Aim of this study was to prepare Bu-Yang-Huan-Wu (BYHW) elementary osmotic pump sustained-release tablets and to investigate the situation of its main effective components of “synchronous control and sustained release.” The releasing similarity of chromatographic fingerprints of BYHW in vitro dissolution was evaluated. The results showed that BYHW elementary osmotic pump sustained-release tablet was prepared and the chromatographic fingerprints were extracted. And data of its release similarity was also obtained. It was concluded that BYHW elementary osmotic pump sustained-release tablet can achieve the synchronous control and sustained release of many ingredient. It is also fit for the characteristic of Chinese herbal medicine compound.
No-Reflow (NR) is the common complication after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). It has a complex pathogenesis. Modern medicine has no ideal prevention and treatment method. Through systematic literature review, in the Xuanfu (mysterious mansion) theory, NR is due to the reason that Qi and blood cannot moisten and nourish myocardium. The key is dysfunction of Xuanfu. Xuanfu is both the gate of Qi ascending, descending, exiting and entering movement and the channel of body fluid circulation. The basic pathogenesis of NR is the blockage of Xuanfu. We propose that the method of dredging Xuanfu can be used in the treatment of NR. It is a new thought for the prevention and treatment of NR. It has a significant meaning for increasing the treatment effect of PCI.
This study was aimed at exploring the rules of Chinese patent medicine and Western medicine, as well as their combination rules used in the treatment of osteoporosis by text mining. Data on osteoporosis were queried and downloaded from SinoMed in March 2011. After transferring semi-structured data into the Microsoft SQL Server, the algorithm of data slicing based on frequency analysis was applied. A few simple, meaningful networks were achieved. The data of these networks were imported into Cytoscape and visualized. The results showed that in the treatment of osteoporosis, Chinese patent medicines, such as Zuogui pills, Liuwei Dihuang pills, Gusongbao granules, Yougui pills, and Shengu capsules, are widely used in the clinical practice. Chinese herbal medicines, such as Herba Epimedii, Radix Rehmannia, Radix Astragali, Rhizoma Drynariae, Salvia Miltiorrhiza, Fructus Psoraleae, Radix Puerariae, Radix Angelica, and Cortex Eucommiae, are frequently dealt with in articles on osteoporosis. Herba Epimedii and Radix Rehmannia are major herbal medicines that are most frequently used in the herbal combination. The most important treatment method of treating osteoporosis is by strengthening the kidney and spleen by activating and nourishing blood. Among all Western medicines, estrogen agents, Vitamin D, calcium, and thyrocalcitonin are the most frequently used in the treatment of osteoporosis. In this article, the rules pertaining to Chinese patent medicine and Western medicine used in the treatment of osteoporosis were described. The combination of Chinese patent medicine and Western medicine was also calculated for the clinical application and basic research reference.
The aim of this research was to observe the effect of Glytan on rat liver fibrosis and to investigate the mechanism of portal hypertension (PHT). SD male rats with weight between 240 g and 260 g were randomly divided into a sham group, model group, propranolol group, and Glytan group, according to their weight. PHT and liver fibrosis were induced by common bile duct ligation. After 2 and 4 weeks, the hydroxyproline (Hyp) content of liver tissues was tested by spectrophotometer. The collagen formation was evaluated by Masson staining and ultrastructural changes were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that Glytan inhibited the Hyp production at 2 weeks and 4 weeks. Masson staining revealed the same results with Hyp. Glytan inhibited the pseudolobule formation. TEM showed swelling sinusoid endothelial cells (SEC), reduced fenestra between the SEC, widened Disse's space, and reduced hepatocyte microvilli in the model group rats. At 4 weeks, loss of the hepatocyte microvilli and the basement membrane were clearly seen. Glytan promoted degeneration of the matrix and restoration of the SEC at 2 weeks and 4 weeks. It was concluded that Glytan inhibited collagen formation and ameliorated sinusoidal capillarization. This is one of the mechanisms of Glytan used to decrease the portal venous pressure. The results provided precise and reliable proof to develop new treatments for PHT.
