A longitudinal field study was conducted from July 2021 to January 2022 to investigate the proposed relationship between mastitis and metritis in crossbred dairy cows. The CMT and cytobrush technique were used to screen mastitis and metritis, respectively. All CMTpositive milk samples were subsequently subjected to bacteriological analysis. Data were collected and analyzed from 40 clinically healthy cows. Mastitis was prevalent in 5 of 40 cows (12.5%, 95% CI: 2.9, 19.3). Cows with mastitis had a longer interval between calving and first breeding service than those without mastitis. Farmer-reported histories indicated a lower conception rate in cows affected by mastitis after the first breeding. A direct correlation was observed between mastitis and metritis. The findings of this study indicate that mastitis and metritis may have aserious relationship due to clinical and bacteriological coordination symptoms.
Heat stress is a major climatic stressor threatening cattle health, productivity, and welfare in tropical countries such as Sri Lanka, where high ambient temperature and humidity prevail throughout the year. Intensification of climate change has further increased the frequency and severity of heat stress events, resulting in significant economic losses to the dairy and beef industries. This scientific review synthesizes current evidence on the causes, physiological responses, productive and reproductive impacts, and mitigation strategies of heat stress in cattle, with special reference to Northern Sri Lanka. Elevated temperature–humidity index (THI), prolonged solar radiation, inadequate shade, poor housing ventilation, and limited water availability are identified as the primary drivers of heat stress. Affected cattle exhibit increased respiration rate, reduced feed intake, hyperthermia, oxidative stress, hormonal imbalances, and suppressed immunity, leading to marked declines in milk yield, growth performance, and fertility. Under severe heat stress conditions, milk production may decline substantially, while conception rate and estrus expression are significantly impaired. Mitigation strategies such as provision of shade, misting and fan systems, optimized nutritional supplementation, genetic selection for heat tolerance, and real-time monitoring using THI-based sensors have demonstrated measurable improvements in animal performance. However, adoption of these technologies remains limited at the farm level. This review is based on a comprehensive analysis of peer-reviewed literature from Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, with emphasis on tropical cattle systems. The review highlights the urgent need for climate-smart livestock management, strengthened farmer awareness, and supportive policy frameworks to minimize heat stress–related losses and ensure sustainable cattle production in heat-prone regions of Sri Lanka.
Leptospirosis is a globally significant zoonotic re-emerging widespread disease. The present study was conducted to evaluate haematological and biochemical changes in Leptospira infected dogs in South Gujrat region and to detect leptospiral antibodies using immunoassay tests. A total of 60 dogs were divided into two groups. Group I consisted 50 positive dogs and Group II consisted 10 negative dogs based on clinical signs, urine dark-field microscopy (DFM), Immunocomb test and confirmed by Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). Urine samples from infected dogs showed characteristic motile Leptospira organisms under DFM and positive antibody reactions in the Immunocomb test. MAT results revealed reactivity against L. grippotyphosa, L. pomona, and L. pyrogenesserovars indicating their prevalence in the South Gujarat region. Haematological analysis of infected dogs showed a significant elevation (pd0 .05) in total leukocyte, lymphocyte, and granulocyte counts, with a reduction in total erythrocyte count, haemoglobin, and platelet counts, suggestive of inflammatory and haemorrhagic responses. Biochemical analysis demonstrated significantly elevated (pd0 .05) levels of ALT, AST, ALP, BUN, creatinine, and glucose, along with a reduction in total protein and albumin levels, indicating hepatic and renal dysfunction. Thus, it can be concluded that urine DFM and immunocomb test serve as valuable tools for early screening of leptospirosis in dogs, while MAT provides confirmatory diagnosis in later stages. The observed alterations in haemato-biochemical parameters demonstrate substantial damage to hepatic, renal, and vascular systems, correlating with the severity of leptospiral pathology.
Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne, transmissible disease of companion small animals. This infection primarily affectsmonocytes and macrophages, leading to hypoplasia of bone marrow and plasmacytosis in chronic conditions.8-year-oldmale dog was presented with epistaxis, lethargy, and abdominal respiration. Haematological examination showed canine monocyte ehrlichiosis infection. After haemato-biochemical examination, rapid diagnostic test, and Giemsa blood staining, the confirmatory diagnosis of ehrlichiosis was concluded. Doxycycline therapy (10 mg/kg PO for 28 days) eliminated the pathogen, and the recovery took 29 days. Early diagnosis and effective treatment can help recover from E. canis in the acute phase.
Four years old female Persian cat presented with head shaking, ear pruritus, and hyporexia. Clinical and otoscopic examination revealed unilateral aural haematomas and Otodectes cynotis infestation. Surgical drainage viaS-shaped incision, saline lavage, and parallel mattress sutures using 3-0 polyamide was performed under general anaesthesia. Postoperative care included antibiotics, analgesics, selamectin spot-on, and periodic dressing. Cat recovered uneventfully, demonstrating a simple and effective surgical approach for feline aural haematoma management.
Goat milk occupies a distinctive niche among dairy foods by virtue of its superior digestibility, hypoallergenic nature, and dense micronutrient profile. Compared with bovine milk, caprine milk is characterised by smaller fat globules (<3.5 μm), a lower proportion of ás1-casein, an abundance of medium-chain fatty acids (caproic, caprylic, and capric acids), and highly bioavailable minerals. These attributes collectively make it a valuable dietary alternative for individuals affected by cow-milk protein allergy and gastrointestinal sensitivities. A growing body of evidence confirms the presence of bioactive peptides, prebiotic oligosaccharides, conjugated linoleic acid, taurine, and immunomodulatory compounds in goat milk, each contributing to tangible health outcomes improved gut-barrier function, cardioprotective lipid profiles, antihypertensive activity, and enhanced immune responsiveness. On the processing front, technologies such as ultrafiltration, high-pressure processing, microencapsulation, ultrasound, and probiotic fermentation have substantially elevated product quality, safety, and shelf life, facilitating diversification into cheese, yoghurt, kefir, lactose-free milk, infant formula, nutraceuticals, and cosmetic preparations. Emerging industry directions towards A2 goat-milk formulations, nanoencapsulation of bioactives, AI-assisted quality monitoring, and sustainable caprine farming which signal continued expansion of the global goat-milk sector. Despite these advances, challenges concerning low-yield breeds, seasonal supply fluctuation, limited organised-market infrastructure, and consumer-awareness gaps still warrant targeted research and policy support.
Diaphragmatic hernia, a life-threatening condition in dogs occurs as a result of herniation of abdominal viscera into the thoracic cavity due to disruption of diaphragm. The present report highlights the clinical presentation, diagnosis and surgical management of diaphragmatic hernia in two Indian mongrel dogs presented with a history of automobile trauma, respiratory distress, inappetence and going down in condition. Clinical examination revealed muffled heart sounds, tachypnoea and shallow breathing. Radiographic examination revealed discontinuity of the diaphragmatic line with radio-opaque density overlapping the cardiac silhouette. Barium meal positive contrast series of radiographsconfirmed diaphragmatic hernia. Surgical correction was performed through postxiphoid, cranial midventral, abdominal approach under general anaesthesia with Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation (IPPV). Herniated viscera were reduced into abdominal cavity and diaphragm was repaired using polyglycolic acid suture. The intraoperative and postoperative procedures and clinical outcome are presented and discussed.
Backyard poultry farming in Sirohi district plays a crucial role in improving the livelihoods of tribal and rural households, where landholding is small, and income sources are limited.The Tribal Sub Plan (TSP) project implemented through Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sirohi, by ATARI, Jodhpur,has focused on livelihood security and nutritional improvement through backyard poultry farming.egg production is directly related to the cumulative present status of birds. Years with higher survival and bird numbers (2020-21 and 2023-24) showed comparatively higher egg production, whereas years with reduced bird population (2021-22 and 2022-23) recorded lower eggproduction output.RIR birds generally exhibited superior growth performance compared to Pratapdhan across most clusters, particularly in clusters showing significant and highly significant differences.egg production is strongly influenced by cumulative bird population, which is in turn affected by survival rate, management practices and duration of production. The highest egg production values recorded in the 2023-24 clusters may be attributed to better adaptation of birds over time, stabilized management practices, and sustained laying performance.
