Purpose This study investigates the relationship between Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) strategies and Sustainable Management Performance (SMP) in Egyptian manufacturing firms. It examines the mediating role of innovation capability and corporate reputation, and the moderating influence of green finance, to assess how ESG adoption enhances competitiveness in a developing economy. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative research design was applied using survey data from 367 respondents across 33 manufacturing firms in Egypt. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) tested the proposed relationships among ESG strategies, innovation capability, corporate reputation, green finance and SMP. Findings ESG practices significantly enhance corporate reputation and innovation capability, but do not directly affect SMP; instead, sustainable performance is driven by corporate reputation and innovation capability, explaining 39.2% of its variance. The mediation analysis confirms that ESG influences SMP only indirectly through corporate reputation and innovation capability, while Green finance, as a moderator, strengthens the ESG–reputation relationship. Practical implications For practitioners, integrating ESG into core strategies enhances reputation and innovation, ultimately driving sustainable performance. Policymakers should strengthen green finance mechanisms and technological infrastructure to enable innovation in manufacturing firms. Originality/value This study is the first to analyze the indirect effects of ESG strategies on SMP through innovation capability and corporate reputation, while considering the moderating role of green finance in Egyptian manufacturing firms. It extends ESG scholarship to developing economies, offering fresh insights into sustainable strategic management.
Purpose This study systematically reviews empirical research on cost of quality (CoQ) management in the agrifood sector, where CoQ-related research remains fragmented and under-theorized. It synthesizes evidence on CoQ measurement indicators and the organizational outcomes of CoQ implementation. Design/methodology/approach A systematic literature review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines and the SPIDER framework. Searches in Scopus and Web of Science covered records available up to 2025, and 15 peer-reviewed empirical studies were retained after independent screening. The studies were examined using a structured extraction form, formal quality appraisal and deductive-inductive content analysis validated through author cross-checking, with particular emphasis on the prevention–appraisal–failure (PAF) model. Findings The PAF model emerges as the prevailing framework for CoQ measurement in agrifood contexts. Seven principal implementation outcomes were identified, spanning financial performance improvement, customer satisfaction, waste reduction, organizational performance, a strategic shift toward prevention, enhanced managerial decision-making and sector-specific operational challenges. The evidence is strongest for prevention-oriented investments, although implementation effects are conditional on organizational maturity, accounting infrastructure, certification status and supply-chain data visibility. External failure costs, especially reputational damage and trust loss, remain the least consistently measured category. Originality/value This study provides the first systematic synthesis of empirical evidence on CoQ management in the agrifood sector. By consolidating measurement indicators and implementation outcomes, it develops an agrifood-extended PAF perspective that links food-safety compliance, perishability and cold-chain losses, and traceability/trust-related consequences. The review establishes a structured foundation for future theoretical development and managerial application, while identifying critical research avenues including methodological diversification, digital traceability, sustainability integration and stronger links between CoQ systems and organizational learning.
Purpose This study explores the integration of digital technologies, vehicle routing optimization and continuous improvement principles (Lean and Six Sigma) to collectively enhance transportation efficiency and reduce negative environmental impacts. It aims to clarify how these complementary approaches contribute to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, fuel and energy consumption and routing inefficiencies. Design/methodology/approach A systematic literature review (SLR) was performed, examining 87 resource materials from SCOPUS. The review synthesizes research on digital technologies, green vehicle routing and continuous improvement and identifies key performance indicators (KPIs) and critical factors associated with environmental sustainability and operational efficiency in transportation systems. Findings The study develops an integrative conceptual framework that positions digital technologies as enablers of data availability, real-time visibility and predictive decision-making, vehicle routing optimization as the operational execution mechanism translating data into emission-reducing routing decisions, and continuous improvement, operationalized through Lean Six Sigma, as a sustaining mechanism that supports process stability and long-term environmental performance. Environmental KPIs such as fuel and energy consumption, emissions and route efficiency, link these elements and enable systematic performance monitoring. The findings suggest that integrating these components can reduce unnecessary trips, idle time and resource waste while improving operational efficiency and environmental outcomes. Research limitations/implications The framework is conceptual and requires empirical validation across different transportation contexts. Practical implications The framework supports practitioners and decision-makers in implementing targeted strategies to achieve both operational improvements and environmental sustainability goals. Originality/value This research integrates digital transformation, continuous improvement (Lean and Six Sigma) and vehicle routing optimization into a unified framework for sustainable and green transportation, addressing a fragmented gap in previous research.
