This review presents a detailed study on the fabrication of aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) using the stir-casting technique and the associated processing challenges. Owing to their low density, high specific strength, good wear resistance, and thermal stability, AMCs have attracted significant interest from both researchers and industrial sectors. Among the various fabrication routes, stir casting is widely preferred due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and suitability for large-scale production. However, the process is constrained by inherent differences in the physical and mechanical properties of the aluminium matrix and the reinforcement materials, such as density mismatch, melting temperature variation, wettability, strength, and plastic deformation behavior. These factors strongly influence particle distribution, interfacial bonding, and overall composite performance. The review critically examines these challenges and highlights key considerations for improving the quality and reliability of stir-cast aluminium matrix composites.
Ti25Ta alloy has shown to have the best combination of properties for biomedical applications in comparison to the widely used Ti6Al4V alloy. However, the main disadvantage is its poor wear resistance, thus, to overcome this disadvantage the addition of boron is studied in this work. To reach our objective, Ti25TaxB alloys were obtained by mechanical milling. Three different quantities of B were added 2, 4 and 6 at
A significant number of end-of-life computer central processing units are annually discarded, with many printed circuit boards (PCBs) containing valuable metals such as Au and Ni. This study focuses on a “continuous leaching” system and introduces an innovative method. It utilizes ammonia leaching and acid leaching sequentially to process spent lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) powder (referred to as LCO powder). The resulting leachate is then utilized as the cobalt source for a subsequent continuous leaching process to directly synthesize the [Co(NH3)6]3+ complex. Finally, the [Co(NH3)6]3+-thiosulfate system is used for gold leaching from waste PCBs. Experimental results indicate that optimal conditions for ammonia leaching–2.5 mol/L (NH4)2SO3, 0.5 mol/L NH3·H2O, 0.5 mol/L (NH4)2CO3, 80°C temperature, 100 : 1 mL/g liquid-to-solid ratio, and 10-h leaching time–yield leaching efficiencies of 84.14 and 87.69
The range of applications for metal matrix composite materials is expanding daily due to their outstanding characteristics. Copper matrix metal matrix composites are among the first to come to mind for metal matrix composites (MMCs). The areas of use of copper alloys and copper matrix composites are diverse thanks to their mechanical, electrical, corrosion, and abrasion resistance. With the production of composites with a bimetallic matrix, it is possible to produce twice as successful composites with both ceramic reinforcement and bimetallic matrix reinforcement. This study investigated the microstructural, mechanical, and tribomechanical properties of 10
The work investigated the effect of alloying with boron of alloys of the system (Fe0.25Co0.25Ni0.25Cr0.125V0.125)100 – xBx (at
The surface mechanical properties of AlSi10Mg alloy produced by selective laser melting (SLM) with different laser scan angles α (45°, 67°, 90°) were investigated. Instrumented indentation revealed differences in nanohardness H and elastic modulus E: the α = 90° variant provided the highest nanohardness H = 1.57 ± 0.35 GPa and the lowest maximum indenter penetration depth hmax = 1.2 µm, whereas the α = 67° variant exhibited the highest elastic modulus E = 46.4 ± 3.19 GPa. Scratch testing showed the largest groove depth for the α = 45° sample—8.1 µm, with a friction coefficient μ = 0.79; the smallest groove depth for α = 67°—6.4 µm, μ = 0.73; and intermediate values for α = 90°—6.9 µm, μ = 0.74. Scanning electron microscopy of the hardest sample (α = 90°) revealed surface porosity with predominantly elongated defects: 81
In the present work, using the three‑phase (α2 + β + γ) alloy TNM–B1 (Ti–43.5Al–4Nb–1Mo–0.1B) as an example, a comparative study was carried out of the effect of the heterogeneous structure formed during the cellular reaction on the mechanical behavior and structural evolution during hot deformation in the upper part of the (α2 + β + γ) phase field at T = 1050°C. The alloy in the as‑cast condition with a fine lamellar structure (interlamellar spacing λ 100 nm) and after preliminary heat treatment (HT) (oil quench from the (α + β) region at T = 1290°C) were subjected to isothermal uniaxial compression at an initial strain rate of 0.001 s–1 to ε = 70
