Using native woods in their original state as posts, fences and contractions is an environmentally and economically friendly initiative, as it reduces the need for wood preservation chemicals. However, each species must be assessed for its natural durability to determine whether it is suitable for such ends. The present work aimed to evaluate the natural durability of round wood pieces of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia and Mimosa tenuiflora after three years of service in the field and to compare their deterioration levels with those found for nontreated and treated Eucalyptus wood with Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA). Round wood pieces, 1 m long, with an average diameter of 10 to 15 cm, were partially buried in the soil to a depth of half their length in a field experiment. Additionally, test specimens of M. caesalpiniifolia and M. tenuiflora (30 replicates for each species) were buried using the same experimental design. All wood samples were left in the field for three years and were periodically assessed to determine the extent of deterioration. Both experiments were set according to an entirely randomized block design (RBD). After exposure the deterioration index and decay susceptibility were determined. Experimental data were subjected to analysis of variance, and when significant differences were established, the means were compared using the Tukey test. The results, particularly the decay susceptibility index, showed that M. caesalpiniifolia and M. tenuiflora performed worse than the reference samples of CCAtreated Eucalyptus. However, their performance was similar. These results highlight that both species studied produce durable woods suitable for outdoor use and direct contact with the soil.
Brazil, the fourth-largest holder of bauxite reserves worldwide, plays a prominent role in global mineral production. However, open-pit mining can alter soil hydrological attributes due to vegetation removal and intensive soil disturbance. This study evaluated the effects of rehabilitation practices implemented by Companhia Brasileira de Alumínio (CBA) on water infiltration, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, and soil water repellency. Six study areas were selected in the municipality of São Sebastião da Vargem Alegre, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, comprising three rehabilitated areas (0610, 0630, and 0123) and three reference areas. Assessments were conducted using a MiniDisk infiltrometer, and the results were compared using the Mann–Whitney test. The rehabilitated areas exhibited significantly higher values of infiltration rate (293.88 mm h⁻¹), infiltration capacity (308.78 mm h⁻¹), and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (48.44 mm h⁻¹) than the reference areas, which showed mean values of 129.38 mm h⁻¹, 147.53 mm h⁻¹, and 9.19 mm h⁻¹, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). Soil water repellency was significantly lower in the rehabilitated areas (1.48%) than in the reference areas (6.22%) (p ≤ 0.05). These findings demonstrate that rehabilitation practices promoted the recovery of soil hydrological functionality by enhancing water infiltration, increasing the soil’s capacity to transmit water through the profile, and reducing the expression of soil hydrophobicity.
Aqueous smoke extract (ASE) is a lowcost alternative which shows high effectiveness in optimizing seed germination. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different aqueous smoke extract doses on the germination of Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil. and Solanum granulosoleprosum Dunal seeds. Two seed lots of S. granulosoleprosum were used, collected in 2016 and in June 2019, both in the region of Lavras, Minas Gerais. S. lycocarpum seeds were also collected in the Lavras region, in June 2019. The concentrations used for germination were distilled water (control) and ASE diluted in water at the following ratios: 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:40, and 1:80 (v/v). The plates containing the seeds were incubated in a BOD chamber under alternating temperatures of 20 and 30 degrees C and a 12 hour photoperiod. The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design, with the data subjected to analysis of variance and the means compared using Tukey's test (p < 0.05). The experiment with S. granulosoleprosum was conducted in a two factor factorial design (2 storage times & times; 6 concentrations). S. lycocarpum did not respond to the ASE treatments. S. granulosoleprosum seeds collected in 2016 and stored showed higher germination and germination speed index (GSI) compared to seeds collected in 2019 (not stored). The 1:5 and 1:20 dilutions significantly increased germination and GSI of S. granulosoleprosum seeds (2019 lot). It is concluded that all treatments improved germination and GSI compared to the control for S. granulosoleprosum seeds collected in 2019, whereas the treatments were not effective for S. lycocarpum seeds.