Purpose This paper conducts a systematic literature review (SLR) to present the academic development of Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) as a core manufacturing performance metric. The research examines the implementation of OEE within performance management systems, alongside digital transformation and sustainable production frameworks. The review presents a novel approach that combines an SLR with bibliometric mapping to study OEE's development across the digitalisation age, AI predictive maintenance, and sustainable practices.Design/methodology/approach The research used an SLR, searching Scopus and Web of Science with Boolean queries and inclusion/exclusion criteria, and employing a snowball sampling approach. The research included 81 studies found through a systematic screening of peer-reviewed articles, which were subjected to qualitative synthesis, while bibliometric tools such as VOSviewer, RabbitResearch, and Litmaps supported conceptual mapping and trend identification.Findings Results demonstrated that OEE frameworks have evolved from a basic TPM scorecard into a live digital OEE system. While lean-agile integration, predictive maintenance, and Industry 4.0 concepts are taking root in research, there are wide sectoral gaps in the blend of disciplines, the suitability of adaptation for batch production and high-margin industries, and the link to financial decision-making.Originality/value This study is one of the very few SLRs on OEE research using bibliometric techniques, and the paper extends a systematic mapping study to identify performance metrics that map to digital and strategic business goals in contemporary manufacturing. The paper advances by combining systematic screening, citation, and keyword analyses, demonstrating how OEE has evolved from TPM-based indicators into a digitally driven performance framework.
Purpose Recognise the impacts of L4.0 in the value co-creation in a Business-to-Business interaction. Design/methodology/approach A Systematic Literature Review was conducted without clipping dates based on the Systematic Search Flow Method. Next, content analysis was performed through manual thematic coding to organise and synthesise the findings of the literature. Afterwards, the results were discussed. Findings The findings revealed the implications of Lean 4.0 in the value co-creation in industrial services. The findings recognise the impact of Lean 4.0 in the facilitators' stimulation of the value co-creation and ways to mitigate inhibitors of co-destruction value in industrial services. Practical implications The main contribution of this study is to provide a guide to practitioners of industrial services to improve the value co-creation via the Lean 4.0 approach. The findings provide directions for supporting Lean 4.0 adoption in service companies that interact collaboratively for resource complementarity. Originality/value This is the first article that analyses the application of Lean 4.0 in service companies based on facilitators and inhibitors related to value co-creation in industrial service. The results of this research indicate the Lean 4.0 concept as an emerging way to overcome inhibitors of value co-creation and stimulate facilitators for value co-creation in industrial services.
Purpose This study examined the effect of market perceptions of digital transformation (DT) on financial performance for US firms operating in the software and IT services and technology equipment sector. Design/methodology/approach A panel data multivariate analysis was performed using a sample of the 46 largest US-listed firms (extracted from the S&P 500) operating in the sector, covering the period from 2013-Q1 to 2023-Q2. Findings The analysis showed that market perceptions of DT enhance financial performance. The information the market conveys about DT leads to favorable perceptions across market participants, which consequently enhance firms' financial performance. However, during the COVID-19 outbreak, this effect weakened, suggesting that investors emphasized macroeconomic conditions and industry-wide expectations more than information signals regarding long-term investments. Practical implications This study provides guidance for technology producers and service providers, as well as investors and shareholders, since DT initiatives enhance business performance by increasing operational effectiveness and potential profits. It also offers insight into understanding market perception of DT and its impact on corporate success, especially during periods of market stress. Originality/value This study is among the first to examine how market perception of DT affects the financial performance of US technology firms during COVID-19. It extends the literature on signaling theory by showing that market perceptions of DT can function as credible external signals of technological capability, innovation orientation and future growth potential.
