Using SSR, a molecular marker, this study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity and genetic relationship among 55 herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) cultivars belonging to the Lactiflora, Hybrid and Itoh Groups to lay a foundation for the molecular classification of peony cultivars, as well as for genetic background analysis and breeding of new cultivars. Our results show that 86 alleles, 76 of which were polymorphic, were obtained by screening 13 pairs of polymorphic primers from 100 initially tested primers, each of them having an average of 6.615 alleles. The range of variation of the effective alleles was 2.243-7.800, PIC content was 0.554-0.872 and Shannon?s genetic diversity index was 1.701-3.126. The 55 herbaceous peony cultivars were divided into nine groups based on UPGMA. This analysis indicates that the 55 cultivars have rich genetic diversity while a phylogenetic relationship of most cultivars was identified. This molecular-based classification is a useful and simple reference molecular method to differentiate peony cultivars in crossbreeding programs.
X-chromosome and its independent loci recently gained importance in genetic investigations concerned with disease control-case studies, population genetic analyses, and phylogenetic investigations. Infertility and lack of normal reproduction are important issues in health. Aazoospermia is a kind of infertility in men whose semen contains no sperm and can affect about 1-20% of the male population. The majority of cases of spermatogenic failure in humans are idiopathic, and the underlying causes are postulated to be genetic. We analyze the potential association between seven X-Chromosome SNPs and the neighboring sequences with azoospermia in four ethnic populations in Iran. We also carried out population genetic analyses to produce data on genetic variability, population structure, gene flow, and time of divergence in these ethnic groups, for the first time. As the X-chromosome genes/SNPs are in homozygous condition, for the association study we used multivariate statistical methods, which revealed the potential role of variable sites close to the studied SNPs in male infertility. Haplotype groups were identified for each of the seven SNPs. The results showed gene flow among ethnic groups due to migration and inter-breeding and Bayesian analysis of sequence data suggested divergence time for ethnic populations to be between 2-30 KY.
Cerebral Creatine Deficiency Syndromes (CCDS) are congenital metabolic disorders in the creatine metabolism pathway. In this study, we evaluated the clinical, phenotypic, radiological and genetic features of patients with CCDS. We tried to identify early diagnosis clues in patients. Especially, we reviewed the causes of delay in patients with late diagnosis. In line with these findings, the diagnosis is confirmed by enzyme tests and next generation sequencing based whole genome sequencing. In this study, 6 patients whose diagnosis was genetically confirmed were presented (5 GAMT mutations (someone is complete homozygous deletion in GAMT gene), 1 SLC6A8 mutation). 5 of these patients were from the same family, and 4 patients were patients with a late diagnosis. Two of the 4 patients who were diagnosed late were moderate and two had severe phenotype. The neurological findings consisted of patients with different clinical findings such as speech disorder, cognitive retardation, autism and epilepsy. Patients received appropriate treatment for the type of cerebral creatine deficiency. While response to treatment was good in early diagnosed cases, a partial clinical improvement was detected in cases diagnosed late. The patient, who was started treatment before neurological symptoms appeared, was neurodevelopmentally normal. It was observed that there was a strong relationship between age at diagnosis and phenotype and prognosis. We compared the clinical findings, phenotype and genotype characteristics of patients with CCDS. We reviewed the causes of delay in patients with late diagnosis. Thus, we wanted to raise awareness about early diagnosis and treatment of CCDS, one of the rare metabolic diseases.
The present research aimed to estimate the plant growth, fruit yield, seed and biochemical traits among the seven pepper parental lines and their six BC2F1 populations in order to generate information regarding the extent of genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance. The study was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at the Vegetable Research Farm of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant mean squares due to parents and BC2F1 populations for almost all the studied traits, it indicating the presence of a sufficient amount of inherent variability among the parental line and developed populations which could be exploited via selection. The plant height, fruit weight, fruit width, number of lobes fruit-1, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and total fruit yield plant-1 were recorded high GCV and PCV among the parental lines and developed populations BC2F1, indicating higher extent of variability for these traits in the evaluated genotypes. The results revealed that traits with high GCV and PCV offer a better scope for improvement through simple selection. High heritability and high estimates of genetic advance were determined for the traits viz., plant height, fruit weight, ascorbic acid content and total fruit yield plant-1, in both parents and populations. Based on these results, we can conclude that these traits are under the additive gene effects and that above mentioned characters could be considered as a good selection indices in bell pepper.