The genus Pinus has broad economic relevance in Brazil, both for timber production and for oleoresin extraction, an activity in which the country ranks among the world's leading producers. Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis Barr. & Golf. is one of the tropical species with the greatest potential for multiple uses, distinguished by its vigorous growth and resinproducing viability. This study aimed to evaluate its growth in diameter at breast height (DBH), the number of resin canals (NRC), gum resin productivity (GRP), and the relationship among these traits in 31 halfsib progenies of this species, aiming to identify materials with potential for breeding programs. The experiment was established in a randomized complete block design, with thirty replications and one plant per plot, in Lavras, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. For the evaluation of DBH (cm), NRC, and GRP (kg tree-1), only three replications were considered in this study, with DBH and NRC assessed at eight years and GRP at nine years after planting. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the ScottKnott test (p < 0.10), in addition to Pearson correlation analysis. The results revealed significant phenotypic variability among the progenies for all the analyzed traits. The superior progenies were identified for DBH, NRC, and GRP, highlighting the potential for genetic gains. The correlation between DBH and NRC was moderate (0.74), while correlations with GRP were low (<0.32), indicating its multifactorial nature. The study demonstrates phenotypic variability among progenies and low correlation among the evaluated traits, indicating the need for independent selection strategies to maximize gains in a breeding program.
The rise in temperature and changes in rainfall patterns in the Amazon may impact the phenology and survival of native species, such as the Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa, Lecythidaceae), a species of great socioeconomic importance in the state of Acre, one of Brazil's top producers of Brazil nuts. This study aimed to evaluate whether average annual temperature and precipitation influence almond production and revenue in the Brazil nut production chain in the state. Data on average temperature and precipitation (2000-2023) were obtained from the Agritempo platform, focusing on Acrean municipalities where B. excelsa occurs. Data on Brazil nut production and revenue were sourced from IBGE/SIDRA. Spearman's correlation tests, principal component analysis (PCA), and multiple linear regression were applied to assess the impact of climatic variables on almond productivity and revenue. Statistical analyses were conducted using RStudio with specialized packages. Spearman's correlation indicated that average temperature is positively, moderately, and significantly correlated with the revenue and price of Brazil nuts in Acre. Precipitation showed a positive, moderate, and significant correlation with production and revenue. The PCA revealed that the first two components explained 80% of the data variance, highlighting the influence of climate on economic variables. The regression confirmed that precipitation significantly affects production and revenue, while temperature did not show a statistically significant effect, suggesting that other factors also influence the Brazil nut production chain.
Biochar offers a practical circular economy strategy to improve nursery substrates and nutrient use efficiency, but optimal rates and their interaction with fertilization remain species specific. This study evaluated the effects of six proportions of Brazil nut shell biochar (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% v/v) and two fertilization regimes on substrate physicochemical properties and the nursery performance of Euterpe precatoria. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design in a 6 & times; 2 factorial arrangement, with three replicates and eight plants per plot. Seedling height, stem diameter, leaf number, biomass partitioning, SPAD chlorophyll index, and Dickson Quality Index (DQI) were analyzed by twoway ANOVA, polynomial regression, and multivariate factor analysis. The biochar & times; fertilization interaction was significant for shoot dry mass, root dry mass, total dry mass, SPAD index, and DQI, but not for height, stem diameter, or leaf number. Conventional NPK plus micronutrients generally outperformed controlled release fertilizer. Intermediate biochar proportions (20-30% v/v) provided the best overall nursery performance, particularly under conventional NPK fertilization. Under this regime, the highest seedling quality was achieved at intermediate biochar proportions, with DQI reaching 3.45 at approximately 20% biochar and SPAD values approaching 49 at approximately 28%. These results indicate that incorporating 20-30% (v/v) Brazil nut shell biochar into a commercial substrate, combined with conventional NPK fertilization, is an effective strategy for producing vigorous Euterpe precatoria seedlings while valorizing abundant Amazonian agroindustrial residues.
