Antibiotic resistance, responsible for 1.14 million deaths worldwide each year, is one of the most urgent threats to public health. This complex phenomenon, driven by the overuse of antibiotics, agricultural practices, and the spread of resistant bacteria, requires a comprehensive global response within the framework of the "One Health" approach. This article provides an overview of European and national initiatives implemented to combat antibiotic resistance within the framework of the "One Health" approach. It highlights European and national efforts aimed at strengthening governance, coordination between countries and within territories, as well as surveillance and research. These efforts demonstrate Europe's and France's commitment to tackling antibiotic resistance and implementing the "One Health" approach. However, these achievements remain fragile in an international and national context where political priorities are rapidly shifting. To preserve health as a common good, it is crucial to maintain political commitment, funding, and international cooperation in order to address this crisis.
After three centuries of devastation caused by yellow fever, which hindered trade and colonization, a live attenuated vaccine was produced and is still in use today. Its development took place in a context of commercial and colonial rivalry between Europeans and Americans. The history of this vaccine, widely used in endemic areas and among travelers, has been marked by specific challenges, including international health regulations governing its use and its integration into childhood immunization programs in endemic regions. Shortages triggered by the resurgence of epidemics in Africa and Latin America led to measures such as extending the validity of vaccination and reducing the administered dose. Many uncertainties remain regarding the significance and mechanisms of the adverse effects observed after vaccination, which are rare but potentially fatal. The development of a vaccine that is equally effective but easier to produce and associated with fewer side effects is a central issue in the present and future history of this nearly century-old vaccine.
This article reconstructs Roman gynecology based on Latin medical texts, in the absence of any autonomous gynecological treatise in Latin. Drawing on a fragmentary corpus, it examines disorders of the female genital system and certain sexual dysfunctions, mainly through descriptions based on symptoms. The study shows that these conditions are relatively few in numbers, often described indirectly, and largely subordinated to reproductive function. The reserve of the authors - all sources being written by men - as well as social and gender norms strongly shape medical discourse and limit the attention paid to women's sexual well-being.
Progestogens, widely used in gynaecology, are now clearly associated with an increased risk of intracranial meningioma, particularly in cases of prolonged exposure over several years. Studies based on the French national health data system (SNDS) have shown a dose-response relationship between the use of seven progestogens (including cyproterone acetate, nomegestrol, and chlormadinone) and the occurrence of meningioma. They have also confirmed a reduction in the risk after discontinuation of the progestogens. In France, measures to restrict prescriptions, screening by magnetic resonance imaging, and the discontinuation of high-risk progestogens, in cases of meningioma, have led to a 90 % reduction in the number of meningioma surgeries performed on women taking these high-risk progestogens.
Recent data show that thyroxine can accelerate the restoration of balance after acute unilateral vestibular disorder. Here, we present a synthesis of the interactions between the thyroid axis and the vestibular system, from the development of the inner ear to the cellular mechanisms involved in compensation. The diverse effects of thyroid hormones make them a promising therapeutic target, although studies in this area remain limited. By exploring this topic further, we may discover new perspectives for understanding and treating vestibular dysfunctions. This work thus paves the way for future research that could not only improve our clinical approach but also improve outcomes for patients suffering from balance disorders.
Analysis of current admixed populations, or of ancient Neanderthal and modern human sequences, reveal social features of past populations and indicates patterns in partner choice.
Recent advances in single-cell transcriptomics have profoundly renewed our understanding of immune cells. They have enabled us to better characterize the heterogeneity of Natural Killer (NK) cells and establish a classification that integrates all their characteristics. These approaches have also shed light on the behavior of NK cells infiltrating the tumor microenvironment, the mechanisms of their dysfunction, and the limits of their antitumor activity. Finally, they are essential for understanding the mechanisms of action of new therapies targeting NK cells.
Type 2 diabetes and Parkinson's disease are two age-related diseases, each considered a major public health problem worldwide. While one is known as a metabolic disorder and the other as a neurodegenerative disease, recent data suggest that they may be epidemiologically linked. The accumulation of amyloidogenic proteins, insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia are as many pathogenic conditions that could explain an epidemiological and biological association between these two diseases. This synthesis aims to describe the common mechanisms of alteration and explore recent therapeutic perspectives common to both diseases.
Astrocytes are glial cells of the central nervous system that play key roles in regulating synaptic activity and sleep. Recent advances in genetic engineering, neuroimaging, and molecular biology have provided new insights into astrocytic functions. This review highlights the various mechanisms through which astrocytes regulate sleep, including transcriptomic and morphological changes, as well as gliotransmission. A better understanding of these astrocyte-dependent processes in sleep physiology will refine current models of sleep regulation and may open new avenues for sleep-targeted therapies.
Most invasive carcinoma associated with HPV harbor viral sequences integrated into the cellular genome. Sequencing approaches, which enable in-depth characterization of viral sequences, show that in 80 % of cases, viral insertion targets a gene whose expression level is frequently altered. Approximately one third of these genes correspond to potential therapeutic targets. The application of sequencing approaches to the analysis of circulating viral DNA has allowed the development of validated clinical applications in the fields of diagnosis and follow-up. These advances should also benefit to the development of innovative therapies targeting viral sequences.
Recent advances in stem cell biology and tissue engineering have profoundly renewed the field of liver organoids. More mature and complex, they now incorporate functional canalicular networks, metabolic gradients, and co-cultures including cholangiocytes, stellate cells, and macrophages. Advances in vascularization, bioprinting, and microfluidics are improving their stability and functionality, thereby enhancing their usefulness for disease modeling, pharmacology, personalized medicine, and future therapeutic applications.
Long considered mere degradative compartments, lysosomes are now recognized as key regulators of metabolism, signaling, and tumor invasion. Here, we discuss how their intracellular localization controls their function, signaling, and secretion. In melanoma, the peripheral distribution of lysosomes promotes aggressiveness and metastasis. Similar changes exist in other types of cancer, highlighting the role of lysosomal trafficking as a factor in malignancy and as a promising biomarker for diagnosis and treatment.