Nonionic block copolymer surfactants, possessing a low stimulation and a low toxicity, have been widely used as pharmaceutical excipients. Studies are conducted on surfactants mainly through experiments. However, through this method, it is difficult to study the solubilization mechanism of surfactants. Mesoscopic simulation, with a shorter period and a lower cost, was beneficial for the study of mechanisms; provided guidelines for experiments and applications; and was, thus, favored by researchers. In recent years, numerous studies have been carried out on nonionic block copolymer surfactants. This article reviewed the effect of mesoscopic simulations on nonionic block copolymer surfactants, aiming at providing an effective method for the study on the mechanism and application of nonionic block copolymer surfactants.
Traditional Chinese medicine injections (TCMIs) have played vital roles in the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, virus and so on. This article analyzed the market of anti-cancer TCMIs in China, with special emphasis on Kang'ai Injection, Shenqi Fuzheng Injection, Aidi Injection, Lentinan Injection and Compound Kushen Injection, which presented excellent market performances. An analysis on the technical features and clinical applications of these five anti-cancer TCMIs was also conducted. Finally, we pointed out constraints and possible solutions to the development of anti-cancer TCMIs.
This study was aimed at establishing a disease-syndrome combination rat model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with spleen deficiency. A group of 60 six-week-old SpragueDawley rats were randomly divided into normal control group and reserpine (RSP) group. Spleen deficiency model rat groups were made by an intraperitoneal injection of RSP. After 14 days, rats of RSP groups were subcutaneously injected with collagen type II protein to induce arthritis. The incidence of the model was observed, and the mechanism was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that compared with the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) group, the degree of joint swelling and joint damage was significantly increased in the RSP CIA model. The RSP CIA model rats were observed as exhibiting spleen deficiency syndrome that was similar to clinical symptoms, such as appearing apathetic, squinting, a sparse dry dull coat, a bowed back, a swollen ankle, fatigue, lazy movement, getting together, eating less, weight loss, and loose stools. Compared with the CIA control rats, spleen deficiency impaired the function of intestinal mucosa by disordering the intestinal villi, covering a large amount of goblet cells in the epithelium, and inducing exfoliation, degeneration, and necrosis fluff pieces. The content of anti-type II collagen antibody, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-γ was increased. It was concluded that the rat model of rheumatoid arthritis with spleen deficiency syndrome by an intraperitoneal injection of reserpine has both obvious spleen deficiency syndrome and characteristics of RA. It can provide successful experiences for the rat model of rheumatoid arthritis with spleen deficiency syndrome. Spleen deficiency plays a vital role in RA.
Complex prescription is the primary therapeutic method of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It is a key influencing factor in prescription compatibility. During the past decade, researchers have carried out explorations on the compound compatibility law through aspects of pharmacodynamics (PD), pharmacokinetics (PK) and the combination of PD and PK (PD-PK) and achieved significant success. However, a TCM prescription contains various components. The functions of components and the complex interactions among the different components and their metabolic changes in the body have not been well understood. By far, reasonable and standard methods are still lacking in the study of component compatibility of TCM complex prescription. Based on a summary of recent studies of complex prescription, we put forward the new research method of complex prescription compatibility through multi-index comprehensive evaluation for PD-PK indexes of the efficacious components compatibility law.
Ginsenoside Rh2, one of the characteristic components in red ginseng (roots steamed at 98-100 °C without peeling), is a rare ginsenoside with potential bioactivity. The preparation of ginsenoside Rh2 was studied by using acid hydrolysis, alkaline hydrolysis, synthesis and biotransformation techniques. Microbial and enzymatic transformations were regarded as the optimization methods of all these techniques, owing to their high specificity, yield and productivity. The pharmacological activities and pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside Rh2 and its derivatives were extensively researched. In this paper, their preparation and activities have been reviewed, which can provide information for the research and development of ginsenoside Rh2.
Professor Shen Shu-wen is the national traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) academic expert of the fourth and the fifth batch of the experience inheritance of famous and veteran doctors of TCM in China. He is specialized in the treatment of rare illness of internal medicine. He emphasizes on the clinical efficacy in the process of innovation. This paper introduced his clinical experiences on the treatment of migraine briefly.
