Recent studies have reported excess heat generation during hydrogen absorption–desorption cycles in Cu–Ni composite metals. It has also been suggested that laser irradiation of the sample can enhance the reactions of hydrogen within metals. Considering these findings, we investigated the thermal behavior of hydrogen-loaded Cu–Ni alloys supported on zirconia (CNZ). In absorption experiments with a heater input of 50 W, maximum excess heat of 16 W was observed. Furthermore, when laser irradiation at a wavelength of 793 nm with an output power of 1–6325 mW was applied to the CNZ sample, the excess heat calculated from the sample temperature was positive, whereas that derived from the gas temperature was negative. In addition, hydrogen desorption experiments using Pd–Ni multilayers deposited on a zirconia substrate were carried out. The results showed that excess heat occasionally became negative depending on the heater power, indicating poor reproducibility.
The Pd-Ni-Zr alloy has been identified as one of the most promising materials for low-energy nuclear reactions (LENR). The simple and efficient fabrication of the Pd-Ni-Zr alloy, in conjunction with systematic investigations into its control factors, significantly advances the progress of LENR. In this study, Pd-Ni-Zr alloy nanopowders with different compositions were prepared by high energy ball milling and subjected to heat treatment including high-temperature vacuum annealing, high-temperature oxidation and deuterium reduction. The grain refinement process of Pd-Ni-Zr alloy nanopowder was explored based on different ball milling times. The deuterium reduction of Pd-Ni-Zr samples prepared under different ball-milling conditions reached a minimum of 27 nm, accompanied by a high density of defects including dislocations, interfaces, and amorphous structure. From the results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), the influence of temperature and atmosphere on the morphology, phase structure, and crystallinity of Pd-Ni-Zr alloy was revealed. Excess heat of Pd-Ni-Zr alloy nanopowder in D2 was assessed with a high-precision Seebeck calorimeter. Results demonstrate that both the activation treatment (involving high-temperature oxidation and deuterium reduction) and the stepwise variation of reaction temperature are critical factors for enhancing the excess heat of Pd-Ni-Zr alloy. Excess power of 0.6 W (or 120 W/kg of the sample) was obtained with the optimized Pd-Ni-Zr alloy samples.
This paper reviews the progress of CMNS (Condensed Matter Nuclear Science) research in Japan and outline the main findings. An overview of past state-sponsored and private foundation-sponsored research projects in Japan will be presented. We also report on current university-based research trends and private companies entering this field. We will discuss the challenges and directions of future research and development of CMNS in Japan.
Cold fusion requires two essential conditions for it to occur. First, a location in which the Coulomb barrier can be reduced must be created. This unique condition is called the nuclear active environment (NAE). Second, the nuclear fuel, which is any isotope of hydrogen, must diffuse from its usual location in the crystal structure and enter the NAE. Upon arrival in the NAE, the fuel is converted to a nuclear product by a very unusual nuclear process, which involves the electrons within the NAE reducing the Coulomb barrier and carrying away part of the nuclear energy as they are emitted with kinetic energy. Helium is the final nuclear product when deuterium is used. This paper describes how these requirements can be met without violating the rules governing a chemical environment while being consistent with the nuclear requirements. A model describing the process is provided using only the observed behaviors and their implications.
Cold fusion (Lattice Assisted Nuclear Reactions: LANR) driven systems can deliver clean, large levels of energy production (through heat) which enable competing and superior handling properties and portability.
The incremental excess power gain in LANR using the niobium [Nb] Phusor®type component in D2O, vs platinum as the anode [with a very high impedance solution] was⇠ 2.88 +/0.21, compared to the ohmic control (⇠1). Nb offers a possible alternative to palladium, with Nb having unique magnetic and high temperature properties.
Hyper-cold fusion is an innovative nuclear fusion approach that exploits the unique electronic properties of 2D materials. Unlike conventional cold fusion using hydrogen-occluded metals, our method operates on graphene surfaces under elevated gas pressures while maintaining low-energy states. The mechanism relies on graphene’s ability to emit terahertz radiation, creating an excited electron-rich environment where plasmons with Fermi velocities of 6000 km/s interact with hydrogen nuclei. High-pressure hydrogen gas on graphene surfaces shows enhanced mobility compared with hydrogen in conventional systems, increasing the probability of fusion interactions. The proposed electron capture mechanism involves ground-state hydrogen atoms interacting with graphene plasmons, potentially enabling fusion reactions on the material surface. This approach addresses fundamental limitations of traditional cold fusion by providing a more controlled and potentially scalable fusion pathway through the strategic utilization of 2D material properties.
