Diabetic ulcer is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus which can lead to further morbidity. Sucralfate, Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and ozonated virgin coconut oil (VCO) has been shown to provide good clinical outcomes in chronic ulcer healing. This study compares the effectiveness of topical sucralfate, topical PRP and topical ozonated VCO therapy for diabetic ulcer treatment in Wistar mice by observing wound length and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Ninety Wistar mice with full-thickness ulcer model on the back were divided into 5 groups. Four groups of mice were receiving diabetic induction using streptozotocin injection and were allocated as topical sucralfate (TS), topical PRP (TP), and topical ozonated VCO (TO) group. The remaining diabetic-positive mice were allocated as the diabetic-positive control group (PC) which received standard therapy, and the other non-diabetic mice were allocated as the diabetic-negative control group (NC) which did not receive any therapy. Topical ozonated VCO enhances the wound healing process better with the greatest wound reduction area and highest VEGF expression compared to topical sucralfate and topical PRP. Topical ozonated VCO can potentially accelerate wound healing in diabetic ulcers better than topical sucralfate and topical PRP.
Endophytic fungi are microbes that reside in the tissues of living plants without causing any apparent damage. They are very diverse microorganisms that synthesize compounds of various classes within their host plants. The aim of this work is to evaluate the total phenol content and antioxidant capacity of endophytic fungal extracts isolated from the leaves of Talinum triangulare. For this purpose, the extraction of metabolites was carried out using ethyl acetate. The total phenols of the fungal extracts were determined by the classical colorimetric method of Folin-Ciocalteu and the antioxidant capacity was evaluated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging method and the FRAP method. A total of four endophytic fungi coded CETt-01 to CETt-04 were isolated from this study. The CETt-02 endophyte showed higher antioxidant activity with an IC 50 = 0.186 ± 0.043 mg/mL. This high antioxidant activity is positively correlated with its total phenol content. The genomic DNA of the active fungal strain (CETt-02) was isolated and ITS specific regions were amplified and sequenced. Thus, the characterization of this isolate by biology allowed to identify it as Diaporthe fraxini-angustifoliae . This work shows an interesting approach for the discovery of new natural antioxidant compounds.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) belongs to the class of neurodegenerative disorder and is biochemically characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques deposition, accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) accumulation and ultimately neuronal loss. Even though, the progress made in developing efficient AD therapy, there is no effective drug capable to stop and/or slow down AD progression. In the current article, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of Khaya grandifololia crude extract and fraction 2 against Aβ 42 -induced cytotoxicity and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein in differentiated neuronal cells (IMR32). Reactive oxygen species production, apoptosis and mitochondrial dynamics and function, synaptic protein, and tau phosphorylation were evaluated using fluorescence microscopy and immunoblotting. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay. Findings revealed that exposure of differentiated IMR32 cells to Aβ 42 alone induced the impairment of mitochondrial dynamics, decrease synaptic protein expression and increase hyperphosphorylation of tau protein (phospho tau181). In contrast, the presence of crude extract and KGf2 significantly inhibited the cleavage of Caspase-3 activation. In addition, the levels of synaptic proteins (Symptosomal associated protein 25 and Synaptosin) and superoxide dismutase were restored upon treatment with crude extract and fraction 2. Hyperphosphorylation of tau protein (Thr181) and ERK (Thr202/Tyr205) activities were also significantly reduced after treatment with crude extract and fraction 2. Our findings suggest that KG extract is a potential source for candidate drug against AD and may contribute to the development of efficient therapeutic strategy against AD.
The consumption of tropical fruits rich in chemopreventive compounds are required to prevent cells carcinogenesis and proliferation. This study was designed to assess de biocompatibility of Detarium microcarpum fruit extract on normal fibroblasts and its antiproliferative potentiality on human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells. Primary dermal fibroblasts and human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells were treated with different concentrations of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of D. microcarpum fruit pulp for 24h, 48h and 72h. The biocompatibility property of extracts on the normal fibroblasts and its antiproliferative activity on the human osteosarcoma cells were evaluated by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenytetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The biocompatibility study of D. microcarpum fruit pulp showed that the chloroform extract has exhibited the highest cytotoxic effect on normal fibroblasts followed by the ethyl acetate extract. Hexane extract wasn’t cytotoxic at concentrations of 125 and 250 µg/mL but caused more than 80 % of cell death at a concentration of 500 µg/mL. Methanol extract didn’t show a significant cytotoxic effect. Furthermore, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts showed the best antiproliferative activity on osteosarcoma cells. A complete cell death was observed when osteosarcoma cells were treated with ethyl acetate extract at all concentrations while chloroform extract at concentrations of 250 and 500 µg/mL caused a complete cells death. Methanol extract exhibited any antiprolifarative activity. Chloroform and ethyl acetate extract of fruits pulp of D. microcapum are potent source of anticancer phytomolecules and have potential to be a promising anti-osteosarcoma extract.
