Background: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrine disease characterized by abnormal secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. Genetic polymorphisms in the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) gene, especially in regulatory regions, might influence the risk and severity of the disease. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the association between a 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) polymorphism of the CASR gene and PHPT, and to evaluate its relationship with key biochemical and renal parameters. Methodology: In this case–control study, 60 patients with PHPT and 60 healthy controls were enrolled. Serum biochemical markers, including PTH, albumin-corrected calcium, phosphate, vitamin D, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), were measured. The 5′-UTR polymorphism of the CASR gene was analyzed using PCR–single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP), followed by confirmatory DNA sequencing. Associations between SSCP haplotypes and clinical parameters were assessed statistically. Results: PHPT patients exhibited significantly higher serum PTH levels (145.5 ± 40.1 vs. 32.8 ± 10.5 pg/mL, p<0.001), lower vitamin D levels (18.5 ± 5.5 vs. 35.2 ± 8.8 ng/mL, p<0.001), and elevated ALP levels (p<0.01) compared with controls. Renal dysfunction was evident in patients, with significantly higher serum creatinine and lower eGFR (p<0.05), despite the absence of significant hypercalcemia. PCR-SSCP analysis identified two distinct haplotypes (two-band and three-band patterns). The three-band variant was significantly more frequent in PHPT patients than in controls (25.0% vs. 8.3%; p=0.019; OR = 3.6, 95% CI: 1.2–11.4). Sequencing revealed a regulatory A>G substitution (rs7652589) at position 117 in the 5′-UTR of CASR. Among PHPT patients, the three-band variant was associated with higher creatinine levels and lower eGFR (p<0.05), suggesting more pronounced renal impairment, while ALP showed a borderline increase (p=0.051). Conclusion: A polymorphic variant in the 5′-UTR of the CASR gene is significantly associated with PHPT and may contribute to disease susceptibility and renal dysfunction. This regulatory variant might influence CASR expression and calcium homeostasis, suggesting a possible role for non-coding genetic variation in the pathophysiology and clinical heterogeneity of PHPT.
Background: Soft tissue sarcomas represent a heterogeneous group of tumors with considerable diagnostic challenges. Gene amplification of the MDM2 oncogene occurs in certain types of liposarcomas and is mainly detected through genetic methods. Aim: The present study investigates the potential clinical utility of MDM2 gene amplification in the diagnostic work-up of soft tissue tumors. Methodology: An analysis of 55 mesenchymal tumor samples was performed using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with appropriate probes targeting the MDM2 gene. Subsequently, the results of the genetic analysis were compared with immunohistochemistry (IHC) findings, where available in the initial histological diagnosis. Results: MDM2 gene amplification was detected in 22 out of 55 samples (40% of cases), with 14 demonstrating high-level amplification and the remaining 8 showing intermediate-level amplification. In most of the cases, concordance was ascertained between the two methods (IHC and FISH). Conclusion: According to the findings, detection of MDM2 amplification by FISH appears to be a reliable diagnostic marker for specific types of mesenchymal tumors of adipocytic origin. To this end, MDM2 amplification by FISH is suggested to be applied as a complementary tool to morphological examination and classical immunohistochemistry, especially in cases with ambiguous results.
