The subject of the research is colour measuring instruments. The aim of the work is to classify colour measuring instruments and the fields of colorimetry. The methodology and methods of the research are based on the basic concepts, principles and methods of scientific research, such as the principle of systematicity, the principle of cause-and-effect relationships, methods of a systems approach and comparative analysis, and the intellectualization of information processes. The research is based on classification as a method that allows for the description of a multi-level, branched system of elements and their relationships. As a results: the classification of spectral and integral colour measuring instruments for non-luminous colour objects can be compared with the classification of optoelectronic devices and systems. However, in modern realities, some adjustments are necessary. Therefore, the author's classification was proposed. Also, based on the research, a classification of systems, types, and devices of technical colorimetry is presented. Practical significance of the work is that classification was prepared in such a way as to create the most comprehensive overview of the main technical colorimetric systems, devices, and instruments; explain the difference between a colour space and a colour system; consider the methods of colour registration. The presented material should help researchers, using colour digital recorders in their experiments, eliminate colour loss and, consequently, measurement errors already at the recording stage.
The prospects for a rapid, non-contact quality-control method for salmon fillets based on visible-hyperspectral imaging are analysed. It is shown that the traditional method of quality assessment using the reference SalmoFan colour scale, applied to rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon fillets, is prone to the inherent risks of visual inspection, specifically subjectivity and metamerism, and introduces significant error when analysing other salmonid species, particularly sockeye salmon. The proposed method involves capturing spectral images of the fillet surface, converting the reflectance spectra to CIE 1964 chromaticity coordinates, and classifying them. This process enables the construction of maps showing the spatial distribution of colour characteristics that reflect carotenoid content. It has been established that the hyperspectral approach can provide an objective, reproducible, non-contact, and high-throughput assessment of product quality. The proposed method enables the development of a quality assessment and control system for salmonid fillets of distinct species on a unified methodological and instrumental basis, and, in the future, allows for the identification of the contribution of numerous factors to the current state of the product.
This study proposes a novel design method for compact, high-flexibility freeform lenses to generate high-quality rectangular light spots for electrical skylight systems. By employing rectangular grid partitioning, the design overcomes typical issues in conventional systems such as structural complexity and non-uniform illuminance. The resulting lens offers improved illuminance uniformity and sharp edge definition without increasing the system's physical size. To optimize performance, three key innovations are introduced: (i) a down-sampling modelling technique that enhances simulation precision while reducing computation time; (ii) an energy surface clipping method that removes rays undergoing total internal reflection, improving light distribution; and (iii) a UV surface construction approach that merges discrete points into a smooth freeform surface, effectively minimizing edge distortion. The proposed design was validated through optical simulations and experimental implementation using LUXEON C white LEDs. Results demonstrate its effectiveness in forming well-defined, uniform rectangular light spots. Additionally, the design's scalability was tested under extended light source conditions and for larger target areas. Genetic algorithms were employed to optimize LED array configurations, further enhancing optical performance. This work provides a scalable and efficient optical solution for electrical skylight applications, offering high-quality lighting effects suitable for integration into arch
The paper aims to measure experimentally the transmittance coefficients (TC) of different materials in the sub-terahertz range at a frequency of 97.8 GHz to justify choice of materials when designing sub-terahertz range systems. Despite the publications existed on this topic the experimental data obtained in the work are important, since the composition of materials, as well as the weave structure of fabric composition, change over time which leads to values of the TC differing from those measured 20 years ago. The measurements were carried out at a frequency of 97.8 GHz using a pass-through scheme with a Tera‑1024 matrix camera and an IMPATT-diode generator. For polymer, structural and radio-absorbing materials the influence of the layers number (1–3) on the measurement results was investigated, while for 19 textile materials the difference between air-dry and moisture conditions was studied. Teflon and foam plastic are shown to have a TC of T≈1.0, while the radio-absorbing material provides attenuation of >21 dB. Air-dry fabrics generally transmit radiation almost completely (T = 0.87–0.99), and moistening reduces the TC by (2–70) times. The expanded relative uncertainty for measurements was (1.22–12.15) % with a coverage factor of k = 2 (95 % confidence level). The results of the completed work allow predicting quantitatively the losses of sub-terahertz radiation in real materials and justify their selection in sub-terahertz range systems. The limitations of the work are a fixed frequency and a qualitative assessment of moistening. Further studies are planne
This article examines the implementation of automated lighting control systems (hereinafter referred to as ALCS) in Russian greenhouse complexes, focusing on legal regulation, standardization, and certification. It emphasizes that creating optimal conditions for plant growth directly depends on effective light management, which is achieved through the use of modern lighting solutions, and that the effective and safe use of such systems is impossible without clear legal regulation, as well as equipment standardization and certification.
