Syzygium aromaticum (clove) is well recognised for its diverse biological activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of clove bud extracts prepared by maceration with solvents of varying polarity n-hexane (non-polar), acetone (semi-polar), and ethanol (polar) against clinically relevant multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains. An initial qualitative phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, and terpenoids in the extracts. Antibacterial activity was determined by agar well diffusion against four organisms: Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive), Escherichia coli (Gram-negative), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative, MDR). The n-hexane extract exhibited the highest zone of inhibition for all organisms tested (up to 18 mm against S. aureus), followed by the acetone and ethanol extracts, indicating that the principal antibacterial constituents of clove are lipophilic in nature. GC-MS analysis of the most active n-hexane extract identified five major terpenoid constituents: β-caryophyllene (32.5%), α-humulene (12.3%), caryophyllene oxide (7.8%), α-copaene (5.6%), and δ-cadinene (4.2%). These terpenoids are known to disrupt bacterial cell membranes and inhibit microbial growth synergistically. Together, the results demonstrate that lipophilic clove extracts particularly the n-hexane fraction possess significant antibacterial activity against MDR organisms and represent a promising natural source for the development of alternative antimicrobial agents.
Background: Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative platform in the pharmaceutical industry, offering innovative solutions to long-standing challenges in disease diagnosis and drug delivery. Operating at the nanoscale (1–100 nm), nanomaterials exhibit unique physicochemical properties—enhanced surface area, improved apparent solubility, quantum-confinement effects, and tunable surface chemistry—that can be strategically exploited to improve therapeutic and diagnostic performance. Objective: This review synthesizes recent advances in nanotechnology-based diagnostic platforms and targeted drug delivery systems, emphasizing their mechanisms, comparative advantages, clinical relevance, and translational limitations. Methods: A structured narrative search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect for records published between January 2010 and December 2025, using Boolean combinations of the terms nanotechnology, nanocarriers, drug delivery, nanodiagnostics, and nanomedicine. Findings: Engineered nanocarriers—liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, solid lipid nanoparticles, and inorganic nanoparticles—improve biodistribution, protect labile payloads, and enable both passive and ligand-mediated active targeting. In diagnostics, quantum dots, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, plasmonic gold nanoparticles, and lab-on-a-chip systems deliver picomolar-to-femtomolar sensitivity and support point-of-care testing. Clinically approved products such as Doxil, Abraxane, and lipid-nanoparticle mRNA vaccines demonstrate real-world translation. Conclusions: Although clinical translation remains constrained by toxicity, manufacturing scalability, and evolving regulatory frameworks, nanotechnology continues to underpin the shift toward personalized and precision medicine.
Pantoprazole sodium is a benzimidazole-class proton-pump inhibitor used widely in the management of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcers, and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. Because the molecule is acid-labile and oxidation-sensitive, it is formulated as an enteric-coated, gastro-resistant tablet, and its impurity profile must be tightly controlled to meet ICH Q3B(R2) thresholds. This review critically appraises the peer-reviewed literature on reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) methods for the quantification of related substances in pantoprazole gastro-resistant tablets and converges on best-practice conditions for new method developers. A structured literature search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect (January 2005–December 2025) was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidance. Thirteen primary analytical studies and twelve regulatory or methodological documents (ICH guidelines, USP and Ph. Eur. monographs, PRISMA 2020, AGREE, GAPI and BAGI tool descriptors, plus PubChem records) were included after screening 84 records. The dominant RP-HPLC configuration uses a C18 stationary phase (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with a phosphate-buffered (pH 7.0–7.4) mobile phase, acetonitrile as the organic modifier, 1.0 mL min −1 flow, 290 nm UV detection, and a 35°C column temperature. Methods coupling pantoprazole with a partner analyte shift to 239 nm for shared sensitivity. LC–MS/MS is required for genotoxic-impurity profiling below 1 ppm. Green-analytical metrics (AGREE, GAPI, BAGI) and Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) workflows are emerging but unevenly reported. RP-HPLC remains the workhorse technique for pantoprazole impurity profiling, but the literature is heterogeneous in column temperature, mobile-phase pH, and validation reporting. Standardised reporting of mass balance, AQbD design space, and greenness scores will materially advance the field.