This research was conducted to examine the fruit characteristics of selected walnut genotypes from the native population of Eastern Serbia. Over 28 trees that deserve attention were recorded through the selection procedure. By grafting, grouping and cultivation under the same conditions at the Fruit Research Institute in Cacak, seven promising genotypes with the most favourable fruit characteristics were identified. Important physical properties of the fruit, such as fruit weight, kernel weight, fruit dimensions and some kernel and shell properties were investigated. The fruits of the selected genotypes were large or very large. The fruit weight ranged from 13.4 to 17.9 g, whereas the kernel weight varied from 6.22 to 8.92 g. The kernel was light-coloured or yellow, of very good taste. The kernel percentage in the tested genotypes was high, over 50.0% (50.7-55.3%). Pearson's correlation coefficient revealed a significant correlation between fruit and kernel characteristics. PCA analysis showed an adequate grouping of genotypes based on fruit quality. The obtained results suggest that selected promising walnut genotypes showed very good fruit properties, and may contribute to the increase of walnut production in the future.
Identification of high yielding relatively stable genotypes is an integral objective of plant breeding programs. Testing of genotypes across environments is required to determine yield stability of genotypes. The specific objective of the current study was to analyze genotype by environment interaction (GEI) for grain yield of 44 bread wheat recombinant inbred lines (RILs) and six check cultivars using additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model. Experiments were planted using alpha lattice design with two replicates in Peshawar (E-1 and E-3), Hangu (E-2 and E-4) and Kohat (E-5) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among RILs for all traits while interactions due to genotype by environment were significant for all traits except days to emergence and 1000-grain weight. Significant GEI justified environment-specific as well as AMMI analysis to identify RILs with specific and wider adaptation. The AMMI analysis revealed that the first interaction principal component analysis (IPCA 1) captured 64% of GEI sum of squares while the second interaction principal component analysis (IPCA 2) explained 25.8% of the interaction sum of square. The AMMI biplot identified G30 as high yielding genotype followed by G19 and G49, whereas low yielding RILs were G13, G8 and G7. Similarly G30, being close to IPCA1 axis, was the most stable RIL with wider adaptability followed by G31 and G25. Based on AMMI stability value (ASV), RILs G18 (2.15), G5 (2.78), G27 (3.72), G44 (4.31), G25 (4.43), G42 (4.57), G43 (5.78), G11 (5.82), G1 (7.66) and G29 (7.81) were recognized in the given order of relative stability. Stability analysis identified G49 (Wafaq ? Ghaznavi-98-3) as high yielding stable genotype among RILs which can be commercialized after fulfilling procedural requirements.
Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. Delayed diagnosis is the most common cause of death in patients. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a group of non-coding RNAs that are effective in the incidence of cancers. Studies in different cancers determined HOTAIR as an important lncRNA in tumorigenesis. In gastric cancer, the function of HOTAIR in the initiation and progression of cancer seems to be crucial. In this study, we confirmed the significant differential expression of HOTAIR between gastric tumors and normal tissues in different datasets. In the following, the regulatory function of HOTAIR and its interaction with miRNAs in development of gastric cancer was analyzed. Our analysis determined that the upregulation of HOTAIR is essential to different pathways associated with the progression of gastric cancer. Further analysis determined numerous miRNAs as potential targets for HOTAIR. Among them, we demonstrated miR-1 as a significant miRNA with negative correlation with HOTAIR in gastric tumors. Validation analysis determined that HOTAIR is a target of cisplatin as a common chemotherapy drug. Eventually, the effect of cisplatin on the expression of HOTAIR and its potential target, miR-1, was checked by an in vitro study. Cisplatin treatment on the gastric cancer cell line showed that there is a significant negative correlation between the downregulation of HOTAIR and the upregulation of miR-1 in treated cells. In conclusion, comprehensive in silico analysis and experimental study provided evidence for the importance of the HOTAIR/miR-1 axis as potential diagnostic and treatment strategies for gastric cancer.
