The research objective was to predict cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) production using Box- jenkins autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) method. This method is suitable in time series data with observational values that are statistically related to one another. Cabbage is one of the main agricultural commodities in Batu city, with a productivity of 180 quintals per hectare in year 2022. Based on the economic potential of the cabbage crop which is quite high, forecasting the production of cabbage is necessary to optimize inventory management and supply planning. The data used on monthly cabbage yield in Batu for the last five years from January, 2018 to December, 2022 which is 60 observations as the basis for analysis. The analysis result shows that the best model for prediction cabbage production is ARIMA (1,0,0) and forecasting result for the next twelve months shows a constant pattern. The model produces a MAPE value of 6.09% means that the accuracy of the model is 93.91% so, it can be concluded that the model is suitable for use in the analysis of cabbage production data. The results of this study are expected to provide valuable insights for farmers, traders and other related parties in optimizing the production, distribution and marketing strategies of cabbage in Batu city.
Many of the traditional uses of Aloe species have been confirmed by scientific studies. These days, a lot of companies are industrializing a range of goods made from Aloe. Aloe species serve as a foundation for a number of formulations, such as suntan lotions and moisturizers, which are humectants in skin preparations. In modern days, researchers are trying to confirm the scientific way of using these plants in both in vitro and in vivo trials for the therapeutic efficacy, responsible bioactive compounds, toxicology and dosages. Currently, incorporating Aloe extracts to the raw material of food industry is used to manufacture functional foods, nutraceutical foods, edible coating/films and antimicrobial agent foods. The study examined the effects of spraying Aloe vera extract and using organic fertilizer on the chemical composition, seed yield, oil yield and vegetative growth of plants Aloe species extract have been used to achieve high yields. Because Aloe species have a naturally occurring colour, they are used as thickening agents and in biotechnology applications for textile pretreatment and colouration. Taking into account their numerous health benefits and valuable chemical composition, the Aloe species could be regarded as economically significant matrices for the cosmetics, pharmaceutical, food, beverages, agricultural chemicals, printing and dye industries. As a result, controlled research will be needed in the future to demonstrate the Aloe species efficacy in a variety of settings while maintaining the species. In summary, Aloe species extracts are used to boost the efficacy of modern industrial inputs for varies products by combining them with other useful materials.
This article is devoted to the study of the free-electron laser (FEL) employing two relativistic electron beams and a helical undulator. Our study is based on the framework of kinetic description. By using the first order principle the dispersion relation (DR) which has shown the resonance bands is obtained. To generality a water bag distribution function (DF) for electron beams is considered. Using the iteration method by numerical solution DR for the electromagnetic mode and space charge mode has been solved. It has shown that increasing the energy separation of two electron currents results in decreasing the peak growth and causes to increase in the wave number of the FEL resonance, while it has the opposite behaviour for two stream FEL resonance. It has been noticed that the coupling of the electromagnetic wave (EMW) with the space charge wave leads to the instabilities.
Radon (222Rn), a daughter product of Ra in Uranium series, is a naturally occurring radioactive gaseous isotope. When radon isotopes are inhaled, it might damage the lungs if very excessive. The aim of this work is to assess 222Rn activity concentration present inside 26 warehouses of Umm Al-Qura University using RAD 7 detector and to alert the workers, while working inside the warehouses. The highest 222Rn concentration was 126.1±6.2 Bq/m3 in the old storage 2 with AED (annual effective dose equal) to 3.18 mSv/y. The lowest was 8.3±0.98 Bq/m3 in the organic chemicals storage with AED equal to 0.209 msv/y. The value of EP (Exposure to 222Rn Progeny) and the PAEC (potential alpha energy concentration) was equal to in the range 0.0533 WLM/Y-0.0351 WLM/Y and 13.63-0.9 mWL respectively in the two warehouses. The value of CPPP (number of lung cancer cases per year per million people) was 57 in the old storage 2 warehouse, while the lowest value was found in Organic Chemicals Storage warehouse which was equal to 4. 222Rn concentration in all the 26 warehouses is substantially below the limits set by US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), which recommends remediation at a maximum of 148 Bq/m3 (4 pCi/L) but according ALARA high ventilation system is recommended in warehouses rooms.