Purpose This study investigates the human and relational dynamics of artificial intelligence (AI) adoption for continuous improvement in public higher education institutions (HEIs). It explores how AI integration affects employees' basic psychological needs - autonomy, competence, and relatedness - within the public sector's value-driven context.Design/methodology/approach The research employs a mixed-methods embedded design. Primary data consists of 330 semi-structured interviews with administrative staff across six Italian universities. Qualitative thematic analysis is integrated with Chi-square (chi 2) statistical tests to identify significant associations between employees' perceptions and socio-demographic factors, and macro-institutional profiles based on organizational digital maturity.Findings The results reveal a paradox of automation: AI is welcomed as a tool for operational autonomy when it emancipates staff from repetitive tasks but is rejected when it threatens decisional sovereignty or ethical accountability. While AI can augment competence for digitally literate staff, it risks cognitive atrophy and workplace sterilization. Relatedness emerges as a non-negotiable pillar, with staff universally resisting AI applications that substitute human interaction for student support.Originality/value The study shifts the focus from technological performance to micro-foundational motivational mechanisms by applying Self-Determination Theory (SDT) to AI adoption in the public sector. It contributes a new conceptual framework that identifies a legitimacy threshold, distinguishing between AI as an assistive infrastructure versus a professional substitute.
Purpose AI-based autonomous vehicles (AVs) are a promising Industry 5.0 solution, but their diffusion is limited due to shared concerns that quality management can help to overcome. Quality 5.0 is a new approach in the literature that ensures respect for human and environmental safeguards, as well as for societal and industrial development. The novelty of this concept warrants further research. This work conceptualizes the promotion of Quality 5.0 in the AVs industry by presenting it from an often under-investigated perspective: the role of artificial intelligence (AI) providers. Design/methodology/approach This conceptual paper outlines the main actions by which AI providers can be Quality 5.0 enablers in the AVs industry. By integrating current literature on smart mobility, AI, AVs and Quality 5.0, this study provides theoretical propositions and a conceptual framework. Then it presents an illustrative case of an existing AI provider market leader. Findings AI providers within AVs industry enable Quality 5.0 by developing technical subsystems that support Quality 5.0 components, adopting a holistic approach to data infrastructure management, leveraging generative physical AI and building a network around it. Originality/value This paper contributes to the current debate on Quality 5.0 by presenting an underexplored perspective on quality management and the AI-based AVs industry: the AI provider's role as enabler of Quality 5.0.
PurposeThis paper investigates how blockchain integration shapes consumers' perceptions of handcrafted "Made in Italy" products, with particular attention to perceived uniqueness, luxurification and purchase intention. Beyond its technical role in traceability and transparency, blockchain is theorized as a digital quality infrastructure that makes signals of improvement-oriented production practices visible and interpretable to consumers, in coherence with human-centric Industry 5.0 principles and a TQM-inspired interpretive perspective.Design/methodology/approachAn explorative research design was adopted through two studies based on typical "Made in Italy" handcrafted products. Study 1 (N = 150) examines the relationships between perceived uniqueness, luxurification and purchase intention. Study 2 (N = 196) employs a between-subject experimental design introducing blockchain integration as an independent variable, testing its indirect effects on purchase intention through perceived uniqueness and luxurification using serial mediation analysis.FindingsResults show that blockchain integration significantly enhances the perceived uniqueness of handcrafted "Made in Italy" products, thereby increasing perceptions of luxurification and purchase intention. Luxurification mediates the relationship between perceived uniqueness and consumer response, indicating that blockchain operates not only as a transparency-enhancing technology but also as a symbolic device that strengthens value perceptions by signaling production rigor, intentionality and quality commitment.Practical implicationsBlockchain can be strategically embedded within the value proposition of "Made in Italy" artisanal firms as a complementary mechanism that reinforces operational excellence and supports luxury positioning. When communicated as evidence of disciplined, improvement-oriented production processes, blockchain may enhance consumers' perceptions of uniqueness and luxuriousness while supporting small-scale artisans in protecting craftsmanship, cultural heritage and international competitiveness.Originality/valueThis study contributes to research at the intersection of luxury marketing, product innovation and quality management by empirically demonstrating the dual role of blockchain in artisanal contexts. On the one hand, blockchain functions as a consumer-facing signal that enhances perceived uniqueness and luxurification; on the other, it operates as a continuous-improvement, consistent digital infrastructure that supports operational excellence and process rigor. By conceptualizing blockchain as a bridge between internal quality-oriented practices and external value perception, this study advances understanding of how human-digital collaboration can redefine continuous improvement and luxury value creation within the Industry 5.0 paradigm.