The use of medicinal herbs for treatment of illnesses is as old as humanity. Herbs have a long history, which is lost through the ages. Herbs are plants that are used in cooking as well as in medicine. The knowledge of the healing properties of these herbs were transferred from generation to generation through ancient sources, which mentioned medicinal plants from Babylon, China, India, Egypt and Ancient Greece. The first references for the use of herbs for treatment start from Egyptian papyri as far back as the 2nd century BC, but also from the texts of Homer, Hesiod, Asclepius, Dioscorides, Hippocrates and Aristotle, as well as references in the Orphic Epics. In surviving ancient sources are recorded the uses of herbs in medicine-pharmacology, composing the search¬ing grounds for modern day researchers. The purpose of this study is the investigation and presentation of the uses of herbs as medicine, which contributed to the dis¬covery of new aspects of pharmacology. The uses of me¬dicinal herbs as pharmaceutical means of treatment re¬sulted in the discovery of previously unknown areas of pharmacology. These ancient texts caused scholars to research the components of the herbs, in order to dis¬cover, study and spread their effectiveness in treating ill¬nesses. Many lab studies proved the efficacy of their us¬age both by themselves and in combination with other herbs and pharmaceutical products in treating illnesses. This study examines five characteristic herbs - dill, basil, echinacea, lavender and linseed, whose bioactive prop¬erties significantly contribute to improving patients’ health and well-being. Thus, it is noted that herbs laid the foundations for modern therapeutic medicine-pharmacology, which through technology and science, was perfected. There is a steadily growing trend towards incorporating natural herbs in complementary medicine, alongside the traditional therapeutic approach. In this way, the overall effectiveness of the treatment improves and the occurrence of unwanted side effects is reduced. It can be concluded that herbs are the basis of modern pharmacology and therapeutic medicine, which, with the help of technology and scientific progress, has evolved and been perfected, while also retaining the timeless value of natural medical tradition.
Background: Nanocellulose derived from agricultural waste offers sustainable potential for biomedical applications. Aim: To synthesize nanocellulose-based nanocomposite with nano calcium fluoride and evaluate its adhesion to dental surfaces. Methodology: Nanocellulose was synthesized from rice husk via chemical and ultrasonic treatment. The nanocellulose/nano calcium fluoride (NC/nCaF2) nanocomposite was formed using ultrasound. Characterization was performed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope and Transmission Electron Microscope. Results: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy confirmed cellulose integrity; X-ray Diffraction revealed 66.3% crystallinity. Scanning Electron Microscope and Transmission Electron Microscope showed structural features and successful nanoparticle integration. The nanocomposite adhered effectively to tooth surfaces, with thickness around 2 ± 2.5 µm. Conclusion: The NC/nCaF2 nanocomposite demonstrated promising potential for tooth remineralization and biomedical applications.
Background: Bone-targeted agents such as Zoledronic Acid (ZA) and Denosumab (DE) are essential in preventing skeletal-related events in cancer patients with bone metastasis. Both drugs carry risks of adverse events (AEs), including electrolyte disorder, nephrotoxicity, and osteonecrosis of the jaw. Aim: To compare the safety profiles of ZA and DE and identify risk factors associated with AEs in cancer patients with bone metastasis. Methodology: A retrospective cohort study was conducted from August 1, 2021, to August 1, 2023, at the Cancer Care and Research Centre. Adult patients with solid tumors and confirmed bone metastasis who received either ZA or DE were included. Patients taking these agents for other indications were excluded. Data from electronic health records, lab results, and medication charts were analyzed. Univariate analysis was used to assess AE risk factors. Results: A total of 250 patients were included (ZA=125, DE=125). The incidence of AEs was higher in the ZA group. Calcium disorder occurred in both groups. Comorbidities were significantly associated with increased AE risk (p<0.001). DE showed a better safety profile. Conclusion: Denosumab was linked to fewer AEs than Zoledronic Acid. Comorbidities increased AE risk, highlighting the need for preventive strategies.
Background: Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens that depend entirely on host-cell machinery for replication. In SARS‑CoV‑2 infection, elevated biomarkers like D‑dimer, ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and other inflam¬matory mediators are strongly associated with increased disease severity and poorer prognosis. These markers en¬able early risk stratification in COVID‑19 patients. Aim: This study evaluates LDH, ferritin, and D-dimer levels as prognostic biomarkers for COVID-19 severity in Iraqi patients. Methodology: This research was designed as a case-control study and conducted at Al-Karkh General Hospital. Venous blood samples were collected to assess the bio¬chemical levels of D-dimer, Ferritin, and LDH. Results: A higher infection rate was observed in males compared to females, with the 40–50 age group most affected. Significant positive correlations among LDH, Ferritin, and D-dimer levels. Conclusion: Elevated levels of LDH, ferritin, and D-dimer are closely associated with COVID-19 severity and may serve as reliable biomarkers for disease progression. This study demonstrates a significant positive correlation between these parameters in Iraqi patients.
