PURPOSE:Evidence suggests that Psychologically Informed Environments (PIEs) may support positive outcomes for people experiencing homelessness and staff; however, limited research has examined PIE implementation. This study investigated staff perspectives of contextual factors influencing implementation of a PIE framework embedded for approximately ten years within a youth refuge. METHODS:Twenty-six staff from an Australian youth refuge participated in semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis and organized around six PRISM-informed intervention characteristics: acceptability, adaptability, complexity, usability, usefulness, and observability. RESULTS:A PIE was highly acceptable, with alignment between its principles and staff values supporting integration into practice. Implementation involved interconnected processes, with shared formulation providing common psychological understanding, reflection supporting its application and maintenance, and trauma-informed environmental design enabling psychologically informed practice. Training, experience, and informal learning supported increasingly intuitive practice, while flexibility enabled individualized responses. Staff perceived benefits for young people, staff, and the service, while organizational conditions influenced consistent enactment. CONCLUSIONS:Findings suggest that a PIE becomes embedded when mutually reinforcing core components are integrated within a shared psychological approach that provides consistency while enabling individualized practice. Formulation, reflection, and trauma-informed environmental design supported enactment, while organizational and service-system conditions could enable or constrain implementation. Future research should examine these barriers and enablers across contexts and implementation stages.
PURPOSE:The primary objective of this literature review was to provide a comprehensive overview of the extant literature on the impact of media use on young children's wellbeing in low-income families. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Major academic databases (including Web of Science and Scopus) were searched starting Year 2000. Using PRISMA systematic literature review guideline, thirty articles were selected for final review. RESULTS:Findings from this review identified three critical areas of children's well-being that are impacted by media viewing during early childhood - socio-emotional well-being, cognitive well-being, and physical well-being. Additionally, findings strongly suggest that exposure to prosocial media content helps children learn values such as kindness, cooperation, and empathy while exposure to violent media leads to behavioral problems in children. Preschoolers from low-income families benefit more from educational media as compared to preschoolers from high-income families, and viewing general audience programs negatively impacts a child's school readiness and academic performance. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:Findings suggest that the consequences of media use on children, especially those who are from low-income and vulnerable families, are multifaceted. With the growth of technology and easy access to newer devices, additional research is needed to examine this relationship and develop a unified framework to understand the impact of media viewing on children. The review identifies co-viewing as a significant strategy to optimize young children's media experience.
PURPOSE:African immigrants remain underrepresented in research on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and substance misuse. This study examined the relationship between ACEs and non-medical prescription drug use (NMPDU) among young adult African immigrants in the United States and explored whether mental health distress, perceived discrimination, and self-esteem mediated this relationship. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Data were drawn from a cross-sectional survey of 599 African immigrants in the United States; analyses focused on a subsample of 297 young adults ages 18-25. Ordinary least squares regression analyses examined the association between ACEs and NMPDU while controlling for age, sex, race, education, income, and immigrant generation. Separate mediation analyses were conducted using PROCESS Macro for SPSS. RESULTS:Approximately 76% of participants reported at least one ACE, and 55% reported NMPDU within the past year. ACEs were significantly associated with greater NMPDU (β = .22, p < .01) after adjusting for covariates. Mediation analyses revealed significant indirect effects through mental health distress, self-esteem, and perceived discrimination, with all indirect effects remaining significant after controlling for covariates. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:Findings suggest that childhood adversity may increase vulnerability to NMPDU through multiple psychosocial pathways, including psychological distress, diminished self-esteem, and experiences of discrimination. Results highlight the importance of culturally responsive, trauma-informed interventions that address these psychosocial risk factors to reduce substance misuse and promote behavioral health among young adult African immigrants.