This study aimed to isolate and characterize bioactive peptides from Cissus quadrangularis (L.) and evaluate their antimicrobial activity. Plant material was dried at 37°C, powdered, and stored at −20°C. Peptides were extracted using phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2) and Tris–NaCl buffer (pH 7.4), followed by homogenization and freeze–thaw cycles for effective cell disruption.The extract was clarified by centrifugation and filtration, and proteins were precipitated using 80% ammonium sulfate. The pellet was reconstituted, dialyzed (1–3 kDa cut-off), and lyophilized. Further purification by HPLC produced a distinct peak at 3.16 minutes. Peptide concentration, determined by the Bradford assay, increased during purification, reaching 80.7 µg/mL. SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed low-molecular-weight peptides (3–10 kDa).Antimicrobial activity was assessed using the agar well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Citrobacter freundii. The peptides showed strong inhibition against Gram-positive bacteria, especially S. aureus and B. subtilis, with weaker effects on Gram-negative strains.These findings highlight Cissus quadrangularis as a promising natural source of antimicrobial peptides.
Rhizospheric bacteria are an important reservoir of bioactive metabolites for biomedical purposes. In the present study, individual bacterial colonies were selected from rhizosphere soil, and a morphologically different isolate designated MGR 24 was obtained. Based on morphological and biochemical characteristics, along with 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the isolate was identified as Lysinibacillus fusiformis MGR 24. Growth optimization studies identified carbon, nitrogen, and micronutrient composition as the most influential factors affecting biomass formation and product yield. Antimicrobial peptide expression was associated with the growth phase, and maximal activity (≈3100 AU/mL) was observed at 11–12 h of incubation. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed a major extracellular protein component of approximately 96 kDa. Enzymatic management and digestion studies were carried out to ascertain the proteinaceous nature of the compound. The peptide was highly tolerant to temperature and pH and retained its original activity even after purification by cation-exchange chromatography, with a 40-fold enrichment of lyase and 80% recovery. LC–MS analysis revealed several peaks, including a major molecular ion at m/z 265.2663. These results emphasize L. fusiformis MGR 24 as a promising candidate for the stable isolation of antimicrobial peptides for further exploration of sensory properties.
Mangifera indica L. family Anacardiaceae is an important medicinal having wide range of biological activities. The present study aimed to study Mangifera indica L. leaves morphological characters and determination of physicochemical parameters like foreign organic matter, moisture content, ash values and extractive value etc. Preliminary phytochemical studies were also carried out to detect the presence of many phytoconstituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins etc. The results of physiochemical parameters i.e., total Ash was found 1.54±0.01% w/w, acid insoluble ash 0.77±0.02% w/w and sulphated ash 1.24 ±0.01% w/w respectively. The ethanol extractive were found 14.84±1.2 % w/w and water-soluble extractive value was found 16.73±0.7% w/w. The moisture content and foreign organic matter was found to be 11.7±0.6% w/w and 0.5±0.03% w/respectively. The preliminary phytochemical studies i.e., qualitative evaluation of the ethanol extract indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, saponins,quinones, proteins and amino acids. The Gas chromatography Mass spectroscopy of selected plant leaves extract were found 38 Phytoconstituents, some of them are Stigmasterol, Squalene, Pyrogallol, Methyleugenol, Phytol, Myristic acid, Stearic acid and Isopropyl palmitate etc.
This study investigates the anti-obesity and lipid-modulating properties of Garcinia gummi-gutta through a series of phytochemical analyses, along with anti-cholesterol and anti-lipase assays. Phytochemical screening identified several bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, phenols, and flavonoids. LC-ESI-MS analysis further confirmed the presence of hydroxycitric acid (HCA), garcinol, and isogarcinol, all of which are known for their role in regulating metabolism. The lipase inhibition assay demonstrated notable activity, with the wet leaf extract inhibiting up to 53.42%, a result comparable to the well-known drug Orlistat (60.27%). Cholesterol-lowering effects measured using the Zacks and Liebermann–Burchard methods, revealed significant inhibition, exceeding the effects of Atorvastatin. Qualitative lipid tests showed changes in lipid solubility and saturation after treatment with the extract. These findings support the potential of G. gummi-gutta as a natural, plant-based option for managing obesity and hyperlipidemia through the modulation of lipid metabolism and enzyme activity.