In this study, molecular characterization of Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter populations collected from Ayd?n province was carried out based on ISSR technique and chloroplast DNA trnL intron sequences. 10 ISSR primers were used to determine the molecular characterization among the populations. For cpDNA trnL intron amplification, trnC and trnD primers were used. In ISSR analysis, a total of 70 bands were obtained. The polymorphism rate was determined to be approximately 94.28%. According to the ISSR analysis, the UPGMA dendrogram consisted of three groups. For cpDNA trnL intron sequences, phylogenetic analyses were obtained along with genetic distances. For populations, cpDNA trnL intron sequences were determined between 454 and 472 bases. The maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree consist of two clades. In addition, cpDNA trnL intron sequences of some species (Chrysophthalmum Pulicaria Inula Jasonia Stenachaenium Carpesium Blumea Iphiona Limbarda Rhanterium Lifago Duhaldea Chiliadenus) of Asteraceae family from NCBI with Dittrichia viscosa populations phylogenetic tree was constructed. As a result of the study, it was determined that the polymorphism rate of Dittrichia viscosa populations obtained by ISSR-PCR was higher than the results obtained from trnL intron sequences.
Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers were used to assess the genetic purity and earliness in F1 and F2 population of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) respectively. Experiment was carried out at the Experimental Research Farm of the Department of Vegetable Science, Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh (HP) during the years 2015 and 2016. Experimental material used in the study comprised of Khira-75, a commercial variety grown in low and mid hills of the state (Himachal Pradesh) which is late in flowering and genotype PI-618860, an inbred line collected from North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station, USA which is early in flowering and tolerates various biotic stresses. For assessment of genetic purity and earliness the parents Khira-75 and PI-618860 were crossed and F1 and F2 population were raised. Genetic purity studies revealed that one marker CSN 160 was observed to be segregating in the parents as well as the population. Further, scoring of earliness in F2 population revealed promising results using 2 co-dominant SSR00262 and SSR17922 markers, which segregated in the parents and population in correlation with the observed phenotypes.
We know that detection of EGFR mutations is very important for individual therapy. Nowadays FFPE samples are commonly using to detect the EGFR mutation status. But it has a few handicaps such as, tumor heterogeneity and non-repeatable, it is need to examine mutation statues of EGFR after each treatment regimen for individually treatment of NSCLC patients. Therefore, there is still need to develop non-invasive and useable over and over again approach for monitoring EGFR mutation statues and other genes for individual therapy. So, we aim to examine whether exosomes are good target for detection of EGFR mutation status or not. Pyrosequencing was used to detect, EGFR mutation in FFPE and exosome samples in some NSCLC patients. For the patients given different chemotherapy regime (n=28), PFS was evaluated before and after treatment. In patients who were EGFR positive before treatment, the median PFS for EGFR mutation-positive patients after treatment was 101.7 weeks (95% CI: 0.09-3.21), while for patients who were negative after treatment, the median PFS was 42.43 weeks (95% CI: 0.31- 10.52). Likewise, in patients who were EGFR negative before treatment and EGFR mutation negative after treatment, the PFS was median 52 weeks (95% CI: 0.17-2.84), while in patients who were positive after treatment, the median PFS was 27.57 weeks (95% CI: 0.35-5.58). We show that exosomes are good tools for monitoring EGFR mutation status and exosomes can be use as semi-invasive method for isolation of tumor DNAs for detection of mutation statues for individually treatment of NSCLC patients.
The objective of this study was to determine the progress in grain yield and grain quality accomplished with conventional breeding methods, as well as to identify stable, widely or specifically adapted genotypes under central European growing conditions. Recently developed soybean elite lines of maturity groups (MGs) 00, 0 and I were compared with commercial cultivars (standards) in comparative field tests during three consecutive years (2018-2020) in Osijek, Croatia. The ANOVA results showed significant genotype, environment, and genotype-by-environment interaction effects. There was a significant improvement in productivity and quality in comparison to standards, while stability parameters for tested traits indicated there are stable and mostly specifically adaptable elite lines. Improvement of the domestic gene pool and high agronomic performances of elite lines stable in most important economic traits will considerably contribute to increasing and improving soybean production in central Europe.