Brain interstitial fluid (BIF) is a biological matrix of cerebral neurons. The medicine composition that is permeated into the brain and the endogenous substances released into synaptic space are available in BIF, which make it an ideal vehicle for research on drug targeting and an efficacious mechanism of neuroprotective medicine. Based on the microdialysis sampling technique, BIF can be used in not only in vivo studies but also in vitro experiments. On the basis of serum pharmacology, the concept of BIF pharmacology was proposed by our team. This article also discusses the feasibility and advantages of BIF pharmacology application in Chinese medicine prescription. This new mode of study serves as a creative attempt of facilitating the international orientation of Chinese medicine.
MesoDyn has been carried out to elaborate the micellar properties of natural surfactant glycyrrhizin which is frequently used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The effect of shear rate on the aggregation behavior of glycyrrhizin has been investigated. The results showed that the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of glycyrrhizin increased with the addition of shear rate. And the glycyrrhizin aggregation transformed from spherical micelle to cylindrical micelle as the increase of shear rate. Furthermore, the aggregation behavior of the as-formed micelle was not stable to the change of shear rate. Removal of shear rate was unable to recover the micelle completely in the changing process of shear rate. The simulation results provide mesoscopic information for the solubilization of poorly water-soluble drug, and at the same time provide guidance for high efficient experiments.
This paper proposes three kinds of action patterns of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) incompatibility based on the theories of Seven Ways of Compatibility and Drug Interaction. These are toxification and potential toxicity action pattern embodied in the characteristic of antagonism, efficiency reduction, and decrease in effect—patterns reflected by the characteristics of mutual inhibition/restraint and toxic-effect multiple action patterns embodying the complex characteristics of antagonism and mutual inhibition/restraint. In addition, we put forward eight possible mechanisms of TCM incompatibility. They are potential toxicity by promoting the release of toxic substances, potential toxicity by producing new toxic components, potential toxicity because of increased toxic components resulting from mutual transformation of chemical constituents, efficiency reduction through inhibiting the dissolving of active components, efficiency reduction through inactivating the active components, toxification that results from toxic metabolites generated in vivo based on drug interaction, adverse effects caused by affecting the physiological disposition of incompatibility combinations, and adverse effects caused by regulating and controlling the drug metabolic enzymes. Furthermore, the authors discussed the correlations between the different action patterns and mechanisms and relationships of the seven ways of compatibility. These opinions would provide references for understanding and researching the essences of TCM incompatibility.
More and more attention has been paid to the standardization of clinical research data. International clinical data standards mainly include four categories, which are the File Format, Exchange Standard, Analysis Standard and Terminology Standard. Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC) is the main criteria of exchanging standard and analyzing standard currently. Backwardness of quality and level of the data management have become one of the most important factors that affect the sustained, rapid and healthy development of domestic clinical trials. How to apply international standards of clinical data to narrow the gap of clinical research of Chinese medicine with the international advanced level is a topic which needs to be continuously explored. This paper firstly introduced the CDISC and its two standards, then analyzed the significance of data standardization in clinical research of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and finally discussed problems existed in the process of TCM clinical research using CDISC standards. It was suggested that the strengthening on research of relevant TCM semantic structure and its terminology standard is the key problem. The only way to solve this problem is to use the CDISC standards.
This study was aimed at investigating the optimization model of innovative Chinese medicine formulations based on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) hospital preparations. A literature review was conducted to analyze the importance and characteristics of TCM hospital preparations. Then, the optimization process and methods of hospital preparations were summarized and explored. The results showed that hospital preparation is an important and fundamental resource of new drug development, with characteristics of abundant clinical experience, multiple formulations, multiple dosage forms, well-established efficacy and reliable safety. Hospital preparations may provide a rich material foundation for the screening of new drug development, which can shorten the development cycle and reduce research cost. However, there is still a gap between hospital preparations and innovative drugs. Based on our optimization work experiences, the optimization of hospital preparations should comply with the general principles and process of optimizing innovative Chinese medicine formulations, which can be divided into three parts, i.e., optimization of component formulation, optimization of clinical trial protocols and assessment before and after clinical trials. The optimization process should be well focused, so as to facilitate comprehensive optimization. Before optimization, the investigational prescription should undergo qualitative and quantitative evaluation for the first time. Based on the sponsor's final revision, the second qualitative and quantitative evaluation should be performed before the initiation of clinical trials. After clinical trials, the prescription should undergo qualitative and quantitative evaluation for the third time according to the findings of clinical trials. It was concluded that it is possible to provide an optimization model of innovative Chinese medicine formulations based on TCM hospital preparations.