Purpose The present study investigates the opportunities of a rapid digital pathway and its unintended consequences in the maritime ecosystem (MECO). The rapid digitalization driven by disruptive events, including the COVID-19 pandemic, geopolitical tensions, and climate change-related incidents in the MECO, creates time-compressed technology adoption patterns that bypass implementation processes ordinarily followed under regular and planned digital rollouts. These temporal dynamics can create socio-technical disintegration, resulting in unintended outcomes, which MECO stakeholders need to optimize to remain efficient and resilient. Design/methodology/approach The study uses a systematic literature review and expert insights to investigate the research questions. Interpretive lenses of socio-technical systems theory (STS) are used to analyze the results. Findings The study reveals that accelerated digitalization enhances operational efficiency and digital maturity levels in the MECO. It simultaneously disintegrates the social and technical subsystems, where the technical subsystem exceeds the capacity of the social subsystem to adapt. The study identified four adversarial consequences: widened cybersecurity risks, increased long-term financial commitments, increased obsolete infrastructure and heightened cognitive overload. Practical implications Practically, the findings indicate that MECO stakeholders should avoid time-compressed digital rollouts and instead align implementation pace with cybersecurity readiness, staged investment evaluation, and workforce adaptation, as accelerated adoption increases cyber vulnerability, locks in long-term costs, creates obsolete infrastructure and intensifies operational strain rather than delivering durable resilience gains. Originality/value This work advances STS theory by identifying implementation speed as a critical determinant of socio-technical alignment under disruptive conditions. Practically, the findings indicate that MECO stakeholders should avoid time-compressed digital rollouts and instead align implementation pace with cybersecurity readiness, staged investment evaluation, and workforce adaptation, as accelerated adoption increases cyber vulnerability, locks in long-term costs, creates obsolete infrastructure, and intensifies operational strain rather than delivering durable resilience gains.
Purpose Although agile software development is widely adopted in information systems development (ISD), prior research largely examined whether agile practices are sufficient rather than whether they are necessary for ISD success. Moreover, existing studies tend to focus on isolated outcomes and rely primarily on sufficiency logic. Grounded in the Job Characteristics Model, ISD theory, and agile principles, this study examines which agile practices are sufficient and which are necessary for achieving key ISD outcomes, namely customer satisfaction, process performance, and software functionality. Design/methodology/approach The study employs a dual-analytical approach, combining necessary condition analysis (NCA) and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), to examine real-world data from 261 executives working on ASD projects. Findings The results show that team autonomy and iterative incremental development function as core enabling conditions for customer satisfaction, while team diversity and agile communication are more critical for achieving high levels of process performance. For software functionality, incremental iterative development, as well as agile communication, emerge as necessary conditions that must reach minimum thresholds to avoid performance shortfalls. Overall, the findings suggest that some agile practices serve as non-substitutable constraints, while others act as performance enhancers, depending on the outcome considered. Originality/value This study advances agile and ISD research by shifting the focus from sufficiency-based explanations to a constraint-oriented perspective, theorizing agile practices as necessary conditions. For practice, the findings help managers prioritize agile practices that must be ensured before expecting improvements in ISD outcomes.
Purpose This study investigates the status and challenges associated with green banking practices and proposes a strategic agenda for adopting sustainable approaches. Design/methodology/approach An in-depth literature review was conducted using the Scopus database to identify factors related to green practices among banking employees. Subsequently, 12 semi-structured interviews of bank managers were analysed using NVivo 15 software. Findings Thematic content analysis highlighted three dimensions of green banking practices consisting of factors resembling patterns related to green daily operation, green policy practices and green products & services. Further, the lack of management support and staff shortages were highlighted as core challenges that hinder the implementation of green banking practices. Research limitations/implications The research contributes to the sustainable development goal principles in shaping the future of banks and conceptualizing green banking practices as an organizational factor and not as a compliance mechanism. It provides an in-depth understanding of green banking practices for policymakers and researchers regarding future research directions. Practical implications The implications emphasize that the strategic enforcement of green policies by the government and management is essential for the implementation of sustainability initiatives by the financial institutions. Originality/value This research is the first to integrate both a comprehensive review and a thematic analysis of green banking practices from the employee perspective. It offers an employee-centric framework on sustainability, enduring operations in the banks and highlights the challenges towards its implementation.
