Stjepan Mohorovičić rođen je 1890. godine u Bakru kao treći sin glasovitog geofizičara Andrije Mohorovičića i njegove supruge Silvije. Osnovnu i srednju školu polazio je u Zagrebu, a matematiku i fiziku studirao na sveučilištima u Zagrebu i Göttingenu. Početkom Prvog svjetskog rata mobiliziran je u austrougarsku vojsku, gdje je veći dio vremena djelovao kao upravitelj meteoroloških postaja koje su opsluživale aerodrome. Krajem rata doktorirao je na Sveučilištu u Zagrebu na osnovi analize meteoroloških podataka prikupljenih na postaji smještenoj u području Boke kotorske. Stjepan Mohorovičić radni je vijek uglavnom proveo u Zagrebu kao srednjoškolski profesor i kao znanstveni suradnik u jednom optičkom poduzeću. Paralelno je razvio živu znanstvenu aktivnost u nekoliko područja – matematici, fizici, geofizici i astronomiji. Pritom je pokazao spremnost da se na originalan način uhvati ukoštac s brojnim različitim problemima, s time da je odziv na njegove publikacije bio raznolik: teorijsko predviđanje postojanja pozitronija (fizika čestica), primjena vlastite metode na analizu Zemljine unutrašnjosti (seizmologija) te formuliranje zakona planetarnih udaljenosti (astronomija) donijeli su mu priznanja inozemnih kolega, dok ga je bavljenje relativističkom fizikom izložilo ozbiljnim kritikama. U meteorologiji se istaknuo ranim istraživanjima vertikalnih profila vjetra i utjecaja vjetra na zrakoplove pa je ostao upamćen kao pionir aerologije i zrakoplovne meteorologije u Hrvatskoj. Ostavio je trag i u klimatologiji, posebno afirmativnim prikazima astronomske teorije ledenih doba koju je razvio Milutin Milanković. Ujedno je zadržao interes za zrakoplovstvo kao rezervni časnik između dvaju svjetskih ratova i u vrijeme Drugog svjetskog rata i kao utemeljitelj zagrebačke Škole za jedrenje zrakom. S tim se u vezi bavio i nekim stručnim aspektima meteorologije: analizom i prognozom vremena, diskusijom atmosferskih procesa koji utječu na jedrenje zrakom te prijevodom i prilagodbom međunarodnog atlasa oblaka. Umro je 1980. godine u Zagrebu.
Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity today. Anthropogenic activities add large amounts of greenhouse gasses (GHG) to those naturally occurring in the atmosphere, amplifying the greenhouse effect and causing climate change. One of the sectors most affected by climate change is agriculture, which is not only a victim of climate change, but also its cause. Therefore, in addition to climate change adaptation measures in agriculture, it is necessary to undertake climate change mitigation measures as well. Mitigation of climate change in agriculture can be achieved by reducing GHG emissions from the sector Agriculture and by increasing GHG removals through sinks within the Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector. Adaptation to climate change refers to responses to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their impacts in order to reduce vulnerability to negative impacts or the potential damage, or to take advantage of opportunities associated with positive climate change impacts. Agrometeorology plays a crucial role in assessing which actions will lead to improved agricultural productivity, either by minimizing risks from adverse weather conditions or by taking advantage of the positive aspects of climate change.
Climate change has become a major environmental and socioeconomic challenge in Ethiopia. Statistically downscaled daily data is used in 30-year intervals from the results of the second generation of the Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM2) under three representative concentration pathways of carbon emission scenarios (RCPs): RCP 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 to project the future climate change. The method engaged to generate climate change scenarios for each RCPs is Statistical Downscaling Method (SDSM Version 4.2.9), using results of the CanESM2. Besides cited, statistical regression analyses are manipulated to evaluate SDSM model performances. The results showed that regarding SDSM model evaluation, the SDSM model demonstrated good to excellent efficiency with calibration value R2 > 0.95 and validation value R2 > 0.90 in case of maximum and minimum surface air temperature. Regarding the results of climate change scenario projections, on some months and seasons a change in temperature exhibited from a very minor rise (0.3°C) and a very minor decrease (-0.2°C) from the climatic mean, under all RCPs to a significant increase (3.5°C) on some other months and seasons. In addition, for both climate parameters the changes in the periods 2050s and 2080s are greater than in the 2020s, under each RCP. Further, the average change in minimum air temperature (2.5°C) is anticipated to be larger than the change in maximum air temperature (2.0°C), under all RCPs. Moreover, an increasing trend is observed for both maximum and minimum air temperatures starting from 2020s to 2080s in all cases of RCPs. So, in order to keep global warming below 1.5°C, it is recommended to prioritize climate change adaptation and mitigation practices to those low land areas which are going to be more vulnerable and likely affected.