PURPOSE:Public health advisories for peatland-fire haze identify exposure yet leave unclear which families need service support. This study developed and pilot-tested the Brief Haze-to-Care Program, an evidence-informed public health social work pathway linking education, family risk screening, safety planning, referral navigation, and follow-up in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Referral completion was the primary outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS:From October 2025 to March 2026, a participatory intervention-development and pilot-feasibility design was used in three haze-affected communities with 60 families, 12 community welfare actors, and 6 social service practitioners or social work-informed experts. Data came from program records, interviews, focus groups, and field notes. RESULTS:Program reach was high. Of 60 families, 95.0% attended the education session, 91.7% completed screening, and mean implementation fidelity was 91.0%. Among families receiving referral navigation, 75.9% completed at least one documented referral contact within 3 months. Qualitative findings showed that the pathway made family vulnerability visible, clarified referral decisions, and supported bounded service-navigation roles for community welfare actors. CONCLUSION:High reach, fidelity, and referral completion support further testing. Referral gaps identify service coordination and follow-up as priorities for refinement. The Brief Haze-to-Care Program offers a feasible, evidence-informed referral pathway for public health social work in ecological-disaster contexts.
PURPOSE:This study explored parents' experiences of supporting neurodivergent young people to develop a relational framework for neuro-affirming family supports. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Drawing on a newly created Relational Ecosystemic Belonging through Equity and Liberation (REBEL) framework, the paper contributes to theory building about the experiences of parents and caregivers of neurodivergent young people, focusing on what they need to support their young people. The study analyzed 54 survey responses using demographic data and qualitative content analysis. RESULTS:While parents faced judgment and lack of acceptance of neurodiversity, impacting their ability to create supportive environments, they were creative agents in resisting neuro-normativity and building relational spaces of belonging in the face of systemic ableism and stigma. Nevertheless, they expressed overwhelm from the need to advocate extensively for their neurodivergent young person across health and education systems. DISCUSSION:Caregivers' need for more financial and social support for their own wellbeing was viewed within an anti-oppressive social work approach which makes visible the structural power dynamics including impacts of capitalism and individualism, neuro-normativity, and funding approaches which stigmatize and disadvantage neurodivergent young people and their families. CONCLUSION:Our findings suggest that to further enhance equity, generate a genuine sense of belonging for neurodivergent young people and their families and resist oppressive power relations created by ableism and stigma, there is a need for a parent program guided by the REBEL framework. This framework is underpinned by an anti-oppressive, anti-ableist social work approach, the neurodiversity paradigm, and acknowledgment of the double empathy problem.
PURPOSE:This article analyses how autonomous collective practices developed by social movements in contexts of precariousness can contribute to expanding evidence-informed anti-oppressive social work. Although anti-oppressive social work has emphasized the need to challenge structural oppression, redistribute power, and transform the conditions that produce social suffering, empirical research has largely focused on institutional contexts, paying less attention to community- and movement-based practices outside formal intervention frameworks. METHOD:The study is based on a qualitative reanalysis of an ethnobiographical corpus produced between 2016 and 2019 on a network of autonomous initiatives addressing precariousness. The corpus combines 30 biographical interviews, participant observation, and documentary analysis. RESULTS:The analysis identified four main dimensions: the politicization of precariousness; mutual support and autonomy; care, territory, and the reproduction of life; and repression and criminalization. The findings reveal observable effects in terms of dignity, connection, meaning, and collective capacity. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS:The article contributes to evidence-informed anti-oppressive social work by recognizing social movements as spaces of situated knowledge, non-institutionalized intervention, resistance, and social transformation. It argues that autonomous collective practices can expand the evidentiary and practical horizons of anti-oppressive social work by showing how communities collectively interpret, contest, and transform precarious living conditions.
PURPOSE:Multisystemic Therapy (MST) is a well-established evidence-based intervention for adolescents who engage in serious antisocial behavior and substance use and face the risk of out-of-home placement. Although MST is effective, the required implementation delivery model has challenges reaching families in rural or underserved areas, limiting access to care. Telehealth-enhanced MST aims to address this gap by expanding service reach while maintaining treatment fidelity and clinical outcomes. The purpose of this study was to establish preliminary feasibility and similar effectiveness of telehealth-enhanced service delivery of MST compared with standard delivery. MATERIALS AND METHODS:This pilot study used a quasi-experimental multi-informant design to assess implementation effectiveness of telehealth-enhanced MST and compare outcomes with standard MST delivery. Five therapists delivered telehealth-enhanced MST to an analytic sample of 29 youth, who were matched to a comparison group using propensity scores. RESULTS:The evaluation found no statistically significant differences between the two groups in youth placement status or new arrests at the end of treatment. Telehealth-enhanced MST maintained high fidelity to the MST model and produced clinical outcomes comparable to standard delivery. DISCUSSION:Findings are consistent with other studies using telehealth strategies for family therapy in community-based settings. This evaluation highlights an example of how to ensure treatment modifications do not compromise underlying fidelity requirements. CONCLUSION:These findings provide preliminary support for telehealth-enhanced MST as a feasible and acceptable modification that preserves the effectiveness of MST while improving accessibility.