Tranexamic acid (TXA) has emerged as a promising therapeutic agent for melasma due to its multifaceted action on vascular, inflammatory, and melanogenic pathways. This review investigates the current evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of oral, topical, and intradermal routes of TXA administration. Oral TXA demonstrates notable effectiveness, achieving a 50–60% reduction in Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) scores, while topical formulations offer comparable benefits with an improved safety profile. Intradermal administration allows for rapid, localized effects, with MASI score improvements ranging from 55–65%. Moreover, combinatory regimens particularly with fractional CO₂ lasers or antioxidants like ascorbic acid have shown synergistic effects, offering new hope for recalcitrant cases. Despite these promising developments, challenges remain. The absence of comprehensive long-term safety data and the inadequate representation of varied communities in clinical studies necessitate immediate concern. Future research should emphasize longitudinal follow-up, genetic predispositions, and ethnic-specific responses. Ultimately, integrating advanced delivery systems with patient education and adherence strategies is vital for optimizing and sustaining TXA’s therapeutic benefits in melasma management.
Background: Polypharmacy and inappropriate prescribing are prevalent concerns in the geriatric population, often leading to adverse drug events and poor health outcomes. Older adults are particularly vulnerable due to multiple comorbidities and age-related physiological changes. Aim: To assess the prevalence of polypharmacy and inappro¬priate prescribing among geriatric patients at a tertiary hospital in Oman. Methodology: A retrospective cohort study was conducted by reviewing 100 prescriptions of geriatric patients. Data were extracted from electronic medical rec¬ords using the TrakCare® system. Polypharmacy was defined as the use of five or more medications, and inappro¬priate prescribing was evaluated using the Beers Criteria. Results: The average patient age was 73.63 years, with no significant gender differences in age distribution. Cardiovascular and endocrine-metabolic disorders were the most common comorbidities. Most patients were prescribed 6–10 medications, with none receiving fewer than four. Patients aged 60–69 had the highest average number of medications. A significant gender difference was observed in inap¬propriate prescribing, with females receiving more inappropriate medications than males (p=0.028). Conclusion: The study highlights the high prevalence of polypharmacy and inappropriate prescribing in geriatric patients at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital (SQUH). These findings stress the need for individualized and cautious prescribing prac¬tices to improve medication safety in this population.
Background: Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is characterized by a disruption of mucosal integrity of stomach, duodenum or both, caused by local inflammation, which leads to well defined mucosal defect. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate treatment of PUD and outcome in Iraqi patients, whether controlled or uncontrolled in correlation with treatment. Methodology: A total of 520 patients were enrolled from several hospitals in Baghdad. Results: Peptic ulcers were most common in patients over 60yrs of age (50%), followed by patients between 40-59yrs of age (27%), then patients between 18-39 years of age (23%). Moreover, PU is predominant in males (73%) of total patients. 65% of patients in study were smokers. H. pylori was identified as the causative agent in approximately 15% of cases. Analysis of treatment practices in Iraqi hospitals revealed that 61% of patients received proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), 24% were treated with H2-receptor antagonists, and only 15% were administered a targeted anti-H. pylori regimen. 69% of patients were controlled in correlation with treatment schedule. Conclusion: Elderly individuals are at higher risk for development of PU. Smoking is a significant risk factor since it stimulates basal acid output.