Purpose This study examines the potential of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) to enhance Quality Assurance (QA) in standardised auditing contexts. As organisations increasingly utilise AI to fulfil compliance obligations, the research explores how GenAI can aid ISO-based auditing processes. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative exploratory design was adopted, using semi-structured interviews with ten auditors and QA professionals across multiple industries. Guided by the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Sociotechnical Systems (STS) theory, thematic analysis identified functional and non-functional requirements, stakeholder expectations, and organisational challenges influencing GenAI adoption. Findings GenAI holds significant promise for automating audit tasks such as document review, risk detection, and reporting, thus enhancing efficiency and reducing manual effort. However, constraints exist, including the need for explainability, trust, and human oversight. Organisational readiness, regulatory compliance, and integration with existing systems were recognised as critical hurdles to implementation. Research limitations/implications Interviews were limited to professionals with ISO-based auditing experience, and perspectives from clients, regulators, and other regimes such as GDPR or HIPAA were not represented. Broader, mixed-method, multi-stakeholder cases are needed to generalise the findings and assess GenAI's impact across diverse compliance settings. Originality/value This paper advances Quality 4.0 by developing a human–AI co-auditing framework for clause-level ISO assurance grounded in practitioner insights. It moves beyond adoption-focused research to articulate design principles that improve traceability, audit efficiency, and clause coverage reliability, while preserving professional accountability through human-in-the-loop governance.
Purpose This research addresses Industry 4.0 (I4.0) adoption challenges among logistics small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), with a focus on improving warehouse goods movement. Considering SMEs' constraints (e.g. limited resources, expertise and readiness), the study develops Logistics Industry 4.0 Readiness and Assessment (LIRA), a strategic dashboard to assess preparedness for digital transformation.Design/methodology/approach The study employs a conceptual research approach to develop the LIRA dashboard. The methodology involves a literature-driven theoretical model development. The dashboard development includes: assessing organizational readiness through Foundational Building Blocks; defining the technological domain for goods movement in warehouse logistics; evaluating Operational Conditions; and applying an adapted ROI 4.0 model to evaluate the profitability of I4.0 investments.Findings The research yields a dashboard system to support SMEs' I4.0 journey. The dashboard integrates a readiness assessment model with adapted ROI 4.0, enabling SMEs to evaluate their preparedness for I4.0 adoption and to estimate the return on I4.0 investment.Research limitations/implications As a conceptual study, it requires empirical validation. Limitations include its focus on warehouse internal logistics and specific I4.0 technologies [augmented reality (AR), automated guided vehicle, radio-frequency identification]. Future research could explore the broader applicability and potential of additional technologies.Practical implications The framework provides SMEs with a practical tool to assess their I4.0 readiness, supporting informed decisions on technology investments and optimizing implementation strategies for economic, operational and environmental benefits.Originality/value This research provides a tailored dashboard to address SMEs' I4.0 adoption challenges. It highlights the strategic deployment of I4.0 to drive operational efficiency and sustainability. It further adapts the ROI 4.0 financial assessment model to the logistics domain, integrating readiness assessment with financial and non-financial impact evaluation, thereby enabling a more holistic and context-sensitive assessment of I4.0 investments.
Purpose This study investigates the role of green transformational leadership (GTL) in employee sustainable performance (SP), with organizational support (OS) as a mediator.Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was used to collect quantitative data from employees working in Jordanian hotel organizations. Simple random sampling was employed to collect data from employees across various hotels to examine the proposed hypotheses.Findings The study found that GTL positively influence OS, green creativity and green innovation, but it negatively influences job satisfaction (JS). GTL positively influences green creativity and JS via OS, while the mediating effect of OS negatively affects the relation between GTL and green innovation. OS positively influences green creativity and JS while it negatively influences green innovation.Research limitations/implications This study focuses on five-star hotels in Jordan, limiting generalizability. Its practical insights for hotel managers to develop GTL and enhance OS to foster sustainability align with sustainable development goal (SDG) 8 on promoting decent work and employee well-being and SDG 12 on responsible consumption and sustainable operational practices in hospitality. It also highlights the importance of empowering employees through training, recognition and involvement in sustainability initiatives.Originality/value This study integrates two key theories - Social Exchange Theory and Conservation of Resources Theory - to examine the mediating role of OS in the relationship between GTL and employee sustainable performance (ESP). It addresses a gap in hospitality research by linking leadership behaviors with employee SP, encompassing green creativity, green innovation and JS, in the context of five-star hotels.