The objective of this research is to develop climate change scenario for precipitation case over Awash River Basin in Ethiopia under three representative concentration pathways (RCPs) of greenhouse gases in atmosphere which stabilising radiative forcing scenarios at 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5 Wm-2 until year 2100, indicated as RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. The method used to generate climate change scenarios for each RCPs is Statistical Downscaling Method (SDSM) of climate scenarios from global to regional scale. For performance of SDSM model calibration and evaluation Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and determination coefficients (R2) are used. The results in this study showed that the SDSM model demonstrated moderate to very good strength (R2 ≥ 0.7; NSE ≥ 0.7) for calibration and validation coefficient values on average, respectively. Concerning climate change scenario projections, future changes are expected to be slight or moderate until the 2020s. However, after this period, the model predict an increase in annual precipitation amount, especially in the medium and high emission scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Significant change is observed in the periods 2050s and 2080s under each RCP. Regarding monthly precipitation performance the model exhibited an increase rainfall ranging from +1% up to +85%, but on some months a decrease is observed ranging from -1% up to -40%, compared to the baseline period (1983–2016). On seasonal basis, in Upper and Middle Awash River Basin the highest change in precipitation amount increment is expected to be in the Belg season (spring). When we consider the future annual precipitation amount, the Lower Awash River Basin is expected to experience the highest increase changes in precipitation amount among all three sub-basins. In general, we conclude that the future precipitation amount will significantly increase in time over the Awash River Basin. As a result, the Awash River Basin will be vulnerable to flooding due to the anticipated increase in precipitation brought on by global climate change; and are likely to have moderate to significant negative impacts on various socioeconomic activities over the communities and natural resources existing over Awash River Basin. Therefore, we recommend that in order to create better climate change adaptation and mitigation mechanisms, decision-makers are provided with this information and consider with other related findings to strengthen the national adaptation and mitigation strategies.
Stjepan Mohorovičić rođen je 1890. godine u Bakru kao treći sin glasovitog geofizičara Andrije Mohorovičića i njegove supruge Silvije. Osnovnu i srednju školu polazio je u Zagrebu, a matematiku i fiziku studirao na sveučilištima u Zagrebu i Göttingenu. Početkom Prvog svjetskog rata mobiliziran je u austrougarsku vojsku, gdje je veći dio vremena djelovao kao upravitelj meteoroloških postaja koje su opsluživale aerodrome. Krajem rata doktorirao je na Sveučilištu u Zagrebu na osnovi analize meteoroloških podataka prikupljenih na postaji smještenoj u području Boke kotorske. Stjepan Mohorovičić radni je vijek uglavnom proveo u Zagrebu kao srednjoškolski profesor i kao znanstveni suradnik u jednom optičkom poduzeću. Paralelno je razvio živu znanstvenu aktivnost u nekoliko područja – matematici, fizici, geofizici i astronomiji. Pritom je pokazao spremnost da se na originalan način uhvati ukoštac s brojnim različitim problemima, s time da je odziv na njegove publikacije bio raznolik: teorijsko predviđanje postojanja pozitronija (fizika čestica), primjena vlastite metode na analizu Zemljine unutrašnjosti (seizmologija) te formuliranje zakona planetarnih udaljenosti (astronomija) donijeli su mu priznanja inozemnih kolega, dok ga je bavljenje relativističkom fizikom izložilo ozbiljnim kritikama. U meteorologiji se istaknuo ranim istraživanjima vertikalnih profila vjetra i utjecaja vjetra na zrakoplove pa je ostao upamćen kao pionir aerologije i zrakoplovne meteorologije u Hrvatskoj. Ostavio je trag i u klimatologiji, posebno afirmativnim prikazima astronomske teorije ledenih doba koju je razvio Milutin Milanković. Ujedno je zadržao interes za zrakoplovstvo kao rezervni časnik između dvaju svjetskih ratova i u vrijeme Drugog svjetskog rata i kao utemeljitelj zagrebačke Škole za jedrenje zrakom. S tim se u vezi bavio i nekim stručnim aspektima meteorologije: analizom i prognozom vremena, diskusijom atmosferskih procesa koji utječu na jedrenje zrakom te prijevodom i prilagodbom međunarodnog atlasa oblaka. Umro je 1980. godine u Zagrebu.