In this paper we present an advanced set of polynomials that can be generalized to Chebyshev polynomials. Some basic properties of Chebyshev polynomials and their variables, as well as formulas related to generalized polynomials, will be presented. Orthogonal polynomials are used to solve linear polynomial fractional differential equations (FDEs) which arise from many applications. The proposed algorithm was deduced using a novel method of the power formula for Chebyshev polynomials and the Galerkin formula. The method transforms FDE differential equations with initial or boundary conditions into a system of linear equations that can be solved efficiently and accurately by solving the appropriate numerical solution. The paper includes some examples and comparisons with other methods to prove the effectiveness and usefulness of the proposed algorithm
Trace elements are crucial for human metabolism, primarily processed in the liver. Liver diseases can alter their levels, especially during viral infections like Hepatitis C (HCV). HCV can lead to chronic liver problems. The blood samples were collected in ‘gel and clot activator’ tubes, allowed to clot and the serum was separated. Nitric acid was added to the serum to coagulate proteins and the samples were heated for one day at 150 °C for protein digestion. The pH was adjusted to 7 using ammonium hydroxide. Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), researchers found that HCV patients had higher levels of iron (Fe), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co) and copper (Cu) but lower levels of zinc (Zn) compared to healthy individuals.
Metallic oxide nanoparticles are synthesized through various methods for research and commercial purposes, with significant improvements observed over time. The sol-gel process is among the chemical methods employed for nanoparticle synthesis. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) was selected for synthesizing metallic nanoparticles using acetate salts of copper, cobalt and magnesium through the conventional sol-gel method. This technique is relatively new for direct nanoparticle synthesis. The nanoparticles have undergone characterization using various spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, UV/Vis, SEM, EDS), along with the addition of their antibacterial activities. The EDS spectra have been confirmed through EDS mapping for all nanoparticles. The antibacterial activities of these nanoparticles have also exhibited a positive response to E. coli bacteria, revealing clear zones of inhibition against the tested micro- organisms.
A sustained release matrix tablet of ondansetron HCl was prepared by the direct compression method using eudragit RL 100 and eudragit RS 100 with reduced dose, dosing frequency, improved bioavailability and prolonged release of the drug. Pre-compression and post-compression parameters were found to be uniform with their low standard deviation values. The similar characteristics of the IR peaks with few alterations observed in the spectra of the mixture of drugs and polymers and the uniform dispersion of the drug in an amorphous form in the tablets were revealed from the DSC thermogram, indicating the chemical stability of the drug. The in vitro drug release study in 0.1 N HCl, pH 1.2 for 2 h and remaining in phosphate buffer pH 6.8 indicated that the prepared tablets were capable of releasing drugs upto 12 h in the formulations F4 to F6 releasing drugs early, this might be due to using eudragit RL 100 polymer which is relatively more hydrophilic than eudragit RS 100. Among all the formulations, the F7 formulation was optimized as having sustained release properties and released 92.89% at the end of the 12 h from all nine (F1-F9) formulations. The optimized F7 batch showed no significant changes when subjected to stability at 40±20 °C temperature and relative humidity 75±5% for three months.
Through the lens of Tolman and Einstein energy momentum formulations, we conduct a comprehensive analysis of the energy momentum localization in different space times (diagonal and non- diagonal). We obtained that the two formulations (Tolman and Einstein) provide the same results for these space times (diagonal and non-diagonal). However, we further obtained that the super-potentials of Tolman and Einstein are different in general relativity for all diagonal and non-diagonal space times.
Excessive and unregulated application of antimicrobial agents stands at the forefront as the major instigator for the development of bacterial strains exhibiting resistance to multiple drugs, commonly referred to as multi-drug resistance (MDR). In addition, synthetic drugs are more expensive for the treatment of diseases. Additionally, the cost of using synthetic medications to treat illnesses is much higher. Therefore, in order to control microbial infections, new infection-fighting techniques must be developed. The study was planned to evaluate the role of Tinospora cordifolia against various bacterial strains. In total of 500 samples were collected randomly from people working in university of Swabi and tested for presence of bacterial load. Three bacterial strains were isolated i.e., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The anti-bacterial profile of isolated strains was determined using Ciprofloxacin, Tetracycline, Erythromycin, Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol and Amoxicillin. The activity Tinospora cordifolia was evaluated against antibiotic resistant bacterial strains which showed inhibitory activity against various multi-drug resistance bacterial strains and these results were compared with already available antibiotics. The results of antibiotic profiling showed that the Ciprofloxacin and Tetracycline were most efficient against all strains with a largest zone of inhibition followed by Chloramphenicol while Erythromycin, Ampicillin and Amoxicillin show no zones of inhibition. Whereas the activity of the medicinal plant extract of Tinospora cordifolia showed inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. It is concluded that the Tinospora cordifolia have antibacterial potential and uphold its replacement with of commonly used antibiotic drugs.