The efficacious material basis of Chinese formulations is one of the key scientific study aspects in the modernization of Chinese Material Media (CMM). On the basis of the previous work, this paper raises a new concept of “indicated pharmacokinetics of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)” and analyzes its scientific connotation, research thoughts and data processing method. This study supplies a new method for Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) research of TCM. This study explains the efficacious material basis and the compatibility law of Chinese formulations.
In recent years, with the in-depth research of electronic nose technology, the bionic olfactory system has been widely applied in the medical field. This article elaborated basic components, working principle, recent achievements of electronic nose in the modern medical application. And it proposed a new mode about combination of the electronic nose technology with the dialectical thinking of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).
This study aimed to observe the pharmacokinetic characteristics of isofraxidin in extracellular fluids of striatum in rats after oral administration of isofraxidin. Microdialysis and UPLC-MS analytical technology were used in this study to detect the concentration of isofraxidin in microdialysis dialysate of extracellular fluids of striatum in rats, within 60 min after a single oral administration, with isofraxidin of 10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively. The results were revised by relative recovery in vivo. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated through noncompartment model method with software of WINONLIN 6.1 program. The main pharmacokinetic parameters of isofraxidin in extracellular fluids of striatum in rats after a single oral administration of isofraxidin at 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg were AUC0-∞ (13973.88 ± 1582.984) and (28059.76 ± 4207.66) ng·min/mL; t1/2 (16.68 ± 0.49) and (17.41 ± 2.88) min; Cmax(498.87 ± 64.36) and (899.81 ± 133.22) ng/mL. The tmax of both two groups was 15 min. Both the Cmax and tmax were measured. It was concluded that isofraxidin quickly permeates the bloodbrain barrier and reaches the striatum. The maximal concentration of isofraxidin is 15 min after oral administration. And then the concentration decreases at a faster rate. It showed a significant dose-dependent phenomenon of the concentration of isofraxidin in extracellular fluids of striatum in rats.
This study was aimed at investigating the feasibility of establishing premenstrual syndrome (PMS) liver-qi depression rat model with resident-intruder paradigm compared to chronic restraint stress. The PMS liver-qi depression rat model was prepared with chronic restraint stress and resident-intruder paradigm. The effect was systematically evaluated through behavioral methods such as open-field test and tail suspension test. Then, results from both groups were compared. The results showed that both chronic restraint stress and resident-intruder paradigm can effectively simulate the state of premenstrual depression and postmenstrual disappearance. The results of the open-field test suggested that there was no significant difference between these two methods (P > 0.05). It was concluded that as a social psychological stress method the resident-intruder paradigm can preferably simulate the process of clinical PMS liver-qi depression caused by emotional abnormality and overcome the disadvantage of obvious body stress of the chronic restraint stress method. But the success ratio was too low, and further inspection was needed to examine its stability.
Electronic nose (E-nose) is a rapid, simple, sensitive and accurate technology for the quality evaluation of Chinese materia medica (CMM). In this paper, several CMM samples of different species, habitats, storage time, and so on were analyzed by E-nose. Based on experimental data, specific discrimination model was established according to specific research target using different pattern recognition algorithms including PCA, DFA, PLS, BP-ANN and so on. It showed that the models were reliable and stable. It was concluded that E-nose can be applied to effectively extract and analyze the odor traits of CMM. It is a unique and useful tool for research on the identification, quality control and validity evaluation of CMM.