Buccal drug delivery devices present a promising alternative to systemic drug administration, especially for patients requiring rapid therapeutic effects. By bypassing hepatic first-pass metabolism, these systems promote direct absorption into the systemic circulation, thus enhancing bioavailability. This is particularly beneficial for patients who may have dysphagia, such as those in psychiatric, pediatric, or elderly populations. Recent advancements in formulation technology have led to the development of various mucoadhesive dosage forms, such as films, patches, and gels. These formulations use water-soluble polymers that dissolve quickly and adhere to the oral mucosa, allowing for sustained drug release. The review examines key factors influencing the mucosal structural properties, the mucoadhesion mechanism, and considerations in the design of mucoadhesive systems. The paper also discusses evaluation criteria and preparation techniques for orally disintegrating films, which offer faster onset of action and improved patient compliance. Given that buccal drug delivery systems provide a painless and easily detachable method for drug administration, further research into these systems is essential. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of oral mucosal drug delivery, emphasizing the importance of formulation design and the potential for novel therapeutic applications in the future.
Larger plastic pieces are disposed of in the environment, where they become weathered and degraded, resulting in the formation of microplastics (MPs), which are ubiquitous and have been increasing globally. MPs less than 5 mm in size are found in various sources, including oceans, sediments, surface water, groundwater, wastewater, tap water, bottled water, air, food products, aquatic organisms, and humans. They mostly originate from terrestrial sources, with rivers serving as essential transfer routes. MPs have a high ability to be absorbed into biological cells, where they are transported along the food chain, with humans as the final consumers of these products. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the range of microplastic contamination in Aquatic system, focusing on the sources, types, distribution, and analytical methods used for their detection and quantification. This paper also explores the potential of plastic-degrading microorganisms for bioremediation by highlighting recent advances in the identification and characterization of plastic-degrading microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, isolated from contaminated Aquatic system, and discusses the environmental factors that influence the efficiency of microbial degradation. It also discusses future research directions and the necessity of improving the comparability and efficacy of the fight against microplastic contamination. There is an urgent need for improved waste management practices, and microbial bioremediation is considered a sustainable approach for reducing microplastic contamination in Aquatic system.
Anthropogenic activities contribute to the emission of various chemical particles and organic compounds into the atmosphere, either as volatile substances or through combustion, which pollute the air. Despite multiple pollution sources in Burkina Faso, limited research has been conducted on the effects of exposure to these pollutants, especially in Ouagadougou. While dietary exposure has been well-documented, the health risks associated with respiratory exposure remain poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of atmospheric endocrine disruptors on female reproductive function in laboratory animals (Wistar rats). Thirty female Wistar rats were exposed at three locations in Ouagadougou for six months, with ten rats per site. The animals were weighed biweekly, and at the end of the study, they were euthanized. Organs, including ovaries, uterus, adrenal glands, and kidneys, were collected and weighed. Hormone levels were determined using the Cobas 6000® instrument, combining clinical chemistry and immunoanalysis. The results showed a significant reduction in weight gain in exposed rats compared to controls. Hormonal assays revealed decreased hormone levels, and biochemical and histological analyses confirmed the effects of exposure. Significant differences were observed in the number of affected animals between the Post Office site, Bangrweogo forest, and control sites. Atmospheric endocrine disruptors had adverse effects on the female reproductive function of rats, highlighting the health risks associated with pollution exposure.
Background: Chronic migraine (CM) is a common and debilitating neurological condition that significantly impairs quality of life. Despite its prevalence, effective management remains underutilized. This study evaluated the effectiveness of various treatment strategies for CM and examined demographic patterns, common triggers, and their influence on treatment outcomes. Methods: A two-month prospective study was conducted at Crimson Hospital, Tilottama, Rupandehi, with 150 adult CM patients. Data on demographics, migraine characteristics, medication usage, and quality-of-life impacts were collected via structured patient profiles and verbal interviews. Statistical analyses, including paired t-tests, were used to evaluate treatment efficacy and explore relationships between variables. Results: The majority of participants were aged 31-45 years (53.3%) with a notable female predominance (80%). Common triggers included photophobia (62%) and stress (61.3%). Pharmacological interventions significantly reduced headache frequency from 5.78 to 2.37 attacks per month (p < 0.05). HIT-6 scores revealed a severe impact on quality of life in 36.7% of patients. NSAIDs and antidepressants were the most prescribed drug classes. Conclusions: Pharmacological treatments effectively reduced headache frequency and improved outcomes, but CM still profoundly impacts quality of life. Comprehensive management approaches, integrating pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies, are essential for optimal care. Future research should emphasize the long-term effects of treatments and enhanced patient education to improve care quality.