The present study was conducted on 21 cows affected with subclinical endometritis (SE). All these animals were divided in three groups with 7 animals in each (group 1- control, group 2- levofloxacin + ornidazole and group-3 oxytetracycline). The diagnosis of SE was made with the help of cytology, LVUL and Colony Forming Unit (CFU) count. The prevalence of SE recorded in the present study was 40.38% (21/ 52). The PMNs recorded through cytology and LVUL techniques pre-treatment in group 1, 2, and 3 were 6.714 ± 0.360 vs. 6.000 ± 0.378, 6.429 ± 0.481 vs. 5.857 ± 0.459and 6.429 ± 0.528 vs. 5.857 ± 0.404, respectively. The PMNs recorded in next subsequent estrus through endometrial cytology and LVUL in group I, II and III were 5.714 ± 0.286 vs. 5.286 ± 0.184, 3.000 ± 0.218Vs.2.571 ± 0.297 and 3.000 ± 0.309 vs. 2.429 ± 0.297, respectively. The CFU count values in groups I, II and III pre-treatment and post-treatment/ next subsequent estrus were 4.64 ± 1.06 × 10u Vs. 6.44 ± 0.65× 10u , 5.31 ± 1.28 × 10u vs. 0.47 ± 0.08 × 10u and 5.13 ± 0.87× 10u Vs. 0.66 ± 0.11× 10u , respectively. The significant reduction in the values of PMN cells and CFU count post treatment in groups 1 and 2 indicate efficient therapeutic efficacy of both levofloxacin with ornidazole and oxytetracycline in curing SE in cattle.
Cadmium is a heavy metal with well-established toxicity. It is present in the environment through industrial pollution, fertilizers, water, and certain food products. Although it has no known biological function, it is capable of accumulating in tissues and causing severe damage to multiple organs, particularly the reproductive system. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of cadmium chloride on the on ovaries of adult female mice. on the Two groups were established: a control group and a treated group that received cadmium chloride in drinking water at a concentration of 0.01 g/L for six weeks. At the end of the experimental period, the mice were euthanized and their ovaries were subjected to histological analysis. The results revealed marked alterations in exposed mice, including a significant reduction in the number of follicles at all developmental stages, pronounced follicular atresia, cytoplasmic vacuolation of granulosa cells, vascular congestion, localized hemorrhages, and an inflammatory infiltrate consisting of lymphocytes and macrophages. In addition, stromal fibrosis was observed, indicating a chronic response to toxicity. These findings demonstrate a serious functional impairment of the ovary, which may compromise fertility.
Laying-hen production continues to expand in response to rising egg demand, yet bacterial diseases remain an important cause of productivity loss and sudden mortality. This case report describes the gross and histopathological lesions in a one-year-old laying hen from Karangploso, Malang, that presented with anorexia, lethargy and bilateral inability to stand, and establishes the anatomicpathological diagnosis. The diagnostic work-up comprised direct (native) faecal examination, complete necropsy, and histopathology of formalin-fixed tissues (heart, liver, duodenum and jejunum, mesentery, ovary and oviduct). Faecal examination revealed Heterakis gallinarum eggs. Grossly, the lesions comprised fibrinous exudate on the epicardium and pericardium, hepatomegaly with multifocal necrotic foci, intestinal distension and congestion, mesenteric nodules with free yolk material in the coelomic cavity, ovarian haemorrhage, and an oviduct containing yolk material with fibrinous serositis. Microscopically, fibrinous epicarditis and myocarditis, multifocal necrotising hepatitis, fibrinonecrotic enteritis, fibrinous mesenteritis with panniculitis, oophoritis, and fibrinous salpingitis with thrombosis were observed. The findings indicate a multi-organ fibrinous–necrotising syndrome consistent with a severe systemic bacterial infection, for which avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (colibacillosis) is considered the primary differential diagnosis. Because bacterial culture and molecular testing were not performed, the aetiology remains presumptive, and salmonellosis and fowl cholera cannot be excluded. The H. gallinarum infection was regarded as a concurrent, incidental finding. The case illustrates the value of integrated necropsy and histopathology for characterising systemic disease and for reaching a defensible morphological diagnosis when bacteriological confirmation is unavailable.