The genetic differences in the landraces are very important for plant breeding. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic differences for chlorophyll, ash and N contents and their relations with grain yield in Turkish bread wheat landraces. There were significant genetic differences for grain yield (GY), ash content of flag leaf at anthesis (AFLAC), ash content of spike at anthesis (ASAC), ash content of flag leaf at maturity (MFLAC), grain ash content (GAC), chlorophyll content at anthesis (ACC), chlorophyll content at early milk maturity (EMCC), chlorophyll content at late milk maturity (LMCC), chlorophyll content at early dough maturity (EDCC), N content of flag leaf at anthesis (FLN) and spike N contents (SN). The grain yield was positively and significantly related with AFLAC, ASAC, MFLAC and ACC, negatively and significantly related with GAC, EDCC and SN, not significantly related with EMCC, LMLC and FLN.
The shape and the size of maize seeds are the most variable traits, which are determined by a genotype and environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to understand the effects of the mechanism of the relationship and significance of seed variability on germination and morphology of seedlings. The seeds of five hybrids ZP388, ZP434, ZP555, ZP606, and ZP6263 were used in this study. The following seed traits were analysed: physical ones: seed length (L), thickness (T) and the width (W); morphological ones: seed weight (SW), seedling length (SLW), root length (RL), shoot length (SL) and seed germination (G) as a phydiological trait. There are statistically significant differences not only among physical traits of the seeds of the five hybrids (p?0.05), but also among the morphological traits (p?0.05). Statisticlly significant differences (p?0.05). in the width (W), length(L) and thickness (T) of seeds of all hybrids were determined in the small flat fraction (SP). The large rounded seed fraction (KO) mainly differed in the width and thickness between hybrids ZP434 and ZP 555, while the large flat seed fraction differed the most in the length between these two hybrids. Large-flat (KP) seed fractions are also characterized by the highest germination (99%). As the seed weight increases, the seedling weight decreases (R2=0.527). Segmentation within hybrids according to the diversity of morphological and physiological properties of seeds was carried out according to the seed size, fraction and seedling weight, while the other parameters were less important. The characteristic of all hybrids is that large seeds of the KP fraction have high germination and well-developed seedlings.
Genetic evaluation of segregating populations is one of the primary activities of cotton breeders. Seven cotton genotypes were crossed in a line ? tester mating design. The population of 12 F1, 12 F2 and their parents were tested in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications at the Nazilli Cotton Research Institute of T?rkiye during the 2014/2015 cotton-growing season. The genetic variability was significant for all characters studied. ?2GCA/?2SCA indicated non-additive gene action in controlling seed cotton yield (F2), ginning out-turn (F1) and fiber quality traits for both generations. The highly favourable GCA effects for seed cotton yield and fiber strength were recorded in the Carmen cultivar. Carmen ? Carisma hybrid exhibited high mean performance and SCA effects for seed cotton yield and fiber strength, while the performance of Gloria ? ST-468 was superior in terms of ginning out-turn. We concluded that individual plants with desired traits should be selected in later generations due to the preponderance of non-additive gene actions.
Pseudomonas strains originating from symptomatic (bacterial spot) leaf tissues of sweet cherry (Topola, Sumadija) and plum (Krusedol Selo, Srem) were isolated during 2016 and 2020, respectively. Based on the findings yielded by classical microbiological methods, LOPAT (+---+), GATTa (--++) and pathogenicity tests performed on detached fruitlets (sweet and sour cherry) and pods (bean pods), all strains were confirmed to belong to P. syringae pv. morsprunorum. The detection of cfl gene allowed strains that belong to race 1 to be identified. The DNA fingerprinting patterns obtained with four rep-PCR (BOX and ERIC), RAPD-PCR (M13), and IS50-PCR (IS50) methods revealed that the seven tested sweet cherry and plum P. s. pv. morsprunorum strains, as well as comparative KBNS71 and the reference strain CFBP 2119, were genetically heterogeneous. Conversely, MLSA based on the four-gene-based scheme (gapA, gltA, gyrB, and rpoD) indicated genetic homogeneity among all tested Serbian sweet cherry and plum strains, as well as P. s. pv. morsprunorum race 1 strains from the NCBI. Although the MLSA findings indicate that the sweet cherry and plum strains used in this study are 100% identical, as they might have different virulence genes, genome sequencing should be performed to eventually find the strain sub-clades based on the host.