Hypertension is a global health concern linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies suggest that biochemical markers such as omega-3 fatty acids, calcitonin, and calcium play key roles in vascular health and blood pressure regulation. This study aimed to assess the plasma levels of these biomarkers and their association with anthropometric and blood pressure parameters in hypertensive individuals. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 90 participants: 45 newly diagnosed hypertensive adults and 45 age- and sex-matched normotensive controls from NAUTH, Nnewi. Anthropometric measurements and blood pressure readings were recorded. Plasma omega-3 fatty acids were measured using GC-MS, while serum calcitonin and calcium levels were assessed via ELISA and colorimetric methods. Results showed significantly higher BMI, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure in hypertensives (p < 0.05). Plasma omega-3 levels were lower in hypertensives (269.41±128.40 ng/L) compared to controls (931.05±607.61 ng/L, p < 0.001). Calcitonin and calcium levels were higher in hypertensive participants (p < 0.001, 0.044). Gender differences revealed higher blood pressure and calcitonin levels in hypertensive females. A positive correlation between omega-3 and calcitonin was observed (r = 0.498, p = 0.048). The study highlights the potential roles of these biomarkers in hypertension pathophysiology and personalized management.
Atenolol buccal patches were formulated using the solvent casting method with different ratios of polymers such as gelatin, urea, HPMC, PVP K30, and sodium alginate. The prepared patches were evaluated for thickness, weight variation, folding endurance, and drug content uniformity. In vitro drug release studies were conducted using a semi-permeable membrane to mimic the buccal environment. All formulations followed first-order release kinetics and provided sustained drug release for up to eight hours. Among them, formulation F6 showed the highest drug release of 98.51% over eight hours, indicating an optimized polymeric composition for prolonged and effective atenolol delivery. The results suggest that the developed buccal patches can maintain steady plasma concentrations, reduce dosing frequency, and improve patient compliance compared to conventional oral tablets. Thus, the solvent casting method with suitable polymer combinations proves effective for designing controlled-release buccal delivery systems for atenolol.
This study explores the toxic effects of the herbicide Bispyribac Sodium on zebrafish (Danio rerio), a commonly used model organism in toxicological research studies. These fish are often used in research because they are small, easy to handle, and react clearly to harmful substances. In this experiment, healthy adult zebrafish were kept in clean water and water mixed with the herbicide at three levels: 1 mg/ml, 2 mg/ml, and 3 mg/ml. The fish were observed for 72 hours to check how many survived and how they behaved. No fish died in clean water or at 1 mg/ml, but many died at 2 mg/ml, and all died at 3 mg/ml. So, LC50 in 24 hrs is 3 mg/ml, LC100 in 72 hrs is 3 mg/ml. LC100 in 72 hrs is 1 mg/ml, 2 mg/ml, and LOEC is 1 mg/ml. To know more, biochemical analysis was done on fish tissues. The results showed reduced levels of important enzymes like Hexokinase (reduced from 192.9 U/g to 38.5 U/g), glucose-6-phosphate (reduced from 32.1 mg/gm to 12.8 mg/gm), along with a decline in glycogen (reduced from 3.0 mg/gm to 1.2 mg/gm), protein (reduced from 0.2 mg/gm to 0.05 mg/gm), and cholesterol (reduced from 3.3 mg/gm to 1.3 mg/gm). This suggests disrupted metabolism and toxicity in the liver. In short, this herbicide can harm fish in many ways—not just killing them but also causing serious changes in behaviour and health. This shows the need to use such chemicals more carefully to protect aquatic life.