PURPOSE:This study examines the role of community participation in the post-disaster recovery processes of individuals who experienced the February 6, 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes from an anti-oppressive social work perspective. Although community participation and solidarity are increasingly emphasized in the post-disaster recovery literature, qualitative studies remain limited on how these processes intersect with institutional trust deficits, inequalities in access to services, stigmatization, power relations, and disaster survivors' experiences of regaining agency. MATERIALS AND METHODS:A phenomenological qualitative research design was adopted. Semi-structured online interviews were conducted with 20 participants recruited through snowball sampling. Data were analyzed using MAXQDA software in accordance with Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis approach. RESULTS:Four main themes were identified: erosion of trust in institutional support systems; the restorative and limiting nature of informal solidarity; stigma and inequalities in access to psychosocial support; and the reconstruction of belonging and agency through community participation. The findings indicate that community participation is shaped by institutional shortcomings, unequal aid distribution, stigmatization, and unsustainable solidarity practices. DISCUSSION:Post-disaster recovery cannot be explained solely through individual psychological recovery or community solidarity. An anti-oppressive social work perspective highlights the need to address recovery through social justice, rights-based service delivery, institutional accountability, participation, and human dignity. CONCLUSION:Post-disaster social work interventions should be structured through trauma-sensitive, rights-based, participatory, and anti-oppressive approaches. The findings contribute to more equitable, inclusive, and sustainable recovery strategies for post-disaster social work practice and policy.
PURPOSE:Locating relevant studies is the first step of evidence-based practice, yet most searching relies on keyword matching. Artificial intelligence (AI) tools called embedding models search by meaning, but the best-known options are paid commercial services. The study asked which free embedding models best search the social work literature, whether they match the commercial standard, and whether rerankers are needed. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Twelve free embedding models and two commercial OpenAI models were tested on 64,956 social work records (1989-2025) using 150 curated queries. Two frontier AI judges, from families unrelated to every tool evaluated, made 50,328 blind head-to-head comparisons (nDCG@10). A judge-free known-item test (496 queries) and a blind 120-pair expert human instrument provided validation. RESULTS:Free tools matched or beat the commercial standard. Two free models outperformed the paid flagship; a free 300-million-parameter model beat the paid default, essentially tied for first at finding specific papers (91.9%), and with a reranker was the best configuration overall (.846). Keyword search trailed every embedding model (.604 vs. .680-.842). Rerankers rescued weak models but added nothing to the strongest. Judges agreed on 85.5% of comparisons, and committee-to-rater agreement (69-76%) matched or exceeded rater-to-rater agreement (69-71%). DISCUSSION:Score differences among leading models are too small to change what a searcher sees; tool choice should rest on size, speed, cost, and privacy. CONCLUSION:High-quality, meaning-based search of the social work literature is achievable with free tools on an ordinary computer: no subscription, no queries sent to an outside company.
PURPOSE:The relationship between home visitors and parents is central to the effectiveness of early childhood home visiting programs, however limited research has examined predictors of parent perspectives regarding this relationship. MATERIALS AND METHODS:This study utilizes structural equation modeling to examine how home visiting practices and parental psychosocial risk factors predict parent perceptions of the working alliance through a secondary data analysis of the Baby FACES dataset. Data was drawn from a nationally representative dataset of Early Head Start (EHS) families and practitioners, N = 645. RESULTS:Findings suggest that strengths-based home visiting practices positively and directly influence parent perceptions of the working alliance, whereas parental depressive symptoms were indirectly associated with poorer alliance perceptions via increased parenting stress. DISCUSSION:These findings highlight the interconnected roles of home visitor practices and parental well-being in shaping the quality of parent - home visitor relationships. Implications for research and practice are discussed. CONCLUSION:Examining parent perspectives of their relationship with home visitors provides insight into the need for both high-quality home visiting approaches and the mental well-being of parents.