The external morphology and micromorphology of the flower in Tulbaghia violacea were studied.Light microscopy was used for examination.Our approach allows us to differentiate species and genera by location and presence of different vertical zones in gynoecium and especially septal nectaries.The gynoecium of T. violacea consists of synascidiate, symplicate, hemisymplicate and asymplicate vertical zones.Common septal nectary with three nectary splits throughout the ovary is available in T. violacea gynoecium.
Immune system is a defensive mechanism system which is responsible to defend against several foreign invading agents that harm individual health. It generates several types of cells which have ability to recognize, eliminate and kill all the undesirable agents. The immune system works by inhibition, multiplication, amplification, expression and induction response at different phases of immune system. Hence immunology is the most advance and recent biomedical research system which covers the prevention and treatment of wide range of medical disorders. In this study, Immunomodulatory activity of Polyherbal formulation was determined. First of all, plants methanolic extracts of Asparagus racemosus, Mucuna pruriens, Anacyclus pyrethrum, Tribulus terrestris were prepared. The methanolic extracts of each plant were taken separately in equal amount and mixed to prepare the Polyherbal formulation (PHF). Screening test was applied on PHF for quantitative analysis. Hemolytic activity, thrombolytic activity and antioxidant activity were determined on experimental animals. To demonstrate the effect of standard Immunol drug, CCl4 and polyherbal formulation extract on hematological parameters. The methanolic extract of PHF was dissolved in distilled water and the dose was selected at 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight. Blood sample collected in EDTA as anticoagulant were processed to determine the effect of PHP on selected hematological parameters including hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell counts (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) count and Platelets count. Liver enzymes like transaminases (ALT and AST), uric acid, urea and creatinine were determined by automated photometric method to evaluate the drug safety. Serum samples were using for the estimation of Immunoglobulin M and Immunoglobulin G using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Further, the C-reactive protein (CRP) was also estimated using standard protocol. Phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of polyherbal formulation showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, phenols and cardiac glycosides. Bioactive constituent’s alkaloids, flavonoids and phenols were present in higher concentration. The maximum hemolysis was seen at a dose of 800μg/ml (40 ± 0.38). The methanolic extracts of PHF were investigated for its thrombolytic activity. Addition of 800μl of streptokinase as positive control (30,000 IU/ ml) to clots and successive incubation for 90 minutes at 37 oC showed 74.53±1.11% lysis of clot. Distilled water was considered as negative control which exhibit insignificant percentage of lysis of clot (3.74±0.51). In the study, the methanolic extract of PHF showed highest thrombolytic activity at 800μg/ml concentrations (41±0.38) when compared with streptokinase (positive control). When all the groups were compared the serum level ALT, AST, TAS, TOS and OSI 50 index, a statistically significant difference was observed between the groups. A variety of antioxidant function approaches have been suggested. During the study, it was found that induction of CCl4 increases the number of altered macrophages. However, the administration of Polyherbal extract in CCl4 intoxicated animals, the number of altered macrophages came to level. Administration of polyherbal formulation extract in control mice also showed significant reduction of changed macrophages. Immunomodulatory drugs are substances that can alter the immune function of an individual, are called immunostimulants if their immune responses are enhanced, or are called immunosuppressant’s if they decrease. These medications are most widely used in infections, allergies and cancer infections. Modern medical treatment is also far-reaching because of the economic limitations in developed countries including Pakistan. For immunomodular operations, just a few plants have been tested. The analysis indicates that many medicinal plants and marine products have immunomodulatory function, however there is little proof that their use in clinical practice is not allowed. In future work in herbal medicine, therefore, immunomodulatory agents should become more relevant.