Among the respiratory diseases of poultry, infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is one of the most economically important diseases, impairing poultry health and welfare by causing morbidity, mortality, reduced egg production, and decreased meat yield. Further secondary complications increases the severity of the disease. Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) is an emerging respiratory pathogen that causes primary or opportunistic infection leading to eye swelling and conjunctivitis. In most of the occasions ILT is complicated with secondary pathogens leading to severe disease, conjunctivitis, and prolonged course of disease. No much information is available regarding the co-infection of ILT and its complicating pathogens. Hence this present study is undertaken on incidence of mixed infection of infectious laryngotracheitis and Ornithobactrium rhinotracheale in layer chicken flocks in Namakkal district of Tamil Nadu. A diagnostic investigation was carried out in Namakkal region of Tamil Nadu during March 2023 to November 2024 from seven commercial layer chicken flocks aged between 6-13 weeks having the incidences of respiratory symptoms suggestive of infectious laryngotracheitis. Necropsy examination was carried out, clinical samples were collected and subjected to molecular diagnosis of ILT and ORT. The results of laboratory investigation revealed that all the seven flocks were positive for ILT and three out of seven commercial layer flocks were also found positive for ORT by PCR, which conformed the co-circulation of ILTV and ORT in layer chicken flocks of Namakkal.
Salmonellosis is an important food-borne zoonosis caused by Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS), found localized in the intestinal tract of livestock and poultry. Human beings acquire infection through the ingestion of raw or undercooked contaminated food of animal origin, mainly from consumption of chicken meat and eggs. Namakkal region of Southern India is the highly populated poultry producing region of the world. Though there are sporadic reports about the incidence of NTS in poultry no much information is available on the occurrence of NTS in this region. Hence, the present study was carried out to understand the prevalence and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of non-typhoidal Salmonellae in chickens of the Namakkal region of South India. A total of 56 boot swabs were collected from 28 commercial layer farms. Salmonella isolation and identification was carried out according to the guidelines of ISO protocols and the final confirmation was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The antibiotic sensitivity of all the isolates was carried out using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. In the present study out of 56 boot swabs screened, four flocks in two rearing units of one farm was found positive for NTS by culture, biochemical tests and PCR. The antibiotic sensitivity of salmonella isolates was as follows: Levofloxacin (100 %), Enrofloxacin (100 %), Penicillin (100%), Cefotaxime (100%), Erythromycin (100%), Gentamicin (100%), Amikacin (100%), Azithromycin (50%), Chlortetracycline (9 %), Co-trimoxazole (0 %) and Amoxicillin (0 %).
Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitism is a significant health disorder of cattle. A cross sectional study was conducted in Kilinochchi District (January–July 2020) to determine the prevalence and severity of GI parasitism in cattle. The study covered four veterinary ranges: Karachchi, Kandawalai, Pachilapallai and Poonakary. A total of 106 randomly selected cattle of different breeds, sexes and ages were sampled. Faecal samples were analysed using the modified McMaster technique. All animals tested positive for GI parasitic infection, with varying levels of severity: 15.1% (n = 16) were moderately infested and 89.4% (n = 90) showed high levels of infestation. More than half of the samples had egg counts exceeding 1500 eggs per gram (EPG). The majority of cattle (94.3%, n = 100) were infected with multiple parasite species, while 5.7% (n = 6) had single-species infections. Identified parasitic eggs comprised nematode eggs (85.95%), trematode eggs (9.03%) and protozoan oocysts (5.02%). Ascaris sp. exhibited the highest prevalence (84.0%, n = 89), followed by Strongyle sp. (77.4%), Strongyloides sp. (72.6%), Paramphistomum sp. (25.5%), Eimeria sp. (14.2%) and Trichostrongylus sp. (8.5%). Local breeds (36.2%) showed a slightly higher infestation rate compared with Jersey crossbreeds (34.78%). While Ascaris sp., Strongyle sp. and Strongyloides sp. were more common in local breeds, Eimeria sp.,Paramphistomum sp. And Trichostrongylus sp. were more prevalent in crossbreeds. The highest infestation rate was recorded in the Kandawalai region (96.0%) and the lowest in Karachchi (71.42%). This study highlights the widespread and severe nature of GI parasitism in cattle in Kilinochchi and underscores the need for region-specific, breed-aware deworming strategies.