There is a need to determine the relationship between the function of the immune system and miRNA expression in pediatric celiac disease (pCD). We aimed to describe the expression profiles of miRNAs in Turkish pCD patients based on the clinical and pathological findings. This study was conducted on 33 pCD patients and 33 pediatric control subjects with normal biopsy results. Four most common mutations (DQA1*05, DQB1*02, DQA1*03, DQB1*03:0.2) on HLA gene in pCD were screened. Paraffin -embedded biopsy tissue samples were used in miRNA isolations followed by cDNA synthesis. Expression of miRNAs were evaluated in the groups with qRT-PCR array -method. Significant underexpression of hsa-miR-194-5p gene was detected in pCD patients compared to the control group. The hsa-miR-194-5p gene was significantly underexpressed in anemic or short stature pCD patients compared to the control. The genes of hsa-miR-29b-3p, hsa-miR-30e-5p, and hsa-miR-146a-5p were significantly overexpressed in the patients with constipated celiac patients. Significant overexpression of hsa-miR146a-5p gene was detected in the Marsh2 and Marsh3a groups. The hsa-miR-29b-3p, hsa-miR-30e-5p, hsa-let-7a-5p, hsa-miR-27a-3p, hsa-miR141-3p, hsa-miR143-3p, and hsa-miR-146a-5p miRNA genes were significantly overexpressed in the Marsh3b group. Also, the hsa-miR-194-5p and hsa-miR-26a-5p genes were significantly underexpressed in the comparison of Marsh3c group to the control. These results suggest that miRNA expressions are likely to play a role in the pathogenesis of pCD. It is believed that the current results present valuable inferences that may help understand the genetic boundaries on pCD, which might be further supported by follow up studies on other miRNAs.
Camel racing is one of the popular sports around the world and is growing rapidly especially in Gulf countries. Camel has adapted itself to harsh and draught climate of desert. ?his quality of camel makes it the best choice in racing industry. Pakistani breed Dromedarius camels are as good as Omani and Sudanese camel breeds in their racing potential. Myostatin (Growth differentiation factor 8) is a protein coded by MSTN gene. Polymorphism in MSTN play a significant role in growth of muscle, increasing fast glycolysis Type IIB muscle fiber, forming tubular aggregates in type IIB fiber by increasing the body strength and racing ability. This gene is also responsible for double muscle phenotype in bovines. In present study, Marecha and Brela camel breeds of Pakistan were studied for genomic characterization of MSTN gene. Blood samples were collected from the healthy animals between the age group of 2-4 years. Genomic DNA was extracted, amplified by using specific sets of primers, purified and sequenced by Sanger?s dideoxy chain termination method. No single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found in the exon-3 of MSTN of Marecha & Brela, which shows that the gene is highly conserved among species while phylogenetic data of the dromedarius MSTN gene showed highest similarity with Bos taurus and least similarity with Gallus gallus. Genes that are similar to the camel MSTN are myostatin of Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, Bos taurus, Canis lupus, Rattus norvegicus. The significance of this study was to identify the genetic potential of Pakistani camel for racing that will help in the socioeconomic uplift of the local community. It will also help the camel breeders to select the best breed of camel & enhance their genetic potential by using least operating cost. That will in turn provide opportunity to the camel breeders to produce the best breed that will be selected by the trainers for racing that will provide another source of income for the local community and Pakistan?s camels will also be used in the racing industry.
