based on the objective properties of spectral light sources, and the psychophysiological approach, which takes into account the evolution and current state of the colour-coding neural system. Finally, at the end of this part of the review, models of chromatic adaptation and anomalies of colour vision developed in the late 20th century are analysed. The consequences that have resulted from the active use of LED-based lighting devices, ever more sophisticated LCD monitors and holographic technologies, as well as the latest achievements of molecular genetics in deciphering the mechanism of colour sensation, will be discussed in the third part of the review.
Historic buildings pose challenges for daylighting improvements due to preservation constraints, however, improving their performance is essential for climate goals. This study seeks to improve daylighting performance, thermal comfort, and energy efficiency in historic buildings while maintaining their historic value through various design strategies, including glass upgrades, shading elements, and light tube integration, using a multi-objective optimization model. To analyse the performance of the model, two case studies from distinct climates, Mediterranean and Temperate Oceanic, were evaluated through Grasshopper plug-ins, Ladybug and Honeybee, and optimized via Octopus plug-in. A machine learning tool, Dodo plug-in was integrated to speed up the evaluation process and estimate simulation results while exploring a larger number of design alternatives. The optimization results reveal that daylighting strategies improved UDI up to 83.6 % and reduced ASE to 0 %, and improved TCP up to 6.73%, while energy use decreased by up to 8.81 % with shading and light tubes proving most effective in warm climates and roof windows in colder ones. The study confirms that performance-based design can enhance environmental efficiency without compromising buildings' historic values.
Lighting is not a static element, but a dynamic component of urban life. Therefore, a contemporary street lighting fixture, open to innovation and adhering to international standards, should be designed without neglecting basic needs. This design should prioritize environmental safety, creating well-lit urban areas, and also consider energy efficiency and public well-being. Designing an effective street lighting fixture requires a careful balance. It requires technical expertise, community participation, and a forward-thinking approach. Finding all these parameters may not always be possible everywhere. Therefore, for sustainability, it has become necessary to design outdoor lighting fixtures for streets and avenues independently, using the TRIZ methodology in particular and similar methods in general. This ideal fixture embodies the fundamental philosophy of TRIZ: beneficial functions are maximised, harmful functions and costs are eliminated. The system manages itself, eliminating the need for external intervention. Optimization using TRIZ transforms passive equipment (lighting fixtures) into active, data-generating urban nodes. This approach provides a holistic engineering solution that maximizes efficiency by simultaneously utilizing energy, labour, and infrastructure resources.
This article describes the development of a spectral-gonio radiometric system created at the Department of Lighting Engineering at Ogarev National Research Mordovia State University. The system's primary purpose is to establish an experimental base for developing and verifying simplified methods for calculating radiant flux for sources with complex spatial configurations, such as compact and U-shaped UV lamps. The system enables measurements of the spectral and spatial distribution of irradiation devices, generating IES files for subsequent use in computer-aided design (CAD) systems. The system was tested using Healthy Light irradiators, for which spectral distribution and spatial diagrams of erythemal radiation intensity were obtained. The system will eventually become the primary tool for developing new calculation methods, as well as for designing fittings and modern irradiation systems with germicidal and vital action.
The problem associated with the process of solar insolation is considered, that is, with the influx of sunlight onto the Earth's surface, in particular onto buildings, urban development areas, and other objects. It is used in architecture, urban planning, bioclimatology, ecology to assess the level of solar radiation and illumination that a certain area receives over a certain period of time. The Lightplanograf‑2 measuring device is a tablet type device that relates to the field of construction, urban development, energy, solar engineering and is aimed at creating a device for conducting an energy audit of solar radiation entering buildings and their surfaces and open areas, as well as for assessing the level of illumination. The modified light-insolation device Lightplanograf‑2 of the tablet type, made on a transparent film, is a measuring device that allows to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative indicators of insolation and lighting of rooms, facades of buildings in conditions of multi-story development. The device can be used to optimize the volumetric-spatial, architectural-planning solution of buildings and developments, rational arrangement of windows, balconies, sun protection devices, and other elements of facade systems in order to use solar lighting and heat as much as possible. The paper presents a methodology for developing and using a universal digital light-insolation device Lightplanograf‑2, which provides a systematic approach to measuring and analysing insolation and lighting, which contributes to more efficient use of solar resources both in scientific research and in practice. The introduction of this methodology can significantly improve the quality of design and planning in construction and urban development, as well as improve the environmental sustainability of urban areas. The device, operating principle, and development of theoretical and methodological provisions concerning the modern modification of the device are covered in detail. Its significance and application cover several key aspects both in scientific research and in practical activities.