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are epitheliotropic, double-stranded DNA viruses that induce benign and occasionally malignant proliferative lesions in cattle. The present study was undertaken to investigate the occurrence and molecular characteristics of bovine papillomavirus (BPV) in cattle from Maharashtra, India. A total of 14 wart-like cutaneous growth samples were collected from clinically affected cattle. Molecular detection was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with consensus primers (MY09/11) and bovine papillomavirus-specific primers targeting the L1 gene region. Papillomaviral DNA was detected in 5 (35.71%) samples. Amplification with MY09/11 primers yielded approximately 450 bp products, while BPV L1-specific primers generated amplicons of approximately 850 bp. Sequencing and BLAST analysis of the amplified products revealed 99.19–100% nucleotide identity with previously reported BPV isolates from different parts of the world. Phylogenetic analysis grouped all study isolates within the genus Deltapapillomavirus, indicating a close evolutionary relationship with global BPV strains. Histopathological examination of positive samples demonstrated characteristic papillomatous changes, including epithelial hyperplasia, acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, and koilocytosis. The findings confirm the circulation of bovine papillomavirus in cattle of Maharashtra and underscore the utility of molecular diagnostics and sequence-based characterization for epidemiological surveillance and genetic analysis of BPV infections.
There is a great concern about changing climate, depleting biodiversity and conservation of indigenous livestock resources. In developing countries like India, animal biodiversity is embedded in traditional farming where farmers manage their farm animals according to their knowledge and with local ecological constraints like climate change. Present study was carried out among 120 livestock farmers selected purposely from Indore and Dhar districts of Madhya Pradesh, which are located at central India. The respondents were assessed for their knowledge, perceptions and practices towards climate resilience livestock farming, maintenance of indigenous breeds and farm animal biodiversity in the studied area. Investigation revealed that the majority of the farmers agreed about negative impacts of climate change on the livestock health, reproduction, production and cost of animal management. Most farmers indicated that indigenous breeds have multiple advantages over crossbred like disease resistant, easier to manage, better adaptability to local climate, product prefer-ability by consumers, medicinal values of different products and by products, and low cost of management. The respondents were using various indigenous practices like water harvesting, ventilation, bathing, change in feeding pattern, hygienic practices, etc. to ensure climate resilient livestock farming in the investigated area. Traditional knowledge is definitely contributing toward climate resilience and securing sustained livelihood practices of the local farmers. Moreover, government or non-governmental agencies should support farmers via extension education to improve climate coping strategies, preventing biodiversity losses, adaptation of better breeding practices and conservation of diversified indigenous germplasm.
The microscopic detection of intestinal protozoa in feline faecal samples is often complicated by the small size of cysts and oocysts, their transparency and the presence of debris. Staining methods serve as critical adjuncts to wet mount preparations by enhancing contrast and revealing morphological details necessary for specific identification. This study investigated the prevalence of enteric protozoan parasites in cats in Andhra Pradesh and evaluated the utility of various staining techniques used in diagnosis. Fresh faecal samples were collected from cats representing the various ages, genders and management conditions. The samples were analysed using direct smear, flotation concentration and staining methods including modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining, modified Field’s stain, 1% nigrosin stain, eosin staining,iodine staining and Giemsa staining. Out of 560 cats examined, 86 cats (15.35 percent) were found suffering with any one of the intestinal protozoan infections. The protozoan species were identified in the present study were Toxoplasma gondii (4.64 percent), Cystoisospora felis (3.57 percent), Cryptosporidium spp. (2.85 per cent), Cystoisospora rivolta (2.32 percent), Entamoeba spp. (1.25 percent) and Giardia spp. (0.71 percent). Collectively, the integration of flotation, sedimentationand specialized staining techniques markedly enhances diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity and reliability in epidemiological and clinical investigations of feline enteric protozoan infections.