Among wild relatives of wheat, Aegilops species are ideal genetic resources for the discovery of new characteristics such as resistance to environmental stresses and even grain quality for wheat improvement. Hence, knowledge of the population structure and genetic diversity of this germplasm is very important for their conservation and further utilization. In the present study, 80 accessions of the Aegilops including Ae. tauschii, Ae. cylindrica and Ae. triuncialis were investigated for genetic diversity using SCoT and CBDP markers. Eight SCOT and twelve CBDP primers amplified a total of 84 and 94 fragments with a mean of 10.50 and 7.83 fragments per primer, respectively. Resolving power (Rp) for SCoT and CBDP primers varied between 6.04 and 11.65, and 13.08 and 28.02, with the polymorphic information content (PIC) from 0.40 to 0.49 and 0.35 to 0.48, respectively. The results of analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that the highest proportion of genetic variance referred to between species. SCoT primers indicated high values for all informativeness parameter (except resolving power) than CBDP primers across all tested accessions. However, CBDP primers indicated higher values of the genetic parameters than using SCoT primers. As a result, the maximum values for genetic parameters such as number of effective alleles (Ne), Nei?s gene diversity (H) and Shannon?s information index (I) were detected in Ae. cylindrica and Ae. triuncialis using SCoT and CBDP markers, respectively. Cluster analysis based on those molecular system grouped all accessions into three main clusters. The grouping pattern observed by CBDP primers indicated more clear phylogenetic relationship among some Aegilops species, so that PCoA?s results confirmed the grouping pattern. In conclusion, it was observed that SCoT and CBDP displayed good efficiency in depicting polymorphism among the tested accessions, however, CBDP markers provided a clear grouping pattern of evaluated accessions. Hence, the use of CBDP markers in determining population structure and estimating genetic diversity in other plant species is recommended.
Hexanucleotide repeats expansion in the C9orf72 gene is the most common cause of familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) cases in Europe. In this study we aimed to determine the size and distribution of C9orf72 alleles, and investigate the possible association of the repeat size with several clinical parameters in ALS patients from Serbia. Patients were recruited from 2011-2021 and analysed using fragment length analysis and Southern blot. Out of 383 ALS patients, we have detected 31 (8.09%) patients with repeat expansion. In the total ALS cohort, clinical overlap with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) was registered in 17 (4.44%) patients, and among them, 5 (29.41%) were expansion carriers. There was no difference in the age of onset, age at the examination or disease duration, gender, and the frequency of spinal and bulbar onset between patients with and without C9orf72 expansion. The presence of positive family history (34.48% vs. 15.65%) and FTD (16.13% vs. 3.41%) was more frequent in expansion-positive vs. expansion-negative patients. In expansion-positive patients, significantly higher values of the largest detected repeat were found in patients with ALS in the family, and in expansion-negative, a higher median value of the smaller allele was noted in patients with a positive family history of ALS, dementia, and both in comparison to the rest of the group. A correlation of the repeat size was not found with the age of onset in both patients with and without the expansion. This is the first detailed study of C9orf72 sizing in ALS patients from Serbia. Our results emphasize the need for C9orf72 genetic screening in ALS patients with/without FTD.
Soybeans with small seed sizes and high seed yield potential are crucial for addressing the needs of soybean-based industries. The objectives of the study were to investigate the maternal effect and quantify the value of heterosis, heterobeltiosis, and gene action in F1 plants from soybean crosses with small-seeded. In the present investigation, the experiment was conducted in the screen house of the Indonesian Legume and Tubers Crop Research Institute (ILETRI) located in Malang (East Java, Indonesia) from March to July 2021. The F1 plants were derived from crosses of Lokal Jember ? Tidar, Tidar ? Gepak Kuning, Gepak Kuning ? Detam 3, and their reciprocals. The parental genotypes and F1 plants were all planted. The observed data were plant height, number of branches, number of nodes, number of filled pods, the weight of 10 seeds, and seed yield/plant. The performance of the F1 plants showed variation for all observed traits, which is mostly averaged between the two parents, including 10 seed weight and seed yield. There was no maternal effect for almost all agronomic traits on all crosses and their reciprocals, except for the number of nodes in the cross of Gepak Kuning ? Detam 3. Heterosis (hMP) and heterobeltiosis (hHP) of F1 derived from six cross combinations for seven agronomic traits ranged from -25.93 to 186.27 and -94.83 to 114.71, respectively. Based on the potence ratio, the gene action was differed from a cross to cross for seed yield and its components. The degree of dominance for seed size and seed yield varied from overdominance, incomplete dominance, and complete dominance. Thus, based on the present investigation, it is possible to develop soybean varieties with small seed sizes and high yield by using pedigree selection on F2.