Purpose The emergence of Quality 5.0 (Q5.0) reflects a paradigm shift in quality management (QM) toward integrating advanced digital technologies with human-centric values, sustainability orientation and ethical governance. Despite growing conceptual interest, empirical research on Q5.0 remains limited, particularly due to the absence of validated measurement instruments. This study aims to develop and validate a multidimensional scale for measuring Q5.0 in the manufacturing sector.Design/methodology/approach Following established scale development procedures, a multi-phase mixed-method design was employed. The study combined an extensive literature review, qualitative interviews, expert validation, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory composite analysis using partial least squares structural equation modeling. Data were collected from manufacturing firms operating in key industrial sectors in Iraq. A reflective-formative hierarchical model was specified, with six reflective first-order dimensions forming a formative higher-order Q5.0 construct.Findings The results support a six-dimensional structure of Q5.0 comprising human-centric quality practices, human-artificial intelligence collaboration and smart quality systems, sustainable and green quality orientation, ethical and trustworthy quality governance, resilient and adaptive QM, and collaborative value co-creation. The validated scale demonstrates strong reliability, convergent and discriminant validity, predictive relevance, robustness against common method bias and partial measurement invariance across firm size and industry sectors.Originality/value This study offers one of the first empirically validated measurement instruments for Q5.0. By operationalizing Q5.0 as a reflective-formative hierarchical construct, it advances QM theory and provides a robust foundation for future empirical research and managerial application.
Purpose Quality 5.0 has been proposed as a human-centric and resilient evolution of digital quality management, yet empirical evidence remains scarce on how its elements jointly create business value. This paper investigates which combinations of digital transformation, human-centric practices and traditional quality management adaptation are sufficient for high business performance. Design/methodology/approach Grounded in dynamic capability, complexity and configuration theories, the study takes an exploratory approach to explore quality 5.0's contribution to business performance. We collected data from quality management professionals across multiple organisations, sectors and geographical regions using an online survey. 126 responses were collected. Following data quality assessment, 117 responses were retained for analysis. Subsequently, we used fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to identify multiple pathways leading to high business performance. Findings Necessity analysis showed that all the three conditions are necessary for high business performance while sufficiency analysis revealed three configurations that explain high business performance. The overall solution had a consistency of 0.960 and a coverage of 0.959. In all the three configurations, digital transformation acted as a peripheral condition (supportive role) while human-centric practices and adapted traditional quality management practices acted as core conditions (main drivers). Interestingly, three conditions emerged as necessary conditions for high business performance. Originality/value The study contributes to the literature by moving quality 5.0 beyond normative claims, providing an empirically grounded configurational account of how digital, human and quality capabilities interact to explain business performance. Moreover, this is the first study to assess the contribution of Q5.0 to business performance.
Purpose This study explores and validates a set of key factors and detailed indicators of the Quality 5.0 model, primarily derived from the literature and experts' consensus, anchored in the Socio-Technical System (STS), Stakeholder, and Natural Resource-Based View (NRBV) as a guiding, integrative theory lens. Design/methodology/approach This research conducted two studies. Study 1 utilises a systematic literature review (SLR) guided by the PRISMA framework to map the current research landscape and analyse key factors and detailed indicators of the Quality 5.0 model. Building on these findings, study 2 employs a two-round Delphi technique to seek expert consensus, validate the identified indicators, and explore new indicators based on qualitative insights from the expert panel through open questions. Findings This research validated a comprehensive set of 37 indicators of Quality 5.0 model, comprising 26 indicators analysed from extant literature and 11 newly derived indicators from expert insights. Originality/value This study is an initial effort to explore key factors and indicators of Quality 5.0 model for the manufacturing sector through a rigorous two-round Delphi methodology. This work is also the first attempt to use an integrative lens combining STS, NRBV, and Stakeholder theories to structure and validate Quality 5.0 factors and indicators.