The use of multispectral sensors, such as MSI, on the Sentinel-2 satellite for rapid assessment of the area and the burning degree after large forest fires utilises standard method of determining the Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) before and after the fire, from which the difference of the Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) is calculated. Applied to areas with sparse vegetation, the standard method of NBR gives poor results. To cope with low vegetation areas, a so-called “relativizing dNBR” was introduced where an empirical expression divides the difference of the NBRs in two channels by a quotient slightly greater than the pre-fire NBR. In this paper, a forest fire near Vodice, Croatia, which occurred on July 14, 2022, and which grew into a catastrophic fire that left about 30 km2 of burnt area, was studied. As this is an area of Mediterranean vegetation, relatively sparse, instead of the relativization, an attempt was made to introduce a new formula for calculating the normalized ratio of burning, which included two differences in spectral radiances (instead of one). In addition to the standard difference in the near-infrared and short-wave infrared part of the spectrum, a difference between the near-infrared and the green visible part of the spectrum was used simultaneously. These new, bi-Normalized Burn Ratio, retain information about the spectral radiance in the green visible band and react to surfaces where at least a little vegetation cover remained after the fire, which ultimately gives lower burn categories, with the same burned area detected compared to the standard method.
Matabeleland North is, during the dry season (April–Sept.), one of the driest regions in Zimbabwe. However, the relative air humidity remains large, which makes dew an interesting potential supplementary source of water. In this paper, one reports an estimation of dew over one year i.e. between 29 May 2020 and 28 May 2021 by using an energy equation and meteorological data extrapolated from the Joshua Mqabuko airport. The calculation was validated by measurements between 1 June 2020 and 21 July 2020 performed on cars used as standard dew condensers. Rain is also considered to determine the dew/rain ratio. It follows from this study that during the dry season, dew is relatively abundant (8.66 mm) and amounts to nearly 40% of rain (22.6 mm). However, dew becomes rare at the end of the dry season (Aug.–Sept.). Dew events are frequent (dry season, typically 1.4 days without dew events; rainy season, 2 days), in contrast to rainfall (dry season, typically 32 days without rain events and erratic; rainy season, 4.1 days). Dew can thus provide a noticeable and reliable supplementary source of water during most of the dry season.
This short article addresses a preliminary study of transient subsynoptic cyclonic behavior over a broader area of the Adriatic Sea. The January 2023 case presented here shows a transition from an extratropical Mediterranean cyclone into a partially tropical-like cyclonic system (TLC) over the south and central Adriatic Sea. The warm barotropic core, cyclonic “eye” and relatively symmetric precipitation bands around the vortex were the main TLC properties of this system. In the short analysis of the event, the assumption is made that size limitations of the Adriatic basin prevented development of the system into a full-strength “medicane”. Hence, such vigorous small-scale cyclones just might be named “adricanes”. Presentation of this case contributes to the relatively scarce research of these rare Adriatic TLC events. The criteria for cyclonic system classification as TLC or extra- tropical are also discussed, with the supporting idea of a spectrum between fully tropical and fully extratropical cyclones (instead of binary classification), where the particular system can fall anywhere in between, depending on the ratio of tropical and extratropical properties it possesses.
U ovom radu usmjerenom na otok Brač upotrebljavaju se klimatološki podaci za 7, 14 i 21 h srednjeg mjesnog vremena (SMV) jer samo su takvi dostupni za Brač. Da bi rezultati bili vjerodostojni i imali šire značenje, upotrijebljeni su također podaci klimatoloških i glavnih meteoroloških postaja Dalmacije i središnje Hrvatske. U primijenjenoj metodi identifikacije vjetrova obalne i planinske cirkulacije sljedeće su odlike tih vjetrova: • u 7 i 21 h noćni kopnenjak češći je u listopadu nego u travnju, dok su noćni zgorac i noćni vjetar niz dolinu češći u travnju nego u listopadu • u 14 h danji zmorac češći je u travnju nego u listopadu, dok su danji zdolac i danji vjetar uz dolinu češći u listopadu nego u travnju • navedenim odlikama u travnju i listopadu često su slične odgovarajuće odlike u svibnju i rujnu • mjesečni maksimumi relativne čestine smjera vjetra tih dviju cirkulacija u 7, 14 i 21 h češći su u razdobljima prosinac − veljača i/ili lipanj − kolovoz • povoljno razdoblje P upućuje na povoljne mjesece za te cirkulacije u 7, 14 i 21 h • izraziti minimum N relativne čestine smjera vjetra tih dviju cirkulacija u 7, 14 i 21 h upućuje na izrazito nepovoljan mjesec za te cirkulacije. U Dalmaciji su kopnenjak i zmorac češći od lipnja do kolovoza, dok su zgorac i zdolac češći od prosinca do veljače jer su tada rjeđe u „sjeni” kopnenjaka ili zmorca. U središnjoj Hrvatskoj uvjeti za zgorac i zdolac povoljniji su od lipnja do kolovoza, ali se njihov mjesečni maksimum relativne čestine može pojaviti od prosinca do veljače. Zbog kopnenjaka, zmorca, zgorca, zdolca, etezija i bure u Dalmaciji je situacija složena. Višegodišnje mjesečne relativne čestine kopnenjaka, zmorca, zgorca, zdolca, vjetra niz dolinu i vjetra uz dolinu klimatoloških i glavnih meteoroloških postaja za 7, 14 i 21 h dobivene su uvažavanjem odgovarajućih vrijednosti smjera i jačine vjetra te naoblake. Uz pomoć tih podataka i navedenih odlika identificirani su: • tri različita kopnenjaka, tri različita zmorca i zdolac u Sutivanu na Braču • kopnenjak, zmorac, zgorac i zdolac u Bolu i Pražnicama na Braču, na Split-Marjanu te u Makarskoj i Biogradu • kopnenjak, zmorac i zgorac u Nerežišćima na Braču • kopnenjak, zmorac i zdolac u Dubrovniku i Kaštel Starom • zgorac i zdolac u Zagrebu na Griču i Maksimiru te u Jastrebarskom • vjetar niz dolinu i vjetar uz dolinu u Samoboru.