Favipiravir is an antiviral medication that has shown potential in treating COVID-19. Topological indices, on the other hand are mathematical descriptors used to quantify the molecular structure of compounds. These indices provide insights into the physical, chemical and biological properties of molecules. In this manuscript when applied to favipiravir, topological indices can help analyse its molecular structure and predict various features related to its bioactivity and pharmacological properties. These indices may include parameters such as. First and second temperature indices, hyper first and second temperature indices, reciprocal product connectivity temperature, first and second general temperature indexes, and general temperature index of a molecular graph. Consequently, the results and findings were compute and investigated with the help of MATLAB. The correlation between the indices that define the Physico-chemical properties and biological activities. These findings and results may help design new medicine to treat COVID-19.
The electronic along with the electronic properties of pure zinc oxides (ZnO) and Thulium (Tm) doped ZnO were studied by utilizing the density functional theory. The periodically arranged bulk crystalline structures were investigated for single point precision within framework of Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof functional in generalized gradient approximation (GGA-PBE) implemented in amsterdam density functional BAND (ADF-BAND). The computed band gap of the pristine ZnO is -1.36 eV and after doping the band gap increased to 1.6 eV and new energy levels 4/ orbitals are produced in the band gap of ZnO. The pristine ZnO offers zero spin polarization whereas the Tm doped ZnO shows considerable spin polarization in the 4/ orbitals of the thulium atom which shows the ferromagnetic behaviour of the material. The modifications in electronic, magnetic as well as optical properties of ZnO induced after Tm doping are studied in detail. The band structure showing impurity levels is modeled
In layered double hydroxides (LDH) synthesis, calcination increasingly attracts attention because it increases adsorption capacity. Despite this, since the calcination process caused the layers of LDH to be disordered, the thermal treatment process used to improve LDH crystallinity before calcination seems unnecessary. This study elucidates the effect of thermal aging on the phosphate adsorption ability of MgFe- LDH which was previously unexplained. Uncalcined and calcined MgFe-LDH adsorbents with different Mg/Fe molar ratios (2-4) were prepared by co-precipitation. Thermally aged and calcined MgFe-LDH with an Mg/Fe ratio of 3 showed the most effective adsorption. The pseudo-second-order model provided the best description of the kinetic adsorption data. XRD analysis showed that thermal aging improves the crystallinity of MgFe-LDH before calcination, which results in high adsorption of LDH after calcination because it leads to better reconstruction possibility. This study provides additional insight into the preparation of the Mg-Fe-LDH for water phosphate removal.
This study reports the kinetic parameters for the removal of Fe3+ from both the metal binding sites of bovine lactoferrin by acetohydroxamic acid (AHA). The values of observed rate constants (kobs) were determined for iron removal from diferric, N- and C-terminals of monoferric lactoferrin under pseudo first-order conditions of [L] at pH values 7.5, 5.0 and 3.5. A saturation behavior for the dependence of kobs on ligand concentration at pH 7.5 was observed. At pH 5.0, both the monoferric forms show a saturation behavior with diferric lactoferrin following a combination of linear and saturation pathways. For a saturation pathway kobs are: kmax [L] kobs = where: kd + [L] [L] is the concentration of acetohydroxamic acid, kmax is the rate constant for the removal of iron at plateau, kd is ligand concentration required to reach half saturation. While at pH 3.5, kobs follows: kobs = ko + k"' [L] where: k"' is the rate constant for iron abstraction from ferrilactoferrin through linear pathway, while ko is the rate constant for deferration of iron from ferrilactoferrin at lower pH and is independent of [L]. Moreover, the trends in the values of Kinetic parameters clearly show the inter-conversion of one type of pathway to another under varying conditions of pH.
Lean management contributes to pursuit the quality, accessibility and efficiency of healthcare institutions. Its importance of the implementation of lean management in the healthcare sector using different strategies to improve services like: the supply chain in hospitals. In this review was used the model proposed by seuring and gold based on the analyze a sample of articles indexed in Scopus, web of science and also the simulation tool was used to in order to illustrate the approach. After implementation of lean thinking in different hospital in some countries improves the structure, process and outcome of care and management actions and management in healthcare promotes advantages in terms of quality, safety and efficiency of healthcare in hospitals.