PURPOSE:Involving community members with lived experience of social issues or services is crucial to improve social work education, however no published studies have examined this specifically within simulated learning environments. This study examined student perspectives on community member involvement in simulations. MATERIAL AND METHODS:This quantitative and qualitative study surveyed current and alumni Bachelor of Social Work students about their perspectives of engaging in simulations with community members through an online questionnaire. Sampling was purposive from a target of 200 students reached through online advertisement. Fifty-eight responses were received. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, inferential statistics (t-test and ANOVA) to compare groups, and Cohen's d to assess effect size, while thematic analysis was applied to qualitative data. RESULT:High mean scores indicate that simulations were perceived as effective in preparing students for real practice (M = 8.34), more impactful than role plays (M = 8.54), and increased awareness of diversity and difference (M = 7.64), cultural sensitivity (M = 7.53), and comfort working with the community (M = 7.16). Themes reflect the benefits and challenges of having real-life situations in the classroom. DISCUSSION:Students valued the authenticity of lived experience knowledge as central to their learning. Read through a decolonial lens, results represent a challenge to the epistemic hierarchies that have historically determined whose knowledge counts in education. CONCLUSION:Social work programs must move toward building sustained, equitable, accountable and reciprocal partnerships with communities. Future research could target a larger sample to increase generalizability of findings.
PURPOSE:Understanding professionals' early perceptions of artificial intelligence (AI) is particularly critical in high-stakes contexts, where decisions carry ethical and legal consequences. Such perceptions can help clarify acceptable-use boundaries, identify conditions for trustworthy AI integration, and inform human-centered system design. Most prior research examines attitudes after organizational implementation, leaving professionals' perceptions in such settings underexplored. This study addresses this gap by exploring child welfare professionals' perceptions of AI in a context where individual-level use exists without formal institutional systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 child welfare professionals in Turkey. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis in MAXQDA, within an abductive analytic approach informed by the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology. RESULTS:Participants viewed AI as useful for administrative and problem-solving tasks but expressed concerns about cognitive dependence and emotional unease. They drew firm boundaries around AI's role in decision-making, emphasizing that ethical reasoning and context-sensitive judgment must remain human-led. Participants also identified organizational implications of AI adoption, including the need for institutional infrastructure and professional training. DISCUSSION:These findings suggest that AI acceptance in high-stakes human services is shaped not only by perceived usefulness but also by ethical concerns, professional values, and the perceived necessity of preserving human judgment. This underscores the importance of context-sensitive approaches to AI integration in child welfare. CONCLUSION:Responsible AI integration in child welfare requires sustained collaboration among practitioners, organizations, and policymakers. The study offers practical implications for frontline practitioners, organizational administrators, and national policy development.
PURPOSE:Child welfare professionals face high job-related stress, undermining their well-being. Mindfulness-based interventions have shown potential in reducing stress and enhancing well-being. Using secondary data from a mixed-methods evaluation, this study describes the development and pilot implementation of the Wellness and Mindfulness Program (WMP), a mindfulness-based intervention designed to support the well-being of child welfare personnel. MATERIALS AND METHODS:The WMP was delivered to 385 child welfare professionals in Puerto Rico. The intervention consisted of two 6-hour sessions integrating psychoeducation with reflective and experiential activities. RESULT:Pre- and post-intervention assessments indicated significant improvements in awareness and acceptance, self-compassion, subjective well-being, and affective well-being. Effect sizes ranged from small to moderate (d = .19-.43). Satisfaction surveys and qualitative feedback indicate that the program was feasible and well-received, benefiting both participants' work and personal lives. DISCUSSION:These findings suggest that the WMP may strengthen workforce well-being and resilience among social service organizations.