Klimatski potencijal turizma u Malom Lošinju analiziran je u dva recentna djelomično preklapajuća klimatska razdoblja, 1981. – 2010. i 1991. – 2020. Uspoređene su prikladnosti dvaju klima u jutarnjim, poslijepodnevnim i večernjim satima za osam oblika turizma: turizam vezan uz plažu i aktivnosti na plaži / piknik (u stranoj literaturi poznat kao 3S turizam – sea, sun and sand), plovidba, jedrenje, biciklizam, planinarenje/pješačenje, kultura, nogomet i golf. Analize su provedene klimatskim indeksom za turizam CIT (engl. climate index for tourism) koji ujedinjuje toplinske (T), estetske (A) i fizičke (P) aspekte atmosferskih uvjeta važnih za turizam (De Freitas i sur., 2008). Cilj je rada dati uvid u promjenu turističkog potencijala u okviru utvrđenih klimatskih promjena. Za sedam analiziranih tipova turizma u Malom Lošinju utvrđeno je da su ih u razdoblju 1991. – 2020. obilježile uglavnom povoljne prosječne godišnje promjene učestalosti pojedinih kategorija pogodnosti. U pojedinim dijelovima dana za neke su oblike turizma ustanovljene mogućnosti za proširenje uobičajenih sezona te razvijanje predsezonskog i postsezonskog turizma. Mnogo je manje nepovoljnih promjena u učestalostima pojedinih kategorija turističke pogodnosti. Za golf je utvrđeno da je najmanje isplativ oblik turizma u Malom Lošinju.
Advanced statistical methods are applied on long-term data sets from Zagreb-Grič centennial observatory in Croatia to address recent climate change and variabilities; annual averages are used. Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT), consisting of empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and Hilbert spectral analysis (HSA), is an empirically based data-analysis method for extracting periodic components embedded within generally nonlinear and non-stationary data. The EMD splits the original series into a so-called intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). First, using the EMD algorithm, intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) are obtained. The analysis of low frequency IMFs indicates significant influence of the North-Atlantic Oscillation on the air temperature, cloudiness and precipitation series in the part of northern Croatia. For the considered climatic elements, the analysis revealed mild deviations in natural fluctuations of the analyzed signal for the last 30 to 40 years, which are most likely caused by anthropogenic activities. Next, HSA is applied to each IMF obtained for the series of annual averages of sea level air pressure. In order to validate this approach and the results, an associated Hilbert spectrum (HS) is compared with the continuous wavelet analysis, i.e., this is another corresponding checkup. The comparison shows significantly improved time and frequency resolution in favor of HS. Moreover, HS provides a unique capability of displaying intra-wave frequency modulation, i.e., changes in frequency that occur within one cycle of oscillation.
One highly important segment of agricultural production is the agroecological condition of a given area, including climatic conditions, which have been changing recently. Croatia belongs to a climate zone also known as a climate hot spot, characterised by a pronounced sensitivity to climate change. In order to determine if the climate has changed in the Osijek area, climatic elements and agroclimatic indicators were analysed for a referent period (1961∑1990) and a recent period (1991∑2018). The analysis shows that the climate has changed in the recent period as compared to the referent period. The identified climate changes manifest in higher mean air temperatures, higher precipitation amount, increased actual evapotranspiration and prolonged vegetation periods in the recent period. Furthermore, hydrothermal condition analysis shows that the ten warmest years and vegetation periods in the studied 58-year period were within the past 26 years. Due to the identified climate change and the assumption that the climate will continue to change in the future, adaptation and mitigation measures will have to be applied in agricultural production. For a more reliable assessment of agroclimatic conditions at certain area, it is recommended to analyse other climatic elements as well, such as the number of consecutive dry or rainy days above the critical precipitation threshold, wind, solar radiation, insolation, etc.