Background: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a common and severe complication of diabetes mellitus, often leading to prolonged healing times and increased risk of amputation. Aim: This study evaluates the healing period among diabetic cases with ulcers affecting different anatomical areas and assesses the impact of honey and hydrogel treatments on wound closure time. Methodology: A prospective, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Diabetic Foot Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Saudi Arabia, from February 2019 to February 2023. The study included 120 participants with type 2 diabetes and second-degree foot ulcers. Participants were divided into four treatment groups: honey alone, hydrogel alone, honey and hydrogel combination, and a control group receiving Fucidin ointment. Healing times were analyzed based on ulcer location and treatment type. Results: The mean healing time across all groups was 12.76±4.08 days. Healing times varied significantly based on the ulcer location (p=0.002), with hindfoot wounds taking the longest to heal. Among treatment groups, the combination of honey and hydrogel demonstrated the shortest healing time (10.83 ± 3.5 days), which was significantly faster than the control group (p=0.004). This combination was particularly effective in ulcers on the forefoot. Additionally, greater wound size correlated with longer healing times (p<0.001). Conclusion: Wound location significantly affects healing duration in diabetic ulcers. The combination of honey and hydrogel enhances wound closure rates, especially in ulcers affecting the forefoot. These findings support the incorporation of honey-hydrogel therapy in clinical management of DFUs.
Background: Sudanese heart failure patients (HF) face challenges in self-care due to limited disease knowledge. Aim: To translate, culturally adapt, and validate the Dutch Heart Failure Knowledge Scale (DHFKS) into Arabic for use in Sudan. Methodology: Following a standard forward–backward translation, two bilingual translators and a panel of cardiologists and linguists produced the Arabic version. After pilot-testing with local patients, the scale was administered to 110 outpatients. Internal consistency (Cronbach’s α) and test–retest reliability (p-value) were evaluated. Results: The Arabic DHFKS demonstrated strong internal consistency (α = 0.824) and acceptable test–retest reliability (p<0.05). Mean score was 5.34 ± 2.41, highlighting areas for targeted educational interventions. Conclusion: These findings confirm that the Arabic DHFKS is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing HF knowledge, supporting its use in clinical practice and research to guide patient education and improve outcomes.
Background: Hyperthyroidism can influence the metabolism and regulation of various essential nutrients, including vitamin D. Thyroid dysfunction is often associated with altered serum levels of vitamin D, potentially contributing to further metabolic complications. Aim: This study aims to investigate the relationship between thyroid hormone levels and vitamin D status in Iraqi patients diagnosed with hyperthyroidism. Methodology: A total of 50 patients with hyperthyroidism (23 males and 27 females), aged 20 to 72 years, attending the endocrinology clinic at Baghdad Medical City were included in this study. A control group consisting of 20 healthy individuals was also enrolled. Demographic data including age, gender, and body mass index (BMI) were recorded. Serum levels of thyroid hormones (T3, T4, and TSH) and vitamin D were measured and statistically analyzed. Results: Patients with hyperthyroidism showed significantly elevated levels of T3 and T4 (p<0.05) compared to the control group. In contrast, vitamin D levels were significantly lower in the hyperthyroid group (p<0.001). A significant negative correlation was observed between vitamin D levels and both T3 and T4. Conversely, vitamin D demonstrated a positive correlation with TSH levels. Conclusion: Hyperthyroidism is associated with reduced vitamin D levels, which may contribute to or worsen the clinical manifestations of vitamin D deficiency. Additionally, vitamin D deficiency may further aggravate thyroid dysfunction. The findings also highlight a higher prevalence of thyroid disorders among females compared to males.
Background: Oral cancer remains a significant public health concern, with early detection playing a crucial role in improving prognosis and survival rates. Dental professionals are often the first to identify suspicious oral lesions, making their knowledge and awareness critical for timely diagnosis. Aim: This study aimed to assess the attitudes and knowledge of Baghdad's dental community regarding the early detection of oral cancer. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 193 dentists in Baghdad using a self-reported questionnaire. The survey collected data on participants’ demographics, awareness of oral cancer risk factors and clinical signs, and familiarity with diagnostic methods. Results: Most respondents had less than 15 years of professional experience, and only 20.2% held postgraduate qualifications. Regarding risk factor awareness, 41.45% identified tobacco use, 35.75% identified a history of oral cancer, and 8.80% recognized HPV as a risk factor. The most commonly recognized clinical sign was a persistent ulcer (37.3%), followed by white lesions (26.94%). Less frequently noted signs included enlarged lymph nodes (13.98%) and dysphagia (5.18%). In terms of diagnostic preferences, 54.40% favored scalpel biopsy, followed by brush biopsy (22.27%) and exfoliative cytology (14.50%). Less common techniques included Toluidine blue (5.69%), Lugol’s iodine stain (2.07%), and fluorescent imaging (1.03%). Conclusion: While Baghdad's dentists demonstrate a basic understanding of oral cancer risk factors and signs, significant gaps exist in their knowledge of advanced diagnostic and screening methods. These findings highlight the need for targeted educational interventions to improve early detection practices.