PURPOSE:This study examined the long-term development of environmental social work as a field characterized by strong political-normative claims about what social work ought to do in relation to environmental crises, alongside a comparatively limited cumulative empirical evidence base concerning actual professional practice and impact. METHOD:Using a mixed bibliometric and full-text topic-modeling design, the study analyzed peer-reviewed ESW scholarship retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Bibliometric analyses covered 761 publications (1966-2025), while full-text topic modeling and lexical-semantic analyses were conducted on 716 extractable full-text articles (1972-2025) using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), Structural Topic Modeling (STM), and bibliometric science-mapping techniques implemented in R. RESULTS:The findings suggest that environmental social work expanded additively rather than paradigmatically, with successive discourses and vocabularies accumulating without displacing earlier ones. This pattern produced wide thematic dispersion, conceptual plurality, and multiple centers of gravity without clear paradigmatic dominance. DISCUSSION:Four dominant framing styles ‒ crisis-emergency, normative justice-advocacy, pedagogical-competency, and ecological-relational-spiritual ‒ coexisted across the literature but remained weakly integrated. Overall, the study argues that environmental social work is best understood as a polycentric, evolving political-normative praxis field rather than a coherent theoretical sub-discipline.
PURPOSE:Caring for persons living with dementia (PLwD) involves high levels of physical demands and emotional burden that may undermine caregivers' sleep quality. Few studies have examined sleep among African Americans caregivers of PLwD despite their underrepresentation in dementia research and poorer sleep outcomes compared to other racial and ethnic groups. This study examines the relationships between caregiving stressors and sleep and the moderating effect of resilience on these associations among African American caregivers of PLwD. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Data were drawn from a community study of 88 African American caregivers of PLwD. Caregiving stressors included assistance with daily activities and role overload. Resilience refers to the ability to adapt to or recover from adversity. Sleep outcomes included sleep disturbance and sleep satisfaction. Multiple linear regressions with interaction terms were used. RESULTS:Assistance with daily activities and role overload were positively associated with sleep disturbance. These associations were stronger at higher levels of resilience than at lower levels. DISCUSSION:Findings reveal the nuanced role of resilience among African American caregivers of PLwD; its health benefits may be conditional, particularly as caregiving stressors increase. Heightened resilience may overemphasize self-reliance, increasing individual burden and reducing support network use, and ultimately increasing vulnerability to sleep disturbance. CONCLUSION:Findings highlight implications for social work by underscoring the need to understand how resilience operates within the cultural context of the African American community and to develop culturally responsive practice and policies that address caregiving stressors and strained resilience among African American caregivers of PLwD.
OBJECTIVE:The study examines multi-level factors associated with kinship caregiver health and child well-being to provide a holistic understanding of their experiences and inform more effective kinship care supports. BACKGROUND:Kinship caregivers play an important role in providing stability and support for children who are unable to remain with their biological parents. However, both caregivers and children in kinship families often face challenges that can impact their overall health and well-being. Guided by ecological systems theory, this study examined the factors associated with kinship caregiver health and child well-being. METHOD:Using a cross-sectional online survey, data were collected from 186 U.S. kinship caregivers in 2024. OLS regression models included caregiver- and child-level demographics and experiences with service systems, classified according to ecological systems theory to capture multilevel relationships. RESULTS:Results showed that caregiver health was significantly associated with their age, financial assistance, income, caregiving duration, grandparent status, child disability, and selected service-related and child adversity factors. Child well-being was primarily associated with caregiver health, marital status and employment, biological parent status, and children's functioning. CONCLUSION:Findings highlight the importance of considering multi-levels, interrelated factors when assessing health and well-being of kinship families. This study strengthens our understanding of how individual and systemic factors shape outcomes and underscores the need for more targeted, holistic support services for kinship families.