Diabetes mellitus is a complex and a diverse group of disorders that disturbs the metabolism of carbohydrate, fat and protein. The number of diabetes mellitus cases has been increasing worldwide in recent years. In 2000, the WHO estimated a total of 171 million people with diabetes mellitus from the global population, and this report projected to increase to 366 million by 2030. Now a days polyherbal formulations made by a different herbal pharmaceutical company is very much popular and acceptable for chronic use in case of diabetes, hypertension, bronchial asthma, hyperlipidemia, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. As the incidence of diabetes is increasing day by day globally, and the rate of occurrence of disease in India is tho high, the popularity of polyherbal formulation is increasing day by day. many physicians from a different system of medicine refer to advice polyherbal formulations for long time use in patient of diabetes, as the manufacturer of herbal formulator claim the formulation is having a negligible side effect. Present Study was delt with Evaluation of antihyperglycemic Potential of prepared polyherbal Formulation PHF i.e. with 1mg/kg and 1.5 mg/kg, the FBS level was reduced from 187.16 ± 3.25 to 133.16 ± 2.93 and 181.5 ± 4.42 to 136.33 ± 2.58, respectively. In the combination regimen of PHF (1.5mg/kg) and Metformin (50mg/kg) the mean FBS level dropped from 180.3 ± 1.75 to 131.16 ± 2.14. In all these groups the mean FBS level has reached the normal pre-induction level. The daily single administration of PHFformulation(1.5mg/kg) and Metformin (50 mg/kg) significantly reduced blood sugar levels of Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic mice. It also important to study antihyperglycemic effect of the said Polyhedral Formulation in Different animal Model to conclude exact pattern of Anti hyperglycaemic activity.
Vascular dementia (VaD), a diverse group of brain disorders with cognitive decline is attributable to cerebrovascular pathologies. Recent studies have shown that mitochondrial dysfunctions and oxidative stress are involved in cognitive decline. The aim of the present study was designed to evaluate the effects of Curcumin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (Cur-SLNP) in vascular dementia (VaD) against homocystiene (HCY) induced toxicity by behavioral and biochemical assessment in different regions of the brain. The sign of VaD i.e., learning and memory levels were evaluated with different behavioural assessment like plus maze test. Neurobehavioral analyses revealed that Cur-SLNP administration successfully ameliorated cognitive decline observed in HCY rats. Compared to HCY administration, Cur-SLNP 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg administration showed ameliorative effect in behavioural and biochemical assessment induced by HCY. We found that lipid peroxidation levels decreased significantly in striatum (p<0.01), cortex (p<0.001), and hippocampus (p<0.001) after oral administration of Cur-SLNP with HCY animals. Hence, the present findings suggest that the neuroprotective role of Cur-SLNP against HCY induced toxicity could be a novel and promising therapeutic strategy in VaD as well in other age-related neurodegenerative disorders.
The study evaluated the antioxidant and hypoglycaemic potentials of the ethanol flower extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis . Flower extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis were obtained by cold maceration method. The preliminary phytochemical screening and hypoglycaemic effect were carried out using standard methods. Antioxidant screening was carried out using DPPH antioxidant assay test. Five rats were used for each group; normal control, standard control, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w. doses of the crude ethanol flower extract of B. spectabilis to test the hypoglycaemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Blood glucose levels were measured at different time intervals. The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, strerols, terpenoids, flavonoids, and carbohydrates. The crude ethanol fraction demonstrated least antioxidant activity while the chloroform fraction showed the highest antioxidant activity followed by the hexane fraction. The ethanol flower extract showed a significant dose dependent hypoglyceamic effect after 24 hours of administration. Of the doses tested, highest hypoglycaemic effect was observed by the ethanol flower extract of the dose 400 mg/kg at 24 hours. The findings revealed that non-polar fractions have more antioxidant activity than the polar fractions while the ethanol flower extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis possesses a delayed hypoglycaemic effect.
Ampelocissus africana (Lour) Merr (Vitaceae) is a plant used in traditional medicine in Burkina Faso in the treatment of wounds, edema, drops, infections. This study focused on pharmacological investigations effects of methanolic and aqueous extracts from Ampelocissus africana (Lour) Merr rhizomes. The acute toxicity of the extracts from Ampelocissus africana was performed under OECD 423 guidelines. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in vivo using carrageenan-induced paw edema of mice at the doses to 50, 100, 200, 400, 600 mg/kg body weight (bw). The antinociceptive activity of the extracts was determined using acetic acid, formalin nociception models in mice at the doses to 50, 100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg bw. The involvement of ATP-sensitive K + channel pathway and opioid system were tested using glibenclamide, and naloxone respectively at the unique dose (400 mg/kg). No mortality of mice were observed at dose of 2000 mg/kg b.w. The lethal dose (LD 50 ) value estimated to 5000 mg/kg b.w. The tests were showed that the extracts exerted significant dose-dependent anti-inflammatory responses in the paw induced by carrageenan (from 37 to 72.90 percent inhibition), antinociceptives in acetic-induced abdominal contractions (from 25.10 to 63.08%), and in formaldehyde-induced paw licking (from 9.27 to 71.77%) tests. The pretreatment with naloxone and glibenclamide did not affect the antinociceptives effects. The results suggested that the extracts from the rhizomes of Ampelocissus africana possessed anti-inflammatory and antinociception effects in mice. These effects could justify the uses of this plant in traditional medicine.