The anomalously large heat generation phenomenon using hydrogen gas and nanoscale Ni/Cu multilayer films on Ni sheets was investigated by SEM-EDX and XAFS analyses for a sample that showed significant excess heat generation during a long-term heat generation experiment. SEM observations of the sample in back scattered electron mode revealed andomly distributed dark regions of anomalously high oxygen concentration, surrounded by grey regions with only trace oxygen concentration. The dark regions corresponded to the regions of high oxygen concentration (RHOC) reported in previous studies. XAFS analyses of the sample suggested that approximately 5% of the Ni or Cu atoms in the surface layer were in a chemical state similar to oxygen-deficient NiO1 or CuO1 , and were localized in the RHOC. It was also suggested that the RHOC extended to a depth of⇠0.8 µm or more which was much deeper than the initial multilayer thickness of⇠150 nm. If the RHOC were formed as a result of cumulative events of anomalous heat generation, then a local atomic configuration, in which a significant number of both oxygen atoms and their vacancies occupy octahedral interstitial sites adjacent to Ni atoms with a face-centered cubic structure, may be an efficient nuclear active environment for anomalous heat generation.
In this study, we conducted a hydrogen desorption experiment using a Pd foil sample coated with a Ni membrane to investigate its thermal behavior and hydrogen diffusion characteristics. Two heating methods were employed: direct heating and indirect heating. In the direct heating experiments, transient heat generation was observed 0.5–1.0 hours after applying constant power, accompanied by temperature changes associated with hydrogen release. Comparison with unabsorbed samples suggested that the excess heat was estimated to be up to several hundred milliwatts. On the other hand, in the indirect heating experiments, heat generation was rarely observed, but a heat generation phenomenon was confirmed when a constant power of 1 W was applied. These results suggest that anomalous diffusion during the hydrogen desorption process may induce heat generation, indicating the need for further confirmation of reproducibility and higher-precision evaluation of excess heat.
Coenergy is used to include magnetic fields in linear, conservative systems. It permits easy derivation of force. With an additional technique, it enables loading measurements without interrupting the electrical current flow. Coenergy analysis can also measure induced and remnant magnetization in NANOR®-type CF/LANR components.
We designed an experimental setup to qualitatively reveal the existence of low-energy nuclear reactions or other possible nuclear processes during laser irradiation, by detecting fast neutrons. Inspired by the experimental scheme first proposed by MIT, laser emitters projecting red light with a wavelength of 445 nm were utilized to target titanium and palladium metal sheets inside chambers filled with helium, hydrogen, deuterium, or argon gas. After 30 days of laser irradiation, a large number of fast neutron tracks were found on both sides of the detectors. Counts were estimated to be one order of magnitude higher than the background, warranting the argument that titanium and palladium sheets, when loaded with certain gases and exposed to prolonged laser irradiation, can produce neutrons. Elements not originally present were detected, consistent with possible transmutation. The new elements due were discovered in most of the samples, and were largely consistent with the neutron production.
We present an integrated set of experiments that advance the long-standing search for Anomalous Heat Effects (AHE) in metal–hydrogen systems, with a decisive shift toward inexpensive materials and dynamic drive conditions. Our working medium is commercial Constantan wire (Cu55Ni44Mn1), selected in 2011 to replace palladium due to its lower cost and higher defect density. The wire is operated in a compact INFN-LNF reactor that reaches internal temperatures of 900 C, while the external jacket remains below 350 C. The wire is simultaneously excited in two orthogonal modes: (i) high-density axial current pulses that drive thermionic emission, electromigration, and the characteristic “wire-breathing” pressure wave; and (ii) a transverse plasma, generated either as a Paschen spark or, more desirably, as a self-quenching dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD) stabilized by a Ca/Sr/Ba low-work-function coating, analogous to those employed in thermionic valve cathodes. Custom dimmer-based power electronics (50 Hz mains frequency, 90–95% efficiency) allow real-time adjustment of fall time (with rise time <1 µs), duty cycle, and polarity. Embedded K-type thermocouples provide in-situ calorimetry accurate to ±1 W. In a 50% H2–50% Ar atmosphere at 200 mbar, direct-current operation serves as the “null” line. Pulsed driving lifts the thermal baseline, and adding a pulsed counter-electrode (CE) increases net excess heat to 20–21 W for an 80 W input (peak COP ⇡ 1.27 at 60 W). Reducing the pressure to 140 mbar and enlarging the CE coupling capacitor maintains Paschen/DBD activity and yields comparable—or slightly enhanced—AHE, despite incurring an additional 4–5 W of circuit losses. After two weeks of dormancy, the effect diminishes but can be partially recovered through in-situ redox cycling and extended pulsing, consistent with the involvement of metastable vacancy clusters anticipated by the Fukai–Staker super-loading model. Thermionic emission and electromigration show a strong correlation with excess heat generation, in agreement with Preparata’s coherence framework. Future work will investigate tungsten–NiCu multilayer electrodes driven by SiC pulse electronics, complemented by fast optical and X-ray diagnostics to resolve sub-millisecond dynamics. The reproducibility achieved here—using only commodity components—underscores the potential of Constantan-based AHE modules for high-temperature process heat, lightweight aerospace power systems, and distributed micro-grid applications.
In 2003, we demonstrated PHUSOR®-type aqueous D2O components with incremental power gains circa 480%. And in 2012, with NANOR®-type ZrO2NiPdD components, we showed open demonstration systems running for three months with incremental power gains of⇠ 80. The incremental power gains of CF/LANR have improved to more than 104 to 106 from preloaded, active NANOR®-type components, calibrated by ohmic controls. The important result for very successful LANR/CF applications is now revealed: large incremental power gain with 1 microwatt in, then circa 10 watts out.
