We sought to demonstrate that hard x-rays can initiate a sequence of acatalytic photochemical reactions with the aim of creating molecular mixtures (O2 and F2) and then observe the two species react to form OF2 and with little introduction of heat. Two x-ray Raman scattering (XRS) studies of 1. KBF4 and 2. a mixture of KBF4 + KlO4 pressurized to 3 GPa in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) at ambient temperature at the 16 ID-D undulator beamline at the Advanced Photon Source. The spectrometer collected photons with energy losses around 680 eV near the fluorine K-edge. Fluorine K-edge x-ray Raman spectroscopy demonstrated the clear formation of a new peak near 682 eV energy loss after some 8 hours of irradiation and detection of the KBF4/KClO4 mixture which likely represents OF2 produced from the following reaction: O2+2F2 -> 2OF2 following irradiation of the mixture to release O2 and F2, respectively. from each constituent.
By allowing the manufacturing of multiple product types, batch processes represent a suitable configuration for changing markets that require agile operations. Still, batch processes are complex, dynamic, nonlinear processes, difficult to control and to monitor. The present article describes the development of an online operator assistant system and its validation in a batch chemical plant. The developed system, through the early detection of evolving process abnormal situations, and the isolation of relevant process variables, allows the process operator to timely implement corrective actions reducing therefore the amount of wasted material, energy and production time.
A scale-up of hazardous reactions in batch requires extensive safety investigations which can cause massive delays for the scaleup process of pharmaceutical intermediates and active molecules. Continuous flow chemistry as an enabling technology nowadays can help to reduce the safety hazards thus bringing back neglected chemistries into synthesis laboratories where in the past the application of those reactions often was avoided, One of those hazardous but very useful reagents is diazomethane which is a valuable Cl-building block for organic synthesis. A safe handling of diazomethane on larger scale in a batch reactor is almost impossible whereas the hazards of preparing and reacting diazomethane can be minimized significantly under continuous flow conditions. In the past, various groups developed flow procedures for an on demand preparation of diazomethane however most of them suffered from low productivity. In this article, the various existing methods are discussed, including the one, we recently developed to fill this gap.
The transition from batch to continuous bioprocesses in regulated industries has been and will continue to be one of the biggest technological changes of the last decades. Necessary technologies to enable continuous biomanufacturing are Process Analytical Technology (PAT) and Quality-by-Design (QbD), which are closely associated with process automatization and control to obtain key process information in real-time. This article provides some insight into the fundamentals and shows a way for PAT as key-enabling technology for a QbD derived process development and control strategy on the example of a monoclonal antibody derived from cell cultivation and harvest by aqueous two-phase extraction (ATPE).
The review aims to pull together a wide range of examples from various sources of information concerning the potential of biotechnologies to replace chemical polluting processes in cotton preparation and finishing.
Every year more than 40 million metric tons of electronic wastes are discarded worldwide and these wastes represent a problem due to their improper treatment, Presence of metals. plastics and ceramics in these wastes pose a threat for health and environment. Pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy are employed for metal extraction from these wastes. However, of late, bioleaching is emerging one of the alternatives for recovery of metals. Chemolithotrophic bacterial strains are used and they accomplish bioleaching either by direct or indirect mechanisms. This review deals on the potential bacterial strains, their mechanism of action, factors involved, limitations and perspectives on bioleaching.
Photo flow chemistry has become a very popular field of research. This work demonstrates that the recognized mass transfer and heat management of microreactors are superior to simple-tubular reactors commonly used in photo chemical research. Additionally. the benefit of using Light Emitting Diodes (LED) as a clean and efficient light source is shown by demonstrating the effect of two different light wavelengths on a reaction. The combination of a structured flow reactor and LED light source provides an efficient flow reactor that can also be scaled up.
Sustainability represents an opportunity for businesses to explore new chemistries and development options that help to offer the best environmental protection, social responsibility and economic development practices. Applied to the chemicals industry, the term denotes those chemical processes that are environmentally friendly, socially and economically responsible and afford long-term benefits along the product value chain. Metathesis is one example of a chemical reaction that is widely considered to be both green and sustainable, with applications across multiple industries. In addition, the scarcity and economic value of precious metal complexes, which are essential for catalytic processes, have emphasised the need for robust metal recycling workflows. Both sustainable syntheses and environmental recycling procedures are essential for delivering long-term benefits in the industry.
Itaconic acid is a versatile biobased monomer with active research, and a modest market. Despite high hopes for its production in large volumes, in the beginning of this century, nowadays the acid production is around 40,000 tons/year and is projected to reach 52,000 tons/year in 2025, with sales around U$D 100 million/year. However, there is potential for development of this market with new insights for derivation of itaconic acid into classical monomers or even drop-in technologies. The market could reach about 170,000 tons/year in 2025, with 2.6 million dollars in sales (at U$D 1,500/ton), if the specialty polymers demand increases. The economy of scale, if this demand grows, could force a price reduction to the point that IA might be cheaper than several similar monomers. With its biobased appeal - there is no other natural unsaturated monomer that can be so easily produced by fermentation - and the slow transition of the ethanol industry to value-added biobased building blocks. IA tends to gain market in the near future. Currently, it is a prospective biomonomer waiting for market development.
This article provides a brief legal overview of the new Eurasian economic union (eaeu) technical reglament on safety of chemical products adopted on 4 march 2017. The new rules set out the unified eaeu mandatory safety requirements for chemical products placed on the market and provide a number of compliance procedures inspired by the eu reach/clp regimes. Although the entrance of the regulation into force is envisaged on 2 june 2021. it is conditional upon the adoption of extensive secondary legislation, which might be a challenging task.
The Enforcement Forum of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) - which comprises of the enforcement authorities of the EU and EEA member states - finalised its latest project (REF-4) in February. The project focused on restrictions under the REACH Regulation, such as restrictions on asbestos, plasticisers and mercury in consumer products.