Environmental degradation caused by human activities, such as dam failures, leads to habitat fragmentation, river contamination, and biodiversity loss. To mitigate these impacts, conservation strategies have been developed to preserve the genetic diversity of forest species. One promising approach is grafting, which allows the rescue and propagation of vulnerable trees. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of cleft grafting in rescuing individuals of Garcinia gardneriana (Planch. & Triana) Zappi, Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess., and Handroanthus albus (Cham.) Mattos in the Brumadinho region. Branch segments were collected from mature trees and grafted onto seedlings of the same species or genus. Over a 90-day period, graft survival and growth were monitored at 15-day intervals. In addition, anatomical analyses were conducted to evaluate the graft union between the scion and rootstock. The results showed that C. brasiliense exhibited the highest survival rate (70%), with significant shoot growth in both length and diameter. H. albus showed steady and uniform growth, with a survival rate of 60%. In contrast, G. gardneriana presented the lowest survival rate (40%) and slower growth, probably due to anatomical incompatibility. Microscopic analysis revealed differences in tissue development and a pronounced accumulation of phenolic compounds in the graft union region of G. gardneriana, which may have hindered vascular reconnection and negatively affected graft establishment. These results highlight the importance of anatomical compatibility for grafting success and seedling development. Furthermore, they demonstrate that cleft grafting is a promising technique for the genetic conservation and ecological restoration of native tree species in impacted areas.
The rupestrian vegetation on rocky hematite outcrops in the Brazilian Amazon has the smallest geographic distribution and highest endemism in the region. This study aimed to characterize the floristic composition and vegetation structure of these formations, locally known as Canga. The floristic inventory included both natural regeneration and the tree and shrub layers. Species richness and individual abundance were significantly lower in the rupestrian fields outside protected areas. Moreover, the dominant species differed markedly between protected and unprotected sites. Species typical of wellpreserved habitats within protected areas were either absent or had drastically reduced abundance outside. Plant composition was entirely different between the two settings. The observed reduction in species richness, abundance, and changes in floristic composition is likely associated with human induced disturbances.
Understanding the root system of plants is essential for improving productivity and resilience, particularly under water deficit conditions. Despite its recognized importance, root system characterization in eucalyptus has been limited. This study presents a fast and accurate method for evaluating root biomass in eucalyptus seedlings and cuttings using an aeroponic system. Custombuilt aeroponic boxes equipped with external drip irrigation and internal fogger systems were developed to accommodate 90day old seedlings/cuttings. Initially, the optimal number of replications for aeroponic experiments was determined using 12 vegetatively propagated Eucalyptus spp. clones. This optimization enhanced experimental precision and reproducibility. Subsequently, root system of 23 clonal genotypes and seedlings from seven Eucalyptus spp. species were characterized. After 50 days in the aeroponic system, the following root parameters were evaluated: dry weight, length, and number of roots. Among these, dry root biomass showed the greatest variation among clones, making it a key trait for genotype differentiation. For seed derived seedlings, root length, as a non destructive characteristic, makes it possible to select and maintain the superior genotypes in the Breeding Program. This study demonstrates that early root phenotyping using aeroponics is a valuable approach for identifying productive and drought tolerant eucalyptus clones and species, contributing to more efficient and resilient forestry practices.
The classification of productive capacity is a fundamental component of forest management, but traditional univariate methods, such as the guide curve, may oversimplify the complex interactions of factors determining site productivity. Therefore, this study addresses a research gap by assessing the potential of Kohonen Neural Networks (SOM), a multivariate artificial intelligence technique, as an alternative for stratifying commercial eucalyptus stands. The objective was to compare the classification obtained by the guide curve method with the artificial neural network (ANN) approach, assessing the superiority of the latter. To this end, data from 750 eucalyptus stands in Minas Gerais, Brazil, were classified using both the guide curve method (Schumacher's model) and an ANN (SOM) with subsequent hierarchical clustering. Validation and comparison were performed using discriminant analysis and a contingency matrix. The results indicated that the ANN provided a more accurate stratification, notably by reclassifying 26% of the stands from the guide curve's Medium class to the Low class and refining the High productivity class into a more elite group. The cohesion of the ANN derived clusters was validated by discriminant analysis, which achieved an overall accuracy of 69.9%. It is concluded that the ANN is superior to the traditional method, providing a more realistic, multidimensional classification with greater sensitivity in detecting low productivity areas and greater specificity in identifying elite stands. The methodology is thus established as a strategic tool for enhancing planning and optimizing operations in precision silviculture.