This study aims to analyze the research output of India in the field of veterinary science using bibliometric techniques. The data for the study were retrieved exclusively from the Scopus database, covering publications from 1938 to 2026. The collected data were organized, classified, and screened for duplication using MS-Excel. The findings were presented and interpreted through tables and graphical illustrations to provide a clear understanding of publication trends and research performance. The analysis reveals a consistent and significant growth in veterinary science research productivity in India over recent decades. The increasing number of publications reflects the expanding interest and contribution of Indian researchers in the field of veterinary medicine. The study highlights the importance of promoting more research activities and encouraging wider dissemination of veterinary literature in electronic formats to improve accessibility, preservation, and global visibility. Furthermore, greater collaboration among researchers, academic institutions, and policymakers may enhance the quality and impact of veterinary research in India.
During an experiment, laboratory animals such as rats are constantly monitored. Animal development and growth over time is being constantly evaluated to achieve experimental goals. Reference values are a needed tool for scientists; therefore, growth charts enable subjects’ comparison. The aim of this paper was achieved by creating a growth chart for male Wistar rats between the pup stage throughout adulthood, by longitudinally evaluating body weight, body length, and abdominal circumference, and to describe these growth patterns using appropriate statistical and mathematical models. The first day of the chart begins at 21-days-old and ends at 77-days-old. The length included: the nose-tip to tail-base length, and the nose-tip to the tail-tip length. And as a refinement alternative for the 3 Rs principle, the abdominal circumference was measured respecting the anatomical position of the animal and without any type of pharmacological intervention. At 21-days-old means were: body weight 35.7 ± 4.98 grams, nose-to-tail base length 10.31 ± 0.51 centimetres, nose-to-tail tip length 17.88 ± 1.58 centimetres, and abdominal circumference 9.5 ± 0.73 centimetres. At 77-days-old means were: body weight 267.27 ± 18.27 centimetres, nose-to-tail base length 19.09 ± 0.39 centimetres, nose-to-tail tip length 36.19 ± 0.77 centimetres, and abdominal circumference 17.0 ± 0.45 centimetres. This growth curve was developed as a tool for the biomedical researchers who use this rat strain, so they could be able to establish and compare the average anthropometry for these specific laboratory animals.
Cadmium is a heavy metal known for its toxic effects on various organs, particularly the reproductive system. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of cadmium exposure on the reproductive function of adult male mice. The animals were divided into two groups, a control group and a group exposed to cadmium chloride at a dose of 10 mg/L in the drinking water. Body and testicular weights, sperm vitality, testicle histopathologyand morphometry were examined to evaluate the toxic impact of this metal. Our data showed a significant decrease in body weight and, in particular, in the absolute and relative testicular weight associated with testicular atrophy. Likewise, the measured tissue metrics presented a highly significant decrease in the tubular differentiation index and the spermiogenesis index, confirming an impairment of spermatogenesis. Moreover, histological examination of the testes of the intoxicated mice revealed degeneration of the germinal epithelium, atrophy of the seminiferous tubules, enlargement of the interstitial space, vascular congestion. In addition, the analysis of sperm viability, assessed by eosin staining, showed a marked decrease of this parameter in intoxicated mice, reflecting a decline in gamete quality. In conclusion, fertility tests demonstrated a reduction in male reproductive performance. Altogether, results highlight the severity of cadmium induced testicular toxicity and reinforce its classification as an endocrine and reproductive disruptor.