This piece of writing is aimed to attract the concern of readers and researchers toward the natural bioactive compounds hidden in the depth of natural life. Plant based bioactive compounds have become first choice as a potential source of pharmacological agents. Families of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, polyphenols, carotenoids, diterpenes, sterols and vitamins enlist the class of naturally occurring families of organic compounds that are widely utilized for the maintenance of natural life. Isodon rugosus is one of the richest plants of Lamiaceae family which contain plenty of biological active compounds. In this review we will focus on labeling and exploring the biological importance of Isodon rugosus. Isodon rugosus plays meaningful role by performing biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal, anticancer, insecticidal, analgesic and ethnobotanical activities. The strong bioactive potential of Isodon rugosus may act as a key factor to researchers for doing further research work on entire plant to introduce it in pharmacological agents to make the life more sustainable.
Adults, as well as children, have a great need for nutrients such as Calcium, Iron, Zinc, Protein, and Vitamin B12. Spirulina is very rich in protein, omega 3 and omega 6 oils, vitamin, and mineral, and its incorporation into chocolates will enrich their nutritional values. Spirulina satisfies the nutritional needs by providing all these nutrients, as well as all the essential amino acids. Spirulina is unique and 100% safe. In fact, Spirulina is the only natural food that contains GLA (gamma linoleic acid) an essential fatty acid that is found only in mother’s milk. This GLA plays a very vital in balancing the hormonal system in the body. So it is actually very good to give Spirulina to the children. Our Spirulina Chocolates were prepared by simple incorporation method by addition of 1gm Spirulina by dissolving in 10 ml NaCl as a solubility enhancer as well as to mask the taste and smell. This chocolate form is easier for every individual to chew and absorb. The chocolates were assessed for organoleptic properties, pH, blooming test, and hardness. This significant study revealed the efficacy of Spirulina Chocolate Formulation and it would definitely have a wide scope in the future as an immunity booster and in treatments of malnutrition in children as well. Further study is required to reveal the quantification of constituents present in Spirulina Chocolate formulation by in vivo and invitro studies.
Tinospora cordifolia is an important ayurvedic herb known for its immune stimulating effect. In this investigation, we describe the galectin-3 inhibitory and immune stimulating properties of a novel water-soluble nutraceutical made from Tinospora cordifolia stem. This proprietary extract (T2CA) had a total yield of 6% and contained 86.9% carbohydrates with a high proportion of patented (1,4)-α-D-glucan in it. The T2CA activated T-cytotoxic and NK cells significantly contributing to its immune stimulating effect. Moreover, T2CA induced the activation of functional NK cells in human lymphocyte cultures that in turn contributed to the death of K562 leukemic cells in a dose-dependent manner in co-culture experiments. T2CA inhibited the expression of phosphorylated galectin-3 expression in human glioblastoma cell line which in turn inhibits the activity of MMP2 and MMP9 proteins in zymography investigations and inhibits migration of cancer cells in in vitro scratch assay. Western blot hybridization studies showed that T2CA downregulates the expression of total gal 3 proteins and extended the survival of AKR/J mice injected with Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in the Kepler-Meier survival curve analysis. The inhibitory effect of T2CA on phopho-galectin-3 expression and the activation of T-cytotoxic and NK cells suggested its protective effects against pathogenic infections and human malignancies via its immune stimulating mechanisms.