Magnesium alloys are in spotlight of research for lightweight tribological applications. However, their low resistance to wear and unstable frictional response limits their usage. This study systematically examined the wear characteristics of 2 wt
The effect of Mo alloying on the mechanical performance of Ni–Fe alloys was investigated by first-principles density functional theory calculations within the plane-wave pseudopotential framework as implemented in CASTEP. The elastic constants, elastic moduli, tensile strength, and elastic anisotropy parameters of Mo-doped FeNi3 systems were calculated and analyzed systematically. It was confirmed that all calculated structures accorded with the mechanical stability criteria, indicating their structural stability. Upon the introduction of a single Mo atom, the bulk modulus, Young’s modulus, and shear modulus were all found to increase. Meanwhile, the ideal tensile strength was enhanced to 1.45 GPa. The elastic moduli were decreased with further increase in Mo concentration, suggesting that excessive Mo addition reduces both stiffness and plastic resistance. Among the investigated configurations, both the highest B/G ratio and Poisson’s ratio were achieved in the Mo3FeNi3 system, indicating an improvement of ductility. In addition, with increasing Mo content, the anisotropy indices Aᵁ, Aᴮ, and Aᴳ were progressively reduced, indicating that the introduction of Mo plays a critical role in improving the plastic formability of the material and enhancing the stability of its mechanical properties. These results provide theoretical insights for the optimization of the mechanical performance of Ni–Fe alloys through Mo alloying.
The paper investigates the possibility of spontaneous infiltration of molten copper and bronze BrAZh 9-4 into porous TiC and TiC-graphite frameworks obtained by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) in open air. The features of interphase interaction of copper and bronze melts with a temperature of 1200°C with hotter TiC and graphite frameworks after SHS (>2500°C) have been studied. The density of the obtained TiC–BrAZh and TiC–C(graphite)–BrAZh composites is 6.18 and 5.10 g/cm3, respectively. It was established that infiltration and wetting of copper and bronze melts is accompanied by partial dissolution of titanium in the melt, which indicates the reactive nature of the interaction. Intensive infiltration limits the SHS process of TiC, leaving part of the carbon in a free form. Titanium dissolved in copper precipitates on the surface of TiC and graphite particles, forming a dense crust of non-stoichiometric TiCx around these particles. Tribological studies have shown that the addition of graphite to the TiC–BrAZh composite reduces hardness by 2.7 times, elasticity by 2.2 times, and yield strength by 1.7 times. However, it increases wear resistance by 1.5 times and reduces the instability of the friction coefficient by 0.1 with the same level of its average value.
An Erratum to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1067821226030016
In this paper, Cu–graphite–TiN metal matrix composites were fabricated by adding titanium nitride particles (TNPs), as the reinforcing phase, to copper matrix graphite (Cu–graphite) composites. TNPs reinforced Cu–graphite composites were prepared by powder metallurgy (PM). Cu–graphite–TiN metal matrix composites with varying TNPs contents (0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 15 wt
NiTi wire coating was applied to titanium alloy (Ti–6Al–4V) to develop its surface mechanical characteristics using TIG heat source. The TIG cladding process was used to melt a 1 mm diameter NiTi wire, creating a clad layer on the Ti–6Al–4V substrate. The present study investigates the effect of varying TIG welding currents (45–65 A) on the clad surface, focusing on changes in microstructure, phase evolution, hardness, and wear resistance. At a current of 45 A, the clad layer exhibited a peak average hardness of 754 HV, which is approximately 2.4 times higher than that of the base Ti–6Al–4V alloy. EDS and XRD analyses identified NiTi, NiTi2, unreacted Ti, and TiAl3, phases, along with intermetallic compounds, which contributed to the enhanced mechanical characteristics. The NiTi clad layer experienced wear height losses between 0.042 and 0.160 mm, whereas the Ti–6Al–4V substrate recorded a greater loss of 0.38 mm, demonstrating that the NiTi coating offered up to nine times improved wear resistance.