Background: Medicinal herbs are widely valued for their therapeutic potential Conyza canadensis, with a long history of treating various ailments was the subject of this recent research. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the total phenols and flavonoids, antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxicity activity of Conyza canadensis ethanolic extract in vitro. Methodology: The aerial parts of the plant were extracted with 70% ethanol. The extract was analyzed for total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant capacity using DPPH assay, antimicrobial effects against selected pathogens, and cytotoxicity on HepG2 cells using the MTT assay. Results: The extract showed high phenolic (226.28 ± 12.67 mg/g GAE) and flavonoid content (123.1 ± 16.25 μg/mL). The DPPH assay indicated dose-dependent scavenging activity, surpassing that of vitamin C. Antibacterial activity was moderate to strong, with inhibition zones ranging from 13 mm to 31 mm depending on concentration and organism. The MTT assay revealed significant cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells at higher doses. Conclusion: Conyza canadensis exhibits promising antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic properties attributed to its phytochemical content.
Background: Warfarin and Rivaroxaban are common anticoagulants with distinct profiles. Warfarin, a vitamin K an¬tagonist, requires frequent international normalized ratio (INR) monitoring and dose adjustments. Rivaroxaban, a di¬rect oral anticoagulant (DOAC), allows fixed dosing with minimal monitoring but is more expensive. Aim: To compare prescribing trends, patient demographics, and cost implications of warfarin and rivaroxaban in Oman from January 2019 to May 2024. Methodology: Prescription data were reviewed for drug utilization, number of patients, prescrip¬tions, tablets dispensed, and related costs. INR test counts for warfarin were also analyzed. Costs were reported in Omani Rial (R.O). Results: Warfarin was prescribed to 238 patients, totaling 6,813 prescriptions and 292,812 tablets. Rivaroxaban was prescribed to 28 patients, with 445 prescriptions and 11,491 tablets. Total cost: warfarin (12,143.28 R.O), rivaroxaban (7,554.38 R.O). Switching all warfarin users to rivaroxaban would cost 30,184.56 R.O. INR moni¬toring for warfarin users involved 1,626 tests. Conclusion: Warfarin remains widely used in Oman due to lower cost, despite rivaroxaban’s ease of use. High expense limits rivaroxaban adoption. Future studies should explore long-term outcomes and cost-effectiveness of broader DOAC use.
Background: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2 inhibitors) work by inhibiting glucose reabsorption in the kidneys' proximal tubules. This process helps lower plasma glucose levels, reduce body weight, and decrease cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Aim: This study evaluates the impact of dapagli¬flozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, on body weight and BMI in Omani patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methodology: A retrospective pre-post cohort study was conducted at Diwan Polyclinic, Muscat, enrolling 124 T2DM patients between January 2020 and December 2022. Patients who used dapagliflozin for at least 24 months were included. Medical records were analyzed for weight and BMI changes. Statistical analyses included paired t-tests, two-way ANOVA, and chi-square tests to assess differences across gender and treatment regimens. Results: The mean age of participants was 61 years, with 50.8% being female. At baseline, 47.6% were obese, with an average BMI of 30.49 kg/m². After two years of dapagliflozin treatment, patients experienced significant weight loss (-3.43 kg, 4.45% reduction) and a decrease in BMI to 28.78 kg/m². Females showed greater weight loss (-4.13 kg) than males (-2.77 kg). Weight reduction was independent of treatment regimens. Conclusion: Dapagliflozin effectively reduces weight and BMI in T2DM patients, improving metabolic health. Further research is needed to explore long-term outcomes and contributing mechanisms.