The detailed mechanism of low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) remains poorly understood at present. Because causal networks are valuable tools for analysing complex processes, they can be applied to LENR. Drawing on the insights of Edmund Storms and other experts, the entire process of a typical gas-loading LENR is divided into four cascaded stages. To clarify this, we have created a schematic diagram of the causal network. This diagram shows several influencing factors, allowing quantitative cause-effect relationships between input variables and the final output of excess power to be derived. It is important to note that this causalnetwork and the relationships are still at an early stage and will require further updates and refinement.
In this paper we study the plasma-assisted LENR and its detonation in heterogeneous plasmoid (HP) triggered by a magnetic compressor at a static pressure of Pst ⇠1 Bar and higher. This HP consists of cheap carbon nanoclusters and hydrogen ions (protons).
A compact quartz-glass reactor combining inductive heating and excitation with high magnetic fields was developed to study hydrogen-metal interactions and potential low-energy nuclear phenomena. Experiments with palladium-coated and pure nickel foils produced repeatable activation upon gradual pressure reduction and deactivation by short hydrogen pulses. In the active state, identical output temperatures were maintained with substantially less electrical input, with coefficients of performance ranging from 1.4 to 2.4. Surface analysis by scanning electron microscopy revealed localised melting and pore formation, while energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed significant compositional changes, including the appearance of elements such as carbon, oxygen, aluminium and silicon. The results demonstrate reproducible excess heat under well-defined conditions and surface changes consistent with nuclear processes, making the reactor a versatile platform for systematic LENR research and scale-up.
S. E. Koonin’s formula and Bethe’s calculation on solar energy are combined with the 2-step nuclear resonance caused by multiple scattering in lattice in order to evaluate the resonance effect on the possible low energy nuclear reaction rate. This resonance is justified by the 6 straight lines from 6 laboratories (Fleischmann, Storms, Dennis, Mizuno, Parkhomov, and Tsinghua) in 5 countries. It may explain both Storms’ tritium and Miles’ correlation between excess power and 4He data. Similar to low energy electron diffraction, the low energy proton diffraction has 3 effects: (1) turns 2-body phase-shift into many-body phase-shift and makes coherent resonance in lattice, i.e. puts many peaks of wave function at many nuclear surfaces simultaneously and replaces the Gamow suppression by Boltzmann factor; (2) many bouncing back and forth motions between interface of 2 films greatly enhance the number of nuclear reactions; (3) reduces the total reflection rate from a set of films in terms of interference between many reflected waves; then, confine the incident wave inside the multiple film system for a much longer time. It is consistent with the correlation between quantum diffusion flux and excess power. This model may further explain 5-peak pattern and the 3 pA-law in the nuclear transmutation of metal hydrides (Miley, Mizuno, and Ohmori’s data). This is the Lattice Enhanced Nuclear Resonance (LENR). It is supposed to appear in the “electron screening potential”, and show the 5-peak pattern as well. 3 experiments are suggested to verify this possible nuclear origin in electron screening potential. It may turn metal-hydride a fuel burning with hydrogen together, rather than a furnace for burning hydrogen in it.
Ordinary H-humidity can alter CF/LANR D-derived reactions, inactivating them, thus impacting both incremental excess power gain and the electrical resistivity. Ordinarily it can completely quench the desired XSH from D-loaded components. Preventing this unwanted H-humidification will engineer better CF/LANR systems.
The biophysical and nuclear-physical prerequisites for the transmutation of iodine into xenon in growing microbiological systems are considered. The experimental studies have shown that in the presence of external biochemical action, formed by the influence of a small admixture of heavy water to a water-containing nutrient medium, such nuclear transmutation takes place. It is shown that the most probable mechanism for stimulating such nuclear fusion is associated with the formation of local shock acoustic vibrations associated with DNA breaks due to the action of heavy water. The action of such shock vibrations can lead to the formation of coherent correlated states of nearby protons and the generation of short-term intense energy fluctuations, the amplitude and duration of which are sufficient to implement nuclear fusion.
The Lattice Energy Converter (LEC), discovered by Gordon and Whitehouse, has opened the way to a new form of energy production with the important characteristic of directly generating electricity. Experiments conducted so far, performed near room temperature, have shown that a voltage is generated between an activated electrode—obtained by palladium deposition—and a reference electrode in hydrogen or deuterium atmospheres. These studies have also demonstrated that the generated voltage varies with temperature. Since both palladium and hydrogen are used in Cold Fusion as well as in LEC experiments, this similarity suggests that the two effects may share a common origin. The authors of the present paper have previously reported excess heat production using nickel alloy nano powders (Ni/Cu) embedded in an amorphous alumina matrix after activation and reduction of a hydrotalcite precursor. However, the excess heat was observed only above approximately 700C. To investigate whether excess heat and the LEC effect arise from the same underlying mechanism, we designed a device capable of performing LEC experiments with powders at temperatures up to 950C. The results show that the LEC effect occurs within the same temperature range as the observed excess heat. These findings support the hypothesis that the LEC effect and Cold Fusion phenomena may originate from a common mechanism.