OBJECTIVE:Substance use disorder (SUD) and substance misuse are commonly reported among survivors of human trafficking. This scoping review identifies current empirical research on substance use treatment, harm reduction, and recovery support services for survivors. METHODS:Reviewers searched Ovid-Medline All, Embase.com, CINAHL Plus, Scopus, and Web of Science and conducted forward and backward citation searching of studies that included child, adolescent, or adult sex or labor trafficking survivors, tested a specific intervention to promote substance use recovery, and reported substance use disorder or substance misuse-related outcomes. Two reviewers screened title/abstracts, screened full texts, and extracted data. Reviewers coded bibliographic information, participant characteristics, study design, intervention characteristics, and primary substance use-related outcomes. Data elements were narratively summarized. RESULTS:Six studies, published between 2010 and 2025, were included in this review. Two programs were based in specialty courts in the United States for trafficked youth, whereas the other four were multi-modal (housing, health services, basic needs) nonprofit hospital- or community-based programs in the US (n = 3) and Israel (n = 1). Substance use outcomes were defined through self-reported frequency of use (n = 3), case manager-rated measures (n = 2), and case records (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS:Few research or evaluation studies were identified that assessed substance use-related outcomes for survivors in treatment programs. Standardized assessments of substance use, context of use, and related problems were not commonly used. Evaluation of evidence-based psychosocial interventions for SUD is warranted to identify potential adaptations that would support substance use recovery among survivors.
PURPOSE:This study examines the psychometric properties of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-10 (HSCL-10) among Burmese refugee adults resettled in the United States (U.S.). Although widely used to screen for anxiety and depression, the HSCL-10 has not been validated in Burmese refugee populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS:This study employed a cross-sectional quantitative design with a sample of 217 Burmese refugee adults. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) examined the underlying factor structure of the HLSC-10, followed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to assess model fit. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha, and divergent validity was evaluated using the WHO-5 Index, a global well-being scale. RESULTS:EFA supported a two-factor structure consistent with the theoretical structure of the original HSCL-10, comprising the depression (HSCL-D) and anxiety (HSCL-A) subscales, which accounted for 63.61% of the total variance. Internal consistency was high for both subscales (α = 0.88 for depression; α = 0.92 for anxiety). CFA indicated good model fit (χ2=46.01, df = 34, p < .082); GFI = 0.961; NFI = 0.937; TLI = 0.984; CFI = 0.988; and RMSEA = 0.040 [0.001-0.068]). The HSCL-D and HSCL-A showed significant inverse correlations with the WHO-5 Well-Being Index, supporting divergent validity. DISCUSSION:Findings support the two-factor structure of the HSCL-10 and provide evidence of acceptable internal consistency and divergent validity in a Burmese refugee sample. These results extend prior research and contribute to the limited literature on its use in Burmese refugee populations. CONCLUSION:The HSCL-10 demonstrates promising psychometric properties and preliminary evidence of validity for assessing anxiety and depressive symptoms among Burmese refugee adults, and may be useful in both clinical and research settings.
PURPOSE:This study used an existing database to explore the relationship between resilience and resistance among Holocaust survivors. METHOD:A qualitative constant comparison approach was applied to revisit the dataset repeatedly, refining and organizing the data into thematic categories. DISCUSSION:A comprehensive analysis showed that participants engaged in behaviors that can be understood as forms of resistance. CONCLUSION:While additional research is needed, the findings suggest a strong connection between behaviors characterized as resilient and those interpreted as resistant.
PURPOSE:This study examined the first year of implementation of the Family Success Network (FSN), a voluntary, community-based child maltreatment prevention program in communities with high levels of unmet needs in a Midwestern U.S. state. As part of a process evaluation, the study aimed to identify key successes, challenges, and implementation determinants related to participant reach, engagement, and outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Qualitative data were collected between July and December 2022 through semi-structured individual interviews and focus groups via Zoom. Participants included FSN project leadership (n = 3), service providers (n = 4), and implementation team members (n = 10) representing community stakeholders involved in program delivery and oversight. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research to identify multi-level factors influencing implementation. RESULTS:Participants reported that FSN reached families with high levels of need through community partnerships, word-of-mouth referrals, and family-centered outreach. Engagement was supported by family coaches' lived experience, non-judgmental approaches, and flexible in-home service delivery. Concrete supports, financial literacy services, and improvements in protective factors fostered trust and participation. Key challenges included stigma associated with child welfare systems, staff turnover, and limited resources in rural communities. DISCUSSION:Findings highlight the role of voluntary, relationship-based, and culturally responsive service models in supporting engagement and strengthening protective factors in prevention programs. CONCLUSION:FSN shows promise as a community-based prevention model that enhances family resilience through relational engagement and tailored supports, while pointing to implementation challenges that may affect sustainability and scale-up.