This study investigates the neuroprotective effects of Gloriosa superba ethanolic extract against aluminum chloride (AlCl₃)-induced neurotoxicity in male Wistar rats, supported by in vivo behavioral, biochemical, hematological, and in silico analyses. Rats were divided into five groups: control, AlCl₃-treated, two G. superba-treated groups (25 mg/kg), and a colchicine-treated group. Behavioral tests (Morris water maze, Y-maze, elevated plus maze, and open field) confirmed that AlCl₃ impaired memory, cognition, and locomotor activity, which were significantly restored by Gloriosa superba, particularly in Group IV. Biochemical markers, blood glucose, and lipid profiles were elevated in the AlCl₃ group but normalized with G. superba and colchicine. Hematological parameters also improved following treatment. In silico studies using molecular docking showed colchicine had strong binding affinity (–14.49 kcal/mol) with AChE (PDB ID: 1CFJ), supported by key hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions. ADMET profiling revealed favorable drug-likeness, high GI absorption, and moderate synthetic accessibility. Overall, Gloriosa superba extract demonstrated significant protective effects comparable to colchicine, suggesting its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease.
Paneer dodi is a versatile medicinal herb used since ancient times. It possesses significant therapeutic properties, offering various health benefits such as antidiabetic, weight loss, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is also known to relieve menstrual cramps effectively. This research aims to formulate a dry powder extract using a combination of Paneer dodi, fenugreek, fennel, stevia, and neem oil. This unique blend is designed to provide an effective natural remedy for managing diabetes (Madhumeha) and menstrual discomfort by reducing abdominal cramps with proven efficacy. The formulation offers a dynamic and holistic approach, promising relief with minimal side effects. It also highlights the traditional value of herbs across different regions. The therapeutic benefits of this herbal combination suggest its potential application in sachet form, delivering a convenient and natural remedy directly to users. This study underlines the continued relevance of herbal medicine in modern healthcare.
This review presents a comprehensive, regulatory-aligned strategy for conducting Quality Risk Assessments (QRAs) during New Product Introduction (NPI) in pharmaceutical commercial manufacturing. Focusing on the application of Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), the paper offers a practical framework for identifying, evaluating, and mitigating risks across the NPI lifecycle. Leveraging international regulatory guidelines—such as ICH Q9, WHO TRS, PIC/S Annex 20, USFDA, EMA, MHRA, ANVISA, SAHPRA (formerly MCC), and ASEAN GMP standards—the study outlines a systematic and proactive approach to Quality Risk Management (QRM). The FMEA methodology is examined in detail, emphasizing its role in risk prioritization using Risk Priority Numbers (RPNs), integration with the Pharmaceutical Quality System (PQS), and alignment with regulatory expectations for validation, cleaning, documentation, and supply chain readiness. Key failure modes, causes, and mitigations related to process scale-up, analytical method transfer, raw material variability, cleaning validation, packaging integrity, and transport logistics are outlined. Additionally, a structured FMEA template is introduced, supporting consistent, objective risk evaluations across multidisciplinary teams. This FMEA-driven model enhances decision-making, ensures compliance, and improves patient safety during the transition from development to commercial scale.
Preterm labour, defined as the onset of labour before 37 completed weeks of gestation, remains a significant contributor to neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recent evidence suggests that deficiencies in essential micronutrients such as serum iron, ferritin, and magnesium may play a crucial role in its pathophysiology. This study aims to investigate the correlation between maternal serum levels of iron, ferritin, and magnesium with the occurrence of preterm labour. A cross-sectional case-control study was conducted over six months at a tertiary care hospital, enrolling 100 pregnant women, including 50 with spontaneous preterm labour (28–36+6 weeks) and 50 with term deliveries (≥37 weeks). Blood samples were collected to assess serum iron, ferritin, and magnesium levels using standard biochemical assays. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, employing independent t-tests and Pearson correlation to compare values between groups. Women with preterm labour had significantly lower serum iron, ferritin, and magnesium levels compared to the term group, with significant positive correlations observed between gestational age and these biochemical parameters. This study demonstrates a strong association between lower maternal serum levels of iron, ferritin, and magnesium and the occurrence of preterm labour, highlighting the importance of early screening and supplementation during antenatal care.