Weeds in forest restoration projects can pose significant obstacles to the development of native species seedlings due to their high competitive potential, jeopardizing the success of restoration efforts. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different weed control methods in the seedling vicinity as well as the associated costs of maintaining areas undergoing forest restoration. Six control methods were tested: chemical control using glyphosate herbicide, manual weeding, and three physical control methods using mulch, cardboard, and fiber mats, in addition to a no intervention control treatment. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with five blocks, using the native species Peltophorum dubium and Guazuma ulmifolia. The analyzed variables included total height and stem diameter of the seedlings at 11 and 24 months after planting as well as the maintenance costs of the area and the control efficiency of each method. The absence of weed control negatively impacted the development of the tested species, both in terms of height and diameter. All control methods proved effective in managing weeds, with no statistically significant differences between treatments for height and diameter increments at 11 and 24 months after planting. Regarding maintenance costs over 24 months for a one hectare area, the straw mulch method had the lowest cost at R$ 2,200.00, followed by chemical control (R$ 2,304.75), manual weeding (R$ 4,652.16), treated cardboard (R$ 6,489.80), and fiber bags (R$ 14,434.80).
Biomass and carbon stored in vegetation are important indicators of its role in reducing greenhouse gases. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the spatiotemporal dynamics of biomass and carbon stocks in mangroves, focusing on changes occurring in 2003, 2013, and 2023. To this end, field measurements conducted in the Sofala Bay mangroves in 2013 were used to quantify biomass and carbon per sampled plot. Moreover, the correlation between biomass and carbon in each 2013 plot and the reflectance of vegetation indices (NDVI, SAVI, and EVI) as well as the reflectance of blue, green, and red bands (independent variables) derived from 2013 satellite images was subsequently analysed. Linear regression models were tested and fitted to estimate biomass and carbon using independent variables derived from satellite imagery. The best models for estimating biomass and carbon used NDVI as the independent variable, with adjusted coefficients of determination (R2adj) of 0.83 and 0.78, and standard errors of the estimate (Sxy%) of 23% and 24% for biomass and carbon, respectively. Therefore, a decrease in biomass and carbon stocks was observed from 2003 to 2013 and from 2013 to 2023, with an annual loss rate of 0.8%. In terms of biomass and carbon density per hectare, areas with high density increased between 2003 and 2023, reaching 6 t/ha and 3 t/ ha for biomass and carbon, respectively. The reduction in biomass and carbon stocks is associated with the loss of cover in Sofala
Economic development and environmental concerns have progressed jointly in recent years, increasing the need to mitigate the negative impacts of mechanized forest harvesting, particularly on soil physical quality. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate changes in soil physical properties before and after forest harvesting by simulating machine traffic over different amounts of harvest residues. The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Quedas do Igua & ccedil;u, Paran & aacute;, Brazil, in a 25year old Pinus taeda L. stand owned by the company Araupel S.A. The soil was classified as Dystroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol). A randomized block design was employed, with a split plot arrangement over time and four replications. The treatments consisted of five levels of harvest residue cover (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%), over which harvester and forwarder traffic was simulated to represent cutting and wood extraction operations. Soil samples were collected before and after machine traffic within the subplots. The results showed that machine traffic caused compaction in the soil surface layer (0-10 cm), regardless of the amount of surface residue. However, the observed compaction levels did not reach critical thresholds that would impair the development of the pine root system.
One of the main consequences of deforestation in the Amazon rainforest is the edge effect, which in turn alters the microclimatic conditions of the environment and impacts the remaining forests, affecting natural regeneration and the functional characteristics of plants. These changes influence the forest's ability to recover over time. This study evaluates how the edge effect impacts regeneration in a terra firme forest in Central Amazonia, considering different adjacent matrices, such as pastures and regenerating forests. Conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Federal University of Amazonas, the study used three 100 x 100 m plots, with two near the matrices and one inside the forest. Microclimatic variables, canopy openness, and leaf traits of regenerating individuals were collected to analyze their functional characteristics, focusing on the C.S.R. ecological strategy and chlorophyll fluorescence. The results showed that microclimatic variables and light use efficiency vary along the edgeto center gradient, with particular emphasis on the first meters of the edge. Furthermore, the edge effect favors competitive traits in regenerating individuals but also promotes stress tolerance. Even after 47 years, the edge effects persists, although they are partially mitigated by adjacent regenerating forests, especially when compared to pasture edges, highlighting differences in community structure and ecophysiological responses of the regenerating individuals.