The relevance of the study is determined by the strategic role of improving energy efficiency in achieving climate goals and ensuring energy security, as well as the need to develop effective mechanisms of state control and supervision of product compliance with established requirements in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). A comparative legal analysis of the institutional and procedural foundations of control and supervisory activities in the field of energy efficiency of lighting products in the EAEU and the European Union (EU) was conducted. The regulatory framework for the study was formed by technical regulations of the EAEU (TR EAEU 048/2019, etc.) and secondary law acts of the EU (Regulations 2019/2020, 2019/2015). It has been established that the EU’s monitoring system, developed over 40 years of product-based energy efficiency policy evolution, is characterized by a comprehensive assessment methodology (considering service life and maintainability), harmonized risk-based market surveillance institutions, and a sanctioning mechanism focused on proportionality and prevention. Its political foundation is the “Energy Efficiency First” principle, reinforced by the integration of social aspects (combatting energy poverty and a just transition). In contrast, the EAEU system exhibits methodological lag, fragmentation of institutional powers, a focus on post-control, and a non-harmonized sanctions regime, which creates conditions for regulatory arbitrage and reduces the effectiveness of oversight. The identified differences are systemic and reflect the different stages of development of the philosophy of technical regulation: from narrow standardization to the integration of economic, environmental, and social objectives. Based on the analysis, recommendations wereformulated for harmonizing regulatory and supervisory activities within the EAEU, including: modernizing the energy efficiency assessment methodology in line with modern technologies; implementing a risk-based approach to inspection planning; creating a unified supervisory information system; harmonizing sanctions; and initiating a discussion on incorporating the social aspects of energy efficiency into the Union’s political agenda.
Due to the scarcity of fossil energy resources and increasing energy costs, the energy-efficient design of buildings has become a key issue for designers. Lighting is one of the most important architectural elements in creating visually comfortable spaces and plays a major role in a building's energy performance. This study presents an approach that considers the EN 15193–1 + A1 standard to estimate lighting energy performance in offices. To estimate performance, three office volumes were first created and electrical lighting and daylighting alternatives that affect office lighting were produced. The study created scenarios consisting of variations in window shape, light transmittance of the glass, solar control elements, and orientation features for daylighting, as well as different lamp types and control systems for electrical lighting. The aim of this research is to determine the annual lighting energy performance by evaluating lighting design alternatives. The analysis showed that using LED lamps has the most significant effect on energy consumption, providing up to (35–50) % energy savings compared to fluorescent lamps. The automatic control system saved almost 10 % of energy compared to the manual option. Of all the variables in the natural lighting system, orientation had the greatest impact on the total amount of lighting energy used throughout the year. Taking the window shape and glass light transmittance parameters into account, it was found that, although the annual lighting energy requirements differed between the alternatives, these differences were minimal.
The widespread adoption of LED headlights and lithium batteries by commercial vehicles as part of import substitution is creating unresolved legal conflicts. The essence of the conflict: replacing a halogen bulb with an LED in a standard headlight inevitably violates the boundary between light and shadow, which, without recertification, directly violates traffic safety requirements. At the same time, environmental regulations require the disposal of failed LED devices as hazardous waste, without providing a viable infrastructure. Carriers are faced with a dilemma: bear the costs of a certified headlight, a waste certificate, and a licensee, or violate regulations, risking fines and business interruption. The goal is to identify legal conflicts and propose changes to legislation (de lege ferenda) and develop an algorithm for the legal write-off of LED headlights for commercial vehicles. Methods: formal legal, systemic interpretation, comparative legal, legal modelling, economic analysis of law, analysis of law enforcement practice, legal forecasting. Scientific novelty: for the first time, the legal problems of freight carriers in the transition to energy-saving lighting technology have been systematized with an assessment of economic risks and substantiation of foreign experience (EU, Germany). Practical significance: the results can be used in preparing amendments to TR CU 018/2011, laws No. 89-FZ and No. 40-FZ, and as a checklist for legal services. Key findings: A conflict was identified between the ban on aftermarket lighting and the requirement to dispose of used LED headlights as Class III – IV hazardous waste; a typical violation scenario was established; and five legislative amendments were proposed.