The principal method for the identification of individuals, in the past, was a fingerprint. It is being applied persistently without ambiguity for profound acknowledgment and has achieved positive responses to date. The subjects like gender determination, identification of forced bribery, flourishing of effective norms of the justice system, analysis of DNA through remaining’s sweat- amino acids and lipids, etc. which are the fundamentals that have augmented the importance of fingerprints. Furthermore, many chemical methods are utilized to improve and augment the scenario of fingerprints and various innovative techniques have been invented in the current period to make it effective. The recognition of fingerprint in various field is playing pivotal role to enhance development mechanism. It is reality that fingerprints are confronting with plenty of challenges but its bright future cannot be curtailed. The importance of fingerprints as well as ethical implication has fostered the ambient of modernization and putting the mechanism of justice at the apex of glory. As fingerprints facing variety of problems specially in the south Asian states for its recognition but it would flourish and will get its effective position.
It is theoretically examined whether electromagnetic surface waves manifest at the interface between air and photonic hypercrystals for the transverse magnetic polarisation mode (TM). Photonic hypercrystals are created by arranging HMMs into periodic photonic crystal. It is found that the studied surface waves have modest losses and are symmetric with respect to the positive and negative directions of surface propagation. The relationship between these waves and the hyperbolic metamaterial layers filling factor and the crystal itself is developed by curve graphing.
In Pakistani cuisine, there is a broad usage of commercially available powdered spices to enhance aroma and flavour of the food, most of Pakistanis use commercially available powder spices both branded and un-branded. The branded powder spices and recipe mix powder spices are available in aluminum laminated bags that enclosed in cardboard boxes whereas the un-branded powder spices and recipe mix powders are packed in polyethene bags. The recent study to examine the concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Fe, Co, Mn, Cd and Pb) in sixteen samples of spices and recipe mix powders that were purchased from local markets and super stores located in Karachi city of Pakistan. Each sample was first digested by wet digestion and then the levels of heavy metals in samples were analyzed through flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS). The data obtained was then compared with the permissible limits and recommended by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) for the samples studied. The average concentrations of heavy metals as Cu ranges from (0.0345-0.345) ppm, Fe ranges from (0.242-5.76) ppm, Ni ranges from (0-1.653) ppm, Pb ranges from (0-3.221) ppm, Co ranges from (0.05-1.529) ppm, Cd ranges from (0-0.551) ppm, Mn detected in the range of (1.195- 7.018) ppm and As detected in the range from (0-0.005) ppm. The order of maximum level of heavy metals detected in spice samples are Mn>Fe>Pb>Ni>Co>Cu>Cd>As. Most of these values are within the maximum permissible limits as recommended by FAO/WHO and can be considered acceptable for all the samples studied, while in a few samples the levels of certain heavy metals are exceeding the allowable limits by FAO and WHO.
Pharmacogenomics describe the influence of an individual's genes on the drug response. With the wide variety of genetic diversity in individuals the response to drugs is also varied. The genetic makeup of a person influences the drug metabolism as well as its efficacy and the appearance of adverse drug reaction. By studying this relationship between the genes and the drugs can formulate an individualized treatment which is specific to a person in terms of dosage and efficacy. This would lead to an overall improvement in drug therapy by improving the safety, efficacy profile and reduce the cost and time of treatment and occurrence of adverse side effects. Pharmacogenomics is important in the development of new drugs. High rate of response variability exist among diabetic patients as a consequence of genetic diversity of the genes involves in drug response and transport. This review will summarize the targeted strategies towards the genetic variation studies based on drug response and the drug response towards candidate gene involved in diabetes. With the use of pharmacogenomics tools, clinical and genetic data from the patients, it is possible to formulate treatment plans that can reap remarkably favourable results.
Differential equations, which can be found in many branches of physics and engineering which are produced through mathematical modeling of many physical systems. A crucial dynamical equation that has uses in a number of physical systems is the HD equation. This is one of the significant nonlinear evolution equation that comes up when studying solitons. In this paper, the HD equation is numerically solved using a local radial basis function (LRBF) approach with the goal of creating local spatial approximation at each point in space as a consequence of local methodology. To deal with time variable, Runge-Kutta scheme of order four is applied. For proving suggested method accuracy and efficiency some error norms viz LRMS, Loo and L2 of test problems are calculated. The solutions obtained by LRBF method are also compared to past studies, and the results of proposed approach are better and more closely match to the exact solution.