Social evolution has intensified the search for materials in the construction industry, a situation that exacerbates waste production and high consumption of energy and non renewable inputs. Given this scenario, it is essential to seek sustainable alternatives through the use of materials that can minimize waste production and environmental impacts. Luffa cylindrica, also known as vegetable loofah, can be incorporated into gypsum composites (widely used in construction) to produce sustainable, strong, lightweight, and environmentally friendly materials, with a positive impact on construction, the environment, and the economy. This study aims to verify the potential of Luffa cylindrica fibers as reinforcement in gypsum based composites, evaluating their interaction with gypsum matrices through physical and mechanical analysis. Five formulations were produced with different fiber contents (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0%). The results demonstrated that the inclusion of vegetable sponge fibers did not significantly affect bulk density or shortterm water absorption, likely due to the high lignin content. There was no change in the thermal resistance of the composites across treatments. These preliminary findings indicate that gypsum composites reinforced with up to 10% Luffa cylindrica fibers maintain stable physical and thermal properties, meeting the minimum flexural strength requirements established by EN 132791 (2008). Therefore, the proposed material proves to be a valid and effective sustainable alternative for civil construction applications, without compromising the performance of conventional gypsum.
ABSTRACT One of the main consequences of deforestation in the Amazon rainforest is the edge effect, which in turn alters the microclimatic conditions of the environment and impacts the remaining forests, affecting natural regeneration and the functional characteristics of plants. These changes influence the forest’s ability to recover over time. This study evaluates how the edge effect impacts regeneration in a terra firme forest in Central Amazonia, considering different adjacent matrices, such as pastures and regenerating forests. Conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Federal University of Amazonas, the study used three 100 x 100 m plots, with two near the matrices and one inside the forest. Microclimatic variables, canopy openness, and leaf traits of regenerating individuals were collected to analyze their functional characteristics, focusing on the C.S.R. ecological strategy and chlorophyll fluorescence. The results showed that microclimatic variables and light-use efficiency vary along the edge-to-center gradient, with particular emphasis on the first meters of the edge. Furthermore, the edge effect favors competitive traits in regenerating individuals but also promotes stress tolerance. Even after 47 years, the edge effects persists, although they are partially mitigated by adjacent regenerating forests, especially when compared to pasture edges, highlighting differences in community structure and eco-physiological responses of the regenerating individuals.
ABSTRACT The success of the cutting technique is primarily due to the rooting capacity linked to the ontogenetic aging of cell tissues, meaning that mature propagules generally root less effectively than younger ones. This raises a key question: for how long can a propagule maintain rooting potential in tree species from tropical dry forests such as Cordia oncocalyx? To address this, we examined how propagule maturation and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) concentrations affect the rooting of Cordia oncocalyx cuttings. Cuttings were collected at three maturation stages (30, 90, and 150 days) and tested with IBA concentrations of 0, 2000, and 8000 mg.L-1. For root evaluation through digital image analysis, the images were processed and analyzed using ImageJ software version 1.46. Thirty-day-old cuttings, collected at the beginning of the rainy season and treated with 2000 mg.L-1 of IBA, showed the highest survival (100%) and rooting (100%) rates, producing seedlings of superior quality. Cuttings from 90- and 150-day-old propagules exhibited low rooting and survival rates, even at higher IBA levels. Cordia oncocalyx can rapidly lose its rooting potential; therefore, it is recommended to collect cuttings from younger propagules shortly after sprout emergence and treat them with 2000 mg.L-1 of IBA. Digital image analysis effectively assessed root count and length, proving to be accurate. This study contributes to the vegetative propagation of Cordia oncocalyx, and successful propagation strongly depends on using young propagules combined with appropriate auxin treatment. Additionally, digital image analysis proved to be a reliable method.