Introduction. Zygophyllum album (Z. album) is used in traditional medicine for a long time for its anti-diabetic activities. Objective. To investigate Z. album extract supplementation effects on redox and inflammatory status in hypercholesterolemic-diabetic rats. Material and methods. Male Wistar rats (n=36), weighing 200±10g were divided into three groups (n=12). The 1st group was hypercholesterolemic (HC) by consuming cholesterol enriched diet (1%). The 2nd group was diabetic (D) by intraperi-toneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (35 mg/kg body weight). The 3rd group was hypercholesterolemic-diabetic (HC-D). Each group was divided into two subgroups (n=6), untreated (HC, D, HC-D) and treated groups with 1% Z. album extract (HC-Za, D-Za and HC-D-Za). Results. At d28, Z. album treatment lead to a decrease in erythrocytes thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) in HC-Za (-44%), D-Za (-66%) and HC-D-Za (-23%) groups. Increased erythrocytes antioxidant enzymes activities (superoxide dismu-tase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and catalase) were observed in HC-Za, D-Za and HC-D-Za (p<0.05). In plasma, interleukin (IL-1 β and IL-6) concentrations were reduced by -44, -50 and -33%, and -49, 38 and -41%, respectively in treated groups. In plasma, a decrease of TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor-α), homocysteine and protein-C reactive (CRP) was observed in Z. album treated groups (p<0.05). Conclusion. Z. album reduces radical attack and improves anti-inflammatory proprieties in hypercholesterole-mic-diabetic rats.
Traditional herbal medicines are widely accepted in the world. Certain countries and WHO have research investment in traditional herbal medicines. COVID-19 came as a major Health care challenge for human in 2019. 480 deaths have been recorded till 18th of April 2020 in India. No pharmaceutical products have yet been shown to be safe and effective for the treatment of COVID-19. Major 3 types of targets of COVID-19 were identified by researches, which are as follow – 1) Inhibit coronavirus at structural level, 2) Inhibit coronavirus RNA synthesis and replication and 3) Inhibit virulence factor of Coronavirus. Certain Herbal medicines like Tribulus terrestris, Withania somnifera, Curcuma longa, Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus emblica have potent Anti-COVID properties.
Plants are good source to adsorb metals from soil, water for irrigation and environmental pollution. Toxic industrial effluents are a major source in Pakistan who contaminates food crops. The load of toxic metals in plants not only acts as source of toxicity for its consumer but at the same time affect the nutritional value of the crop. Plants are good source of antioxidants and save us from different diseases ranging from bacterial infection to cancer when consumed. But the antioxidant potential certainly disturbed if they are contaminated with these toxic metals. To check this effect on antioxidant potential we designed this study where we grow Brassica Juncea (common name: Indian Mustard) in botanical garden of our University and fed them with controlled concentration of three metals i.e. Cu, Ni and Cd. We study biosorption potential of these plants for four months starting from germination to a mature plant and also study the antioxidant potential of controlled (fed with ground water) compared to the four month old plant (fed with toxic metals along with ground water). The results of heavy metals analyzed on FAAS show a steady increase in metal sorption of Cu and Ni with increase in concentration and time, however the cadmium adsorption found below detection limit in each case. The antioxidant potential evaluated through “ferric reducing antioxidant power” (FRAP assay), “phosphomolebednum assay” and “Total Phenolic Content” (TPC) show a depletion in antioxidant potential with increase in metal uptake. Thus the antioxidant potential may also be a direct measure of adsorb metal in plant. These values when accumulated in water can cause harm to plants that will become source of different diseases. The values of the antioxidant potential in Brassica Juncea were found high in Blank as compared to that in G-3. This decreased antioxidant potential may be due to the accumulation of metals in plants of group G-3.
Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del (Balanitaceae) is traditionally used for the treatment of various ailments such as syphilis, jaundice and liver disorders, epilepsy, ... This study was designed to evaluate acute toxicity and hepatoprotective effect of aqueous extract of Balanites aegyptiaca on CCl 4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Methods: Acute toxicity was assessed with the extract at a dose of 2000 mg / kg bw. The extract at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg / kg b.w. was orally administered respectively to CC1 4 -induced hepatotoxicity (0.5 ml / kg) animals. Silymarin (100 mg / kg) was given as a reference. Biochemical parameters such as ALT, AST, PT, ALB and ALP were assayed as well as enzymatic antioxidant activities SOD, CAT and MDA. Nitrogen monoxide (NO) involved in inflammation was also measured. Results: Activities of liver marker enzymes, ALT, AST and ALP, total protein, albumin and showed a significant hepatoprotective effect. Regarding antioxidant enzymatic activities in vivo (SOD, CAT and MDA) of aqueous extract exhibited a significant effect showing increasing levels of SOD, CAT and reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. The production of NO is significantly reduced compared to the batch intoxicated by CCl 4 . Conclusion: Balanites aegyptiaca is endowed with hepatoprotective properties that can be attributed to antioxidant potential which could justify its use in traditional medicine in liver disorders.