The renovation of the urban environment of Krasnogorsky Square in Sergiev Posad through the use of lighting design is a significant project aimed at both updating and preserving the authenticity of the monumental ensemble of the city, which is located near The Holy Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra, the largest male stavropegic (directly subordinate to the Patriarch) monastery of the Russian Orthodox Church and the spiritual centre of Russia. The lighting project for the renovation of the historic square has been designated as a part of a state program to create a nationally-oriented urban environment. To achieve this goal, a systematic approach to the project is proposed, which involves considering the various components of the project in an integrated manner. This includes spatial elements, lighting technologies, functional and decorative solutions, as well as their socio-cultural significance. As a result, a proposal for the design renovation of an urban historical square was made, including the development of routes and the functional zoning of the area. A set of lighting and technical solutions was also proposed, as well as a master-plan for the lighting renovation of the square. Thanks to an optimal design solution, this plan can be adapted for various events, from religious celebrations to secular gatherings. The lighting design tool allows for the integration of the project into the museum environment without damaging valuable historical artifacts. The research for this project was based on a training project that was created as part of a degree course at the Department of Environmental Design at the Russian State University of Design and Applied Arts (Stroganov University).
In this work we solve the problem of controlling the lens surface by comparing it with a calculated (reference) model. For this purpose, 3D scanning is used, which results in the formation of a point cloud describing the actual geometry of the sample. The resulting point cloud is approximated in order to construct a continuous surface. Then, the resulting experimental surface is compared with the calculated model, and a deviation analysis is performed. The discrepancies are assessed taking into account permissible technological deviations.
The article provides a legal analysis of the copyright regime of stage lighting in the context of the technological evolution of the performing arts industry and examines the criteria for distinguishing a copyrightable lighting design work from a technical lighting service. The purpose of the study is to identify the legal uncertainty in qualifying stage lighting as a copyright object, caused by the absence in legislation and doctrine of measurable parameters of originality for dynamic and intangible lighting solutions, and to substantiate the possibility of granting them copyright protection. The methodological basis is a comparative legal analysis of judicial practice, doctrinal sources, as well as an interpretation of originality criteria in relation to the physical parameters of light (intensity, spectral composition, modulation frequency, beam direction). It is shown that the current legal doctrine does not operate with the parameters of perception of lighting compositions, and judicial practice demonstrates contradictory approaches: from recognising the lighting designer as an author to qualifying the gaffer's activity as auxiliary, not generating copyright. The article substantiates the possibility of recognising stage lighting as an independent copyright object, provided that the author's creative choice was not dictated exclusively by technical imperatives, and also proposes objective originality criteria. The practical significance lies in the development of clarifications for the Intellectual Property Court, which would eliminate legal uncertainty, ensure protection of the rights of lighting designers, and differentiate creative solutions from technical services in stage art.
The dominant use of electrical lighting systems in modern architecture risks severing the temporal and spatial connection that an individual has with daylight. The fundamental problem here is not that electrical light should be seen as an alternative to daylight. The issue is how to strategically integrate electrical light as a complement that supports the sensory depth and biological rhythm it offers. This study addresses the critical role of material and light interaction in constructing the ontological identity of a space and the user experience on a scientific level. Successful architectural design does not perceive electrical light as a substitute for daylight. On the contrary, when electrical light is positioned as an element that reinforces temporal awareness in architectural design, the permanence and impact of architectural works increase. The most concrete evidence of this approach is that architectural works that skillfully blend natural and electrical light from the past to the present continue to inspire, defying time. Ultimately, a holistic design methodology that centres biological and psychological sustainability, balancing the temporal awareness of daylight with the controllability of electrical light, enhances the impact of architectural design.