ABSTRACT The forestry sector has experienced continuous growth in investments and technological innovations, particularly in harvesting operations, which have been significantly enhanced by these advancements. In this context, the systematic monitoring of operator performance is an essential tool for assessing individual progress over time, based on the experience acquired in machine operation. This approach enables managers to track learning curves, plan targeted training actions, and promote the continuous improvement of operational efficiency. The objective of this study was to evaluate the productivity evolution of Harvester and Forwarder operators as a function of field experience in a forestry company in the southwestern region of the Maranhão state, Brazil. The average time consumption for performing operational cycles and their elements was assessed, correlating the time spent with experience duration and the average individual volumes of the harvested areas. A time and motion study was used to evaluate operators without prior experience. The time consumed in each element of the operational cycle and the effective working time for cutting and extraction operations were determined. In the Harvester cycle, the “Processing” element accounted for the highest percentage of time consumption, whereas in the Forwarder cycle, the “Loading” stage was the most timeconsuming, regardless of the operators’ level of experience. Correlation analysis showed that, for the Harvester, the average individual volumes of the harvested areas had a greater influence on the evolution of cycle time consumption than operator experience. Conversely, for the Forwarder, field experience showed a more significant correlation. The practical experience of operators showed a significant impact on productivity, with percentage gains of 71.0% for the Harvester and 84.6% for the Forwarder. These results demonstrate that the accumulation of operational experience is directly related to performance improvement, highlighting the importance of continuous monitoring of operator performance over time.
Climate change represents today's great environmental challenge, and ecological restoration of tropical forests is one of the main coordinated actions on a global scale as a measure to mitigate its impacts. In this way, agroforestry systems (AFSs) are increasingly recommended as a restoration strategy. This study aimed to analyze the diversity of uses and functions of tree species of AFSs managed by traditional populations in the Uatum & atilde; Sustainable Development Reserve, Amazonas, and to evaluate how different production objectives influence biodiversity. A total of 22 AFSs were sampled, totaling 4,006 individuals, belonging to 61 species. Based on the intended purpose of planting within the system, species were classified into five categories: food, medicinal, timber, non timber forest products, and soil restoration. 120 attributes of use of the species were identified. The composition of AFSs according to use categories was analyzed through hierarchical grouping (UPGMA), resulting in four distinct groups: (i) food; (ii) timber; (iii) non timber forest products and medicinal use; and (iv) soil restoration. The diversity of these groups was evaluated using the Shannon and Simpson indices, species richness, and Pielou's evenness. The groups with AFSs whose main uses were for food and timber production showed greater diversity and species richness, while the group focused on soil restoration obtained the lowest values for these indices. Species evenness, on the other hand, did not differ significantly among the groups. The results show that the different use objectives shape the composition and structure of AFSs, directly influencing their contribution to biodiversity.
The area planted with Corymbia spp. clones is expected to increase in the coming years, despite their propagation challenges. This study aimed to evaluate mini cutting size, mini tunnel opening time, and the use of growth regulators in the clonal propagation of Corymbia spp. Four experiments were conducted using three clones: C. citriodora x C. torelliana, C. torelliana x C. citriodora, and E. urophylla, where E. urophylla was used as a control due to its ease of propagation. The results from each experiment were used to optimize the methodology for the subsequent one. Initially, three mini cutting sizes were tested: 5, 10, and 15 cm in length. The second experiment evaluated three collection times of mini cuttings after mini tunnel opening: 0, 24, and 48 hours. The third experiment tested five concentrations of indole3butyric acid (IBA): 0, 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 mg kg-1. Finally, five concentrations of a formulated product containing different plant growth regulators (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mL L-1) were assessed. All experiments were arranged in a randomized block design in a factorial scheme according to genotype. The following variables were evaluated: final rooted mini cutting yield, survival, plant height, root length, and root, shoot, and total dry mass. Mini cuttings of 15 cm performed best in promoting the growth of both hybrids. Regarding mini tunnel opening time, the 24 hour interval after opening was optimal for C. citriodora x C. torelliana. Applications of 2000 and 1000 mg kg-1 IBA promoted rooting in Corymbia spp., and rooted mini cutting quality was improved with the application of 4 mL L-1 of the growth regulator formulation.
