This review summarizes the high-technology applications of yttria-partially-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) across multiple advanced engineering fields. Particular attention is given to its use in supercapacitors, where YSZ significantly improves device stability under prolonged cyclic operation, which is an essential requirement for practical deployment. In solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), YSZ exhibits exceptional performance as an electrolyte, anode component, and membrane material. It provides high oxygen-ion conductivity when operating in the 800 – 1000°C range, thereby directly influencing overall cell efficiency. In microelectronics, YSZ is utilized in thin-film transistors, where its exceptional dielectric properties and thermal stability facilitate the fabrication of reliable, high-performance electronic components. In aerospace and gas-turbine engineering, YSZ serves as a thermal barrier coating (TBC) for hot-section components, offering excellent resistance to extreme thermal loads. Various deposition techniques, including plasma spraying and chemical vapor deposition, are discussed, along with a detailed analysis of coating characteristics such as lamellar structure, porosity, crystallinity, and thermal stability.
The influence of combinations of water-soluble magnesium and aluminum salts on the physicochemical properties of alumina–magnesia spinel was investigated. It was shown that spinel formation occurs in the temperature range of 800 – 1050°C from xerogels prepared from aluminum and magnesium chlorides and nitrates. Complete crystallization of the spinel structure was achieved by thermal treatment of xerogels synthesized from AlCl3+ MgCl2 salts at 900°C with a holding time of 60 min, yielding smaller crystallite sizes compared to other xerogels. In contrast, xerogels synthesized from Al(NO3)3+ MgCl2 and Al(NO3)3 + Mg(NO3)2 required higher temperatures (up to 1050°C) for full spinel formation. The results demonstrate that the choice of precursor salts significantly affects the phase formation temperature and crystallite size of MgAl2O4 spinel obtained via the citrate sol–gel route.
This study examines yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) powders synthesized by chemical precipitation with and without ammonium sulfate dispersant. The influence of the dispersant on particle size distribution during calcination at various temperatures was evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed pronounced changes in the particle size and morphology of the powder, depending on the presence of the dispersant. Phase transformation kinetics were investigated using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and simultaneous thermal analysis (STA). The results support a new mechanism for reducing agglomeration in YAG powders through the addition of ammonium sulfate, which involves the formation of intermediate yttrium sulfate and oxysulfate phases that gradually decompose into the garnet phase.
This article examines nanocrystalline powders of yttrium–scandium–aluminum garnet (YSAG) doped with Nd3+ and Sm3+ cations. The powders were synthesized by chemical co-precipitation, and their morphology, phase composition, and particle size distribution were investigated. Three types of ceramic samples were then fabricated from the powders using different pressing techniques: standard non-composite reference samples, composite samples of identical composition, and composite ceramics with layers of differing composition. The first two types exhibited high transparency and homogeneous microstructure. A slight reduction in transmittance was observed in the third group, attributed to residual pores and inclusions near the interlayer boundary, arising from differences in sintering kinetics. The influence of uniaxial and cold isostatic pressing parameters on the microstructure and optical properties of YSAG:Nd3+/YSAG:Sm3+ composite ceramics was examined. It was shown that a region of gradient doping enriched in Sm3+ ions forms at the interface between YSAG:Nd3+ and YSAG:Sm3+ layers, with its width presumably dependent on pressing conditions and sintering parameters.
This article examines the thermochemical strengthening of aluminosilicate glass. The glass was treated in molten KNO3 under industrial and laboratory conditions at 440 – 480°C for 1 – 120 h. The influence of treatment parameters on the properties of the glass was evaluated using Vickers microhardness measurements and spectrophotometry. Compressive stresses were determined using magnetophotoelasticity. The depth of the compressed layer was assessed using local birefringence analysis, and cation exchange was monitored by x-ray fluorescence analysis. A relationship was established between the temperature–time parameters of ion exchange and variations in the structural, mechanical, and optical properties of the glass.
The growing demand for clinker ceramics in Russia, driven in part by import substitution policies, has intensified research into raw material compositions and processing conditions. Clinker ceramics are designed for use in aggressive environments and exhibit properties comparable to high-strength concretes. This research investigates the relationship between raw material composition, granulometry, and firing regime on the mechanical performance of clinker ceramics. The ceramics were produced under laboratory conditions from Siberian fusible and refractory clays with the addition of albitophyre as a sintering aid. The objective was to develop a composition for clinker ceramics with a water absorption index of 4
his article examines the formation of microregions with a modified refractive index inside float glass and fused silica under single-pulse femtosecond irradiation. Phase distributions of light transmitted through these microregions were reconstructed for observations both along and perpendicular to the writing direction. The influence of pulse energy on the phase shift was analyzed. The threshold pulse energy required to induce microregions in float glass was found to be lower than that in fused silica. These findings demonstrate the potential of femtosecond laser-induced structural modification in glass for creating durable analog sound carriers.