The work shows the influence of variations in the conditions of heat treatment of the multicomponent alloy LMtsAZhKS 70-7-5-2-2-1 on the phase composition, microstructure and tribological properties. The study was conducted by comparing the estimated characteristics of the alloy after its quenching in various cooling media: water, oil and water–polymer solutions with concentrations of 5, 10, and 20
A new hydro-electrometallurgical process to recover the lead from the damped lead battery paste by sodium hydroxide leaching and electrowinning is proposed. PbO2-bearing damped lead battery paste is first reduced with ferrous sulfate solution and PbSO4 in leaching residue is desulfurized with sodium hydroxide. The desulfurized paste is leached with sodium hydroxide and metallic lead is recovered in sodium plumbate solution based on alkaline by electrowinning. Several factors such as stirring speed, sodium hydroxide concentration, temperature and liquid to solid ratio were considered in leaching process of the desulphurization paste contained mainly Pb(OH)2 on the lead extraction and lead concentration. A lead extraction of more than 90
This study investigated the enhancement of mechanical and physical properties of 6061 aluminum alloy by employing friction stir additive manufacturing (FSAM), producing a multilayer composite reinforced with eggshell and graphene particles. A square high-speed steel tool ensured homogeneous dispersion of these reinforcements in the matrix. By varying reinforcement proportions, the composite attained significant property improvements: hardness increased by 26.7
The influence of the Hf/Zr ratio on the structure, martensitic transformations, and functional properties of cast senary medium-entropy Ti–Hf–Zr–Ni–Cu–Co shape memory alloys with a total Hf+Zr concentration of 10 at
In this study, a multi-objective inverse identification framework is developed to simultaneously determine the material flow stress parameters and the friction condition for AA6061–T6 under cold compression. The proposed approach combines a single compression experiment with systematic finite element simulations organized through a Box–Behnken design, surrogate modeling of numerical responses, and Pareto-based multi-objective optimization using the NSGA-II algorithm. The inverse identification is based on force–time and geometric responses extracted from the compression test and corresponding simulations. Response surface models are constructed and subsequently employed as surrogate models in the multi-objective optimization procedure, enabling robust exploration of the admissible parameter space. The identified results demonstrate strong and stable convergence of the Swift hardening parameters for AA6061–T6. The strength coefficient K is identified within a narrow range of approximately 358.52–361.13 MPa, while the strain-hardening exponent n converges to a value close to 0.088. The Coulomb friction coefficient m consistently converges toward the lower bound of the investigated domain, reaching a unique value of approximately 0.05. This value is physically reasonable for lubricated cold compression of aluminum alloys and is interpreted as a representative friction level constrained by the experimental observability of the present compression-based inverse framework. The results confirm that reliable and physically consistent identification of both material hardening behavior and friction conditions can be achieved from a single compression test by combining finite element simulations, design of experiments, and Pareto-based multi-objective optimization.
This study proposes an integrated hydrometallurgical route for the valorization of high-iron jarosite leach residues generated during zinc production. The investigated residue contains significant amounts of zinc (≈17.82 wt
During the production of ferromanganese and ferrosilicomanganese alloys, large amounts of dust containing manganese and valuable non-ferrous metals such as zinc and lead are generated. Efficient utilization of this dust is essential for resource recovery and environmental protection. This study investigates processing approaches for zinc- and lead-rich and zinc- and lead-poor dusts formed during manganese ferroalloy smelting at the Taraz Metallurgical Plant (Kazakhstan). Laboratory and semi-industrial experiments were performed using electric smelting and Waelz processing of briquetted dust with carbonaceous reducing agents. Thermodynamic modeling with the HSC-6 software was applied to determine equilibrium conditions and metal distribution. Smelting of lead-rich dust (28.6
