Co-operative tests were conducted by a working group of the “foot protection” ISO standardizing committee, with the participation of seven countries, using a total of 10 different testing methods for determining shoe anti-slip characteristics.
The Rapid Transit System in Zürich is a regular, modern train which will be constructed with the most modern safety equipment. Nevertheless, the thought that 100,000 persons a day will gather at one given place, all underground, under houses and rivers was uncomfortable. A team of experts, combining worldwide knowledge on hazard analysis methodologies, specific knowledge from the Swiss Federal Railways and a great deal of imagination produced a detailed catalog of hazards. Train accidents and fires were identified as the major risks. The layout of the whole construction and a lot of specific safety measures were submitted to a careful evaluation, resulting in both an acceptable protection level and an optimal cost/benefit ratio.
The demand for liability covers is related to fundamental changes towards a “service” economy and is likely to grow substantially in the future. This development will require the most efficient redistribution of roles between government, industry and insurance.
Many accidents occur during construction and maintenance of facilities. Logically, decisions made during the design and planning of a project can influence workers’ safety. The approach of considering safety in design and planning to control workplace hazards is called Prevention through Design (PtD). Many fresh graduates from architecture, construction, and civil engineering programs do not learn about PtD. Hence, the organizations which hire these graduates have to train them in the area of PtD. In most university curricula, there is no room for a new course focused on PtD. Then non-traditional approaches such as computer games and simulations can be implemented to teach PtD in universities. Computer games are routinely considered as the most important and influential medium by today’s college students. The present work aims to measure the effectiveness of computer games to train and educate students for safe design thinking. Therefore, three interventions—a computer-based serious game, a paper-based game (the paper version of the serious game) and a traditional lecture—were developed and implemented to measure their pedagogical value. The serious game was found to be more effective as compared to the lecture. The paper-based game failed to motivate the students to learn. This paper discusses the possible reasons for the success and failures of these pedagogical approaches.
Three proposed European Directives will affect the standards, use and marketing of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) throughout Europe.
Safe operation of chemical plants is not only a question of operation procedures. Safe operation possibility starts very early during the design phase of a chemical plant where all the risk factors can be evaluated, and adequate techniques against those risks can be found out.
Companies of the Royal Dutch/Shell Group operate a very wide range of manufacturing installations which include oil refineries, gas processing and liquefaction plants and chemical plants.
As type 2 diabetes mellitus progresses, oral hypoglycaemic agents often fail to maintain blood glucose control and insulin is needed. We investigated whether the addition of once-daily insulin glargine is non-inferior to three-times daily prandial insulin lispro in overall glycaemic control in adults with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus taking oral hypoglycaemic agents.In the 44-week, parallel, open study that was undertaken in 69 study sites across Europe and Australia, 418 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus that was inadequately controlled by oral hypoglycaemic agents were randomly assigned to either insulin glargine taken once daily at the same time every day or to insulin lispro administered three times per day. The primary objective was to compare the change in haemoglobin A1c from baseline to endpoint (week 44) between the two regimens. Randomisation was done with a central randomisation service. Analysis was per protocol. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00311818.205 patients were randomly assigned to insulin glargine and 210 to insulin lispro. Mean haemoglobin A1c decrease in the insulin glargine group was −1·7% (from 8·7% [SD 1·0] to 7·0% [0·7]) and −1·9% in the insulin lispro group (from 8·7% [1·0] to 6·8% [0·9]), which was within the predefined limit of 0·4% for non-inferiority (difference=0·157; 95% Cl −0·008 to 0·322). 106 (57%) patients reached haemoglobin A1c of 7% or less in the glargine group and 131 (69%) in the lispro group. In the glargine group, the fall in mean fasting blood glucose (−4·3 [SD 2·3] mmol/L vs −1·8 [2·3] mmol/L; p<0·0001) and nocturnal blood glucose (−3·3 [2·8] mmol/L vs −2·6 [2·9] mmol/L; p=0·0041) was better than it was in the insulin lispro group, whereas insulin lispro better controlled postprandial blood glucose throughout the day (p<0·0001). The incidence of hypoglycaemic events was less with insulin glargine than with lispro (5·2 [95% CI 1·9–8·9] vs 24·0 [21–28] events per patient per year; p<0·0001). Respective mean weight gains were 3·01 (SD 4·33) kg and 3·54 (4·48) kg. The improvement of treatment satisfaction was greater for insulin glargine than for insulin lispro (mean difference 3·13; 95% CI 2·04–4·22).A therapeutic regimen involving the addition of either basal or prandial insulin analogue is equally effective in lowering haemoglobin A1c. We conclude that insulin glargine provides a simple and effective option that is more satisfactory to patients than is lispro for early initiation of insulin therapy, since it was associated with a lower risk of hypoglycaemia, fewer injections, less blood glucose self monitoring, and greater patient satisfaction than was insulin lispro.Sanofi-Aventis.
The important factors in designing clothing for use against agricultural pesticides are discussed. Special attention is drawn to the conflicts between protection and price and between protection and comfort. Modern materials used in the manufacture of these garments are described and their advantages and disadvantages considered. Weaknesses in the design of garments are highlighted, leading to proposals for a range of garments suitable for agricultural applications.
Freivalds, A. and Johnson, A.B., 1990. Time-series analysis of industrial accident data. Journal of Occupational Accidents, 13: 179–193.
Suokas, J., Heino, P. and Karvonen, I., 1990. Expert systems in safety management. Journal of Occupational Accidents, 12: 63–78.
Manning, D.P., Jones, C. and Bruce, M., 1990. Proof of shoe slip-resistance by a walking traction test. Journal of Occupational Accidents, 12: 255–270.
Williamson, A. and Feyer, A.-M., 1990. Behavioural epidemiology as a tool for accident research. Journal of Occupational Accidents, 12: 207–222.
The Siemens EWSD is a digital switching system for a world-wide use in many different areas starting from a small decentralized rural switch up to a very large central office handling vast number of trunks and subscribers. Flexible configuration of system functions according to the needs of a particular administration (e.g., PTT) is another important principle. EWSD functions can be varied from standard telephony switching service to sophisticated Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), capable of handling speech and digital data switching functions simultaneously (Ribbeck and Skaperda, 1984). Apart from actual switching functions, the EWSD performs many supporting tasks helping the administration's personnel to run the system. These tasks
High quality will be of paramount importance for the future in the automotive industry. Quality is a customer-oriented concept and the whole organisation should have a customer-oriented attitude. This implicates the need for efficient information systems to feed back customers' preferences and demands. In the future knowledge about customers' experience of the products through its entire life cycle will be even more important.
A method of solution directed workplace analysis is developed to compared and evaluate different production processes within the branch of the Dutch rubber industry as well as their solutions to reduce exposure to different factors. Special attention is paid to one preventive measure; local exhaust ventilation. Efficiency and design features will be discussed.
Accurate information on those injured while at work depends on the quality of the reporting mechanisms in place. There is ample evidence that such reporting mechanisms in the United States are flawed, and injuries to some segments of the work force may be grossly underenumerated. This research reports on a new system to identify, more accurately, work-related fatal injuries with particular reference to those past normal retirement age.