U radu je prezentirano prikupljeno meteorološko nazivlje koje je u koliziji s hrvatskim znanstvenim meteorološkim nazivljem. Prikupljanje podataka obavljano je u višegodišnjemu razdoblju u emisijama Hrvatske radiotelevizije (HRT) u kojima su sudjelovali meteorolozi Državnoga hidrometeorološkoga zavoda. Uočeno je da nazivlje samovoljno mijenjaju ne samo pojedini meteorolozi već da to čine i HRT-ovi lektori, a da ni jedno ni drugo meteorološka struka nije verificirala. Najveće promjene vidljive su u nazivlju naoblaka, temperatura, oborina i vjetar. Time je stvoreno paralelno nazivlje kojim se koristi na HRT-u i tako se prenosi korisnicima. Daljnja upotreba tako izmijenjena nazivlja rezultirala je bombastičnim i nesuvislim napisima u svim elektronskim i tiskovnim medijima. Sámo sudjelovanje meteorologa u „mijenjanju nazivlja“ ukazuje na njihovu nedovoljnu upućenost u meteorološko nazivlje. Posebno je na HRT-u problematična (ne)upotreba fizikalnih jedinica i njihova interpretacija te neopravdano mijenjanje stručnih pojmova mimo meteorologa.
The objective of this research is to assess the bioclimate of the city of Kharkiv in the summer season using the human thermal index of physiologically equivalent temperature (PET). The RayMan model has been used to obtain PET values. The results suggest that most days in Kharkiv during the summer are characterized by heat stress of various intensity 65.7% in June, 84.6% in July, 77.1% in August. The average frequency of comfortable weather is very low, varying from 12.6 to 25%. During heat waves, the frequency of days in Kharkiv with heat stress increases significantly, amounting to 96.3%. The results of the Kharkiv bioclimate assessment using PET may be used to create measures for heat adaptation and develop infrastructure for recreation and tourism in the city during hot periods.
Upozorenja na opasne vremenske pojave vrlo su bitna za zaštitu života i imovine građana Republike Hrvatske (RH) i sukladno s tim izdavanje upozorenja jedan je od primarnih zadataka Državnoga hidrometeorološkog zavoda (DHMZ), koji ima i isključivu nadležnost za njihovo izdavanje. DHMZ sustavno i kontinuirano razvija kvalitetne informacije na opasne vremenske pojave te je sustav upozoravanja doživio mnoge preinake posljednjih godina, a posebnu ulogu u tome imao je razvoj interneta i tehnologija kojima se informacije mogu vrlo brzo prenositi. U procesu izdavanja upozorenja i obavješćivanja javnosti DHMZ mora komunicirati i surađivati sa svim službama i partnerima zaduženima za sigurnost građana RH. U ovom je radu dan pregled sustava DHMZ-a za izdavanje upozorenja na opasne vremenske pojave, od standardnih operativnih postupaka, razvoja sustava koji je posljednjih nekoliko godina bio vrlo intenzivan, do objašnjenja konačnog produkta, odnosno informacije koja je dostupna svim građanima RH na mrežnim stranicama DHMZ-a. Također su prikazane mnoge statističke značajke upozorenja izdanih u razdoblju od 2009. do 2018. godine, način verifikacije pojedinih upozorenja, a jedno poglavlje posvećeno je i zaštiti od požara raslinja, odnosno ulozi DHMZ-a u provedbi mjera zaštite od požara od interesa za RH.
The article considers the results of an estimation of the shortwave radiation flux at the surface in Morocco from 2021-2050. Average monthly values of shortwave radiation coming to the underlying surface (Surface Downwelling Shortwave Radiation, RSDS), calculated using 11 regional climate models of the CORDEX-Africa project, were used as input data. The model calculation was performed assuming a greenhouse gas concentration scenario of RCP4.5. The aim of the work is to determine the characteristics of the distribution of shortwave radiation over the territory of Morocco from 2021-2050 and to identify areas with favourable conditions for developing solar energy in the near future. The results of an analysis of annual RSDS values in the vicinity of the solar power station in Ouarzazate in 2021-2050 are also presented.