Oxidative stress is a determining factor in the pathophysiology of heart disease. This study aimed at evaluating the protective activity of Abengourou Forastero cocoa in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Thirty (30) wistar rats divided into 5 groups were orally pretreated with distilled water, resveratrol (25 mg/kg/day) or defatted Abengourou Forastero cocoa powder (1000 and 1500 mg/kg/day) for sixty (60) consecutive days. A single dose of doxorubicin (15 mg/kg/day) was administered on day 59 by intraperitoneal route. The biochemical parameters were assessed and a histological examination of the heart was performed. This study showed that doxorubicin treated animals exhibited a significant increase of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, phosphocreatine kinases, creatine kinases, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-cholesterol levels in serum. However, a decrease of HDL-cholesterol and an alteration of cardiac tissue were noticed. Preventive treatment with Abengourou Forastero cocoa at doses of 1000 and 1500 mg/kg significantly reduced the biochemical and histological alterations induced by doxorubicin. Results showed that Abengourou Forastero cocoa protects and prevents against doxorubicin-induced cardiac damage.
Fumaria indica (Haussk.) Pugsley, Fumariaceae [syn. F. vaillantii Loisel.] is an important medicinal plant known as ‘Fumitory’. Ethnobotanical and ayurvedic literature reports that the plant is used in treatment of liver diseases as well as diverse pharmacological activities. In present work, in vitro hepatoprotective effects of ethanol extract of F. indica (FUP) and alkaloid, protopine (PRT) on carbon tetrachloride induced oxidative stress has been demonstrated. An isoquinoline alkaloid, protopine was isolated from ethanol extract of F. indica and characterized by spectral data. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) and ethanol has been used as a hepatotoxin. Cytotoxicity was estimated by quantitating the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in culture medium along with antioxidant enzymes namely superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase. HPLC profile of FUP and PRT was developed using water: methanol (7:3) as a mobile phase. CCl 4 and ethanol induces 5.5 and 4 times more release of LDH from the liver cells and twice the amount of lipid peroxidation as compared to the cells from untreated liver tissue. These LDH and lipid perioxidation activities were reduced significantly in dose dependent manner after addition of FUP and PRT (at doses 0.5 % FUP and at does 0.025, 0.05 % PRT; p < 0.001). The activity of antioxidant enzymes was found to be elevated in CCl 4 /ethanol treated cells. However, after addition of FUP/PRT along with cytotoxicant the activities were lowered significantly. The peak of PRT has been detected in FUP at retention times 1.670. sBased on these studies it may be precluded that protopine from F. indica , as a possible therapeutic for preventing oxidative stress in vitro by boosting the antioxidant capacity of the liver.
Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. is an ornamental plant cultivated in tropical, subtropical regions and other places as Egypt. The present study aimed to perform bioassay guided fractionation and isolation of some of the bioactive compounds from the Egyptian cultivate. The total ethanol extracts of the leaves (T.ET.L.), stems (T.ET.S.) and flowers (T.ET.F.) were screened for some pharmacological activities viz. in vivo anti-oxidant and anti-hepatotoxic, in addition to in vitro cytotoxic activities. The anti-oxidant effect was assessed by measuring serum glutathione level (GSH) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The anti-hepatotoxic activity was evaluated via measuring serum markers level viz . alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. In vitro cytotoxicity of the different extracts was estimated for liver cancer cell line (HEPG2) adopting Sulforhodamine B stain assay. T.ET.L. exhibited significantly potent anti-oxidant and anti-hepatotoxic activities, while T.ET.S. showed the highest cytotoxic activity. Through biological guided fractionation, leaves and stems were subjected to successive solvent extraction, whereas the leaves ethyl acetate (Et.Ac.L.) and the stems ethanol 70% (Et.70%S.) extracts showed highly potent activities. Thus, different chromatographic techniques were performed on Et.Ac.L. and Et.70%S. extracts leading to the isolation of five bioactive metabolites. Three flavonoids were isolated from Et.Ac.L.; genistein-7-O-rutinoside (1) , formononetin-7-O-rutinoside (2) and myricetin (3) , while orobol-7-O-glucoside (4) and hesperidin (5) were isolated from Et.70%S. This work demonstrated the importance of the plant as a promising anti-oxidant, anti-hepatotoxic and cytotoxic product for nutraceutical use.