Tightening global environmental regulations, particularly in Russia, have made conventional gas-treatment technologies used in the glass industry, such as cyclones, bag filters, and electrostatic precipitators, inadequate. These systems effectively capture suspended particulates. However, they fail to provide the required removal efficiency for key gaseous pollutants such as NOx, SO2, and CO. This study develops and experimentally validates a high-efficiency integrated purification system that achieves 90 – 95
YAG:Yb ceramic powders were synthesized by chemical precipitation and subsequently processed into optical ceramic samples. During powder synthesis, washing, and milling, dispersants (polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and ammonium sulfate) were introduced. The study presents data on phase composition, specific surface area, scanning electron microscopy, and particle size distribution of the ceramic powders. The addition of PVP and ammonium sulfate to the reaction mixture, as well as to washing and milling solutions, altered particle size distribution and specific surface area, thereby influencing the kinetics of phase transformations. The influence of dispersants on the optical properties of YAG:Yb ceramics and on the occurrence of macroscopic defects was identified.
This study investigates the synthesis of zinc oxide powders for microwave dielectric applications using deep eutectic solvents. Depending on the solvent employed, single-phase ZnO powders were obtained, with particle size and phase composition controlled by varying the calcination temperature. Deep eutectic solvents enable the preparation of zinc oxide precursors through interaction with water. The approach is environmentally benign, since no alkalis or ammonium hydroxide are required. Nanoparticles produced at 500°C exhibited pronounced antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli).
This article develops a synthesis method for a thermal-insulation glass-ceramic material (shlamolite) from drilling waste generated during oil production. Drilling sludge samples were collected at the Komsomolsk oil and gas condensate field (Russia) and subjected to drying and milling. The chemical and phase compositions of the sludge were determined, confirming its suitability as a raw material for producing thermal-insulation materials. A series of raw-material batches and corresponding temperature–time firing regimes were designed for shlamolite synthesis. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized samples were investigated. The optimal composition was identified as a mixture containing 80 wt.
This study investigates the surfaces of lead-silicate glasses and unetched blanks of microchannel plates following mechanical processing. The immersion of the prepared samples in a 33
This study examines the temperature-dependent compressive strength of refractory lining materials used in ferrosilicon casting ladles, with a focus on ShKU-grade chamotte bricks. The thermographic analysis of the ladle outer surface, along with the inspection of the inner lining, revealed that crack formation is primarily driven by thermal stress resulting from significant temperature gradients during non-steady-state thermal processes. The visual inspection of refractory samples confirmed the role of thermal stress in lining degradation. Compressive strength was measured for the fresh and spent refractories across a range of temperatures. Results show that strength increased within a specific temperature interval, reaching values 44
This study presents a novel approach to the sustainable reuse of mineral waste in ceramic glaze production from Shoushan stone processing residues. The research highlights their synergistic role in regulating the coloring mechanism and optimizing glaze layer properties. By using single-factor experiments, we examined the dependence of ceramic performance on Shoushan stone content. Its influence on glaze microstructure, copper ion valence states, and chromatic parameters was analyzed using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The incorporation of 10 wt.
This study investigates the chemical and mineralogical composition of magnesia raw materials, with particular emphasis on serpentinites from Uzbekistan. Their suitability for refractory production was evaluated using magnesia–silicate and magnesia–iron ratios. The physico-mechanical properties of fired test specimens were examined at 1000°C and 1100°C. The findings confirm the feasibility of utilizing domestic serpentinites for the development of magnesia refractory materials.
Two industrial process schemes were employed to produce KS-4V and KI grade glasses from synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) and natural quartz, respectively. A comparison of the optical characteristics of the resulting glasses in the ultraviolet (UV) spectral region showed that glasses melted from SAS exhibit higher transparency and greater transmittance within the 190 – 1000 nm wavelength range. The difference in light transmittance coefficients is attributed to both the specific features of the melting processes and the presence of trace elements in raw materials.
This study examines PbZrO3 ceramics synthesized from nanodispersed PbO and ZrO2 powders with BaTiO3 nanoparticles with sizes of 50, 200, and 400 nm. The incorporation of barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanoparticles into lead zirconate (PbZrO3) ceramics expanded the stability range of the ferroelectric (FE) phase, extending it down to room temperature. As BaTiO3 content increased, the peak of dielectric permittivity shifted toward lower temperatures, while ε′ values rose significantly, reaching a maximum at 10 wt.
This paper presents an experimental study on the effect of 1.06 μm laser radiation on reaction-sintered silicon carbide ceramics. The experiments were carried out over a power density range corresponding to rapid material evaporation. The study determined the threshold laser power density and identified the range of power densities associated with minimal energy consumption during the laser machining of reaction-sintered silicon carbide ceramics.
This paper investigates the annealing of high-purity synthetic quartz glass at 250°C and an elevated pressure of 7 MPa in a molecular hydrogen atmosphere. The treatment increased transmittance at 190 nm by 2
This study presents the synthesis of mullite–silica ceramics with enhanced electrophysical properties from natural kaolinite sourced from the Orenburg region. The work focuses on the influence of heat treatment and raw material dispersion on the phase formation process. The phase composition was characterized using differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermal process simulation during firing, and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicate that an optimal temperature regime, combined with preliminary mechanical activation (grinding) and chemical activation with oxalic acid, stabilizes the mullite phase and reduces the maturing of residual silica. This process yields materials with low dielectric loss across a wide frequency range, along with high thermal stability and improved insulating properties. The obtained samples exceed the stipulated requirements of GOST 20419–83 for key parameters, including thermal conductivity and dielectric loss, thereby confirming their potential for use in electrical insulation and thermal barrier applications in the energy and engineering sectors.