Background: Iron and folic acid are essential micronutrients for reproductive health. While supplementation is common during pregnancy, excessive intake may disrupt hormonal balance and impair fertility. Aim: To evaluate the effects of iron and folic acid supplementation and overdose on fertility and reproductive hormone levels in female mice. Methodology: An experimental study was conducted on 36 female mice divided into six groups receiving different doses of folic acid, iron, or combinations of both for seven days. Reproductive hormone levels were measured, and pregnancy and fertility rates were assessed. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and chi-square tests. Results: Iron-treated mice showed a significant reduction in luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels (p<0.001) and no pregnancies occurred in these groups. Low-dose folic acid improved pregnancy and fertility rates compared to high-dose folic acid (p=0.034). Conclusion: High-dose iron causes infertility in female mice by disrupting hormonal balance, while normal doses of folic acid enhance fertility. These findings highlight the need for cautious micronutrient supplementation and medical supervision during pregnancy.
Background: C-reactive protein (CRP) is a vital immune response protein produced by the liver in response to inflam-mation, increased CRP values signify the intensity of the inflammatory response in several viral infections. Aim: This study investigates the link between C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and the severity of several viral infections, includ¬ing hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), herpes simples 2 virus (HSV-2), and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Methodology: A cross-sectional study was undertaken from the first of October 2024 to the end of November 2024. A total of fifty patients were diagnosed with a viral infection within the last four weeks. Patients were asked to complete a questionnaire and submit blood samples for investigation of CRP, viral load, and WBC counts. Results: The results revealed that CRP levels differed across patients, with HCV and VZV having higher mean values. There were substantial positive connections between CRP levels and white blood cell count, viral load, and hospitalization rates, indicating that CRP is an important index for inflammation and illness severity. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the clinical significance of CRP in determining illness state and directing treatment methods for viral infections.
Background: Epilepsy during pregnancy poses significant clinical challenges, with maternal and fetal outcomes po¬tentially influenced by both the disease itself and the use of antiseizure medications (ASMs). In recent years, pre¬scribing trends have shifted toward newer, comparatively safer ASMs. Aim: This study analyzed ASM use, epilepsy control, and medication adjustments among pregnant women with epilepsy (PWWE). Methodology: A retrospective cross-sectional study reviewed medical records of 102 PWWE. Data on epilepsy classification, ASM prescriptions, medication adjustments, and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) were collected and analyzed. Results: Unspecified epilepsy was most common (43%), followed by focal (36%) and generalized (21%) epilepsy. Seizure control was achieved in 63.6% of cases, with levetiracetam (LEV) (33%) being the most prescribed ASM. ASM modifications occurred in 28% of cases, primarily in the first (11.6%) and third (10.3%) trimesters. LEV prescriptions increased during pregnancy, while carbamazepine (CBZ) and valproate (VPA) use declined. Only 5% of patients underwent TDM. Conclusion: Most PWWE maintained stable ASM regimens, but a significant proportion experienced medication adjustments. TDM utilization was low despite guideline recommendations. Improved monitoring and individualized ASM management are essential for optimizing maternal and fetal outcomes.
Background: Individuals who use removable dentures should practice proper denture care to avoid issues such as infections, denture-related stomatitis, and unsatisfactory aesthetics. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the influence of subjective factors such as, gender, hygiene habits, and education level on the denture cleanliness index (DCI) among removable denture wearers in Iraq. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 120 complete and partial denture wearers to assess their education level and self-reported denture care habits. After collecting data and additional denture-related information, the data was analysed descriptively (frequency and percentage) with statistical tools employed in SPSS. A disclosing agent was used to assess the participants' dentures. DCI was then used to evaluate the discolored dentures. Results: The patients' average age was 65.33±8.72 years. A total of 65 (54.2%) females and 55 (45.8%) males were present. Denture Cleanliness Index scores of one (denture is visibly clean) were found more in females compared to males, whereas the difference is statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that an individual's choice of methods and behaviors for maintaining denture hygiene is heavily influenced by their gender. Additionally, education level has an important effect on the denture cleanliness index.
