Western flower thrips (WFT) are attracted to three flowering verbena cultivars. The volatile components of these cultivars contain different enantiomers of linalool oxide which have been synthesised and one shown to be attractive to WFT.
Mechanisms of herbicide resistance include (1) modified target site, (2) enhanced detoxification or delayed activation, and (3) alterations in the uptake, translocation, or compartmentalization of a herbicide. The first two mechanisms have mainly been identified in plants. Herbicide resistance genes were isolated for several herbicides of different modes of action. Genes that coded for herbicide target or detoxification enzymes were transferred into crop plants. The transgenic plants expressing these genes were tolerant of the active ingredients of herbicides. Before commercialization, the transgenic plants were tested in the field for risk assessment. In the case of crops with herbicide detoxification enzymes, including cytochrome-P450-species-metabolizing xenobiotics, the substrate specificity of the enzymes as well as the toxicological properties of the herbicide metabolites and the pattern of secondary metabolites in plants must be evaluated. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
This review incorporates a brief introduction to methods for the analysis of dithiocarbamate pesticides followed by a more detailed discussion of individual methods. Determination of dithiocarbamate residues from foodstuffs, water and commercial samples and in various environmental samples using different techniques is a key feature. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
Omphalotin A, a cyclic dodecapeptide produced by submerged cultures of the basidiomycete Omphalotus olearius, exhibited in-vitro and in-vivo nematicidal activity. Meloidogyne incognita was the most sensitive nematode. At 2.0 mg litre−1, 50% of the nematodes were dead after one hour. Heterodera schachtii, Radopholus similis and Pratylenchus penetrans were affected at higher concentrations. Incorporated into agar, the compound prevented infection of cucumber seedlings by M. incognita at concentrations of 1 mg litre−1 and higher. In glasshouse tests, complete protection of cucumbers and lettuce was achieved between 2.5 and 10 mg litre−1. No insecticidal activity was observed when Plutella xylostella, Phaedon cochleariae or Spodoptera frugiperda were fed material containing 4 g kg−1 of omphalotin A. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
The problems associated with the use of combinatorial chemistry in lead generation and optimization are discussed. A post-synthesis data evaluation process is described which can cope with large data sets from parallel synthesis effects. It relies on analysis of purity as well as on identification, and can efficiently limit compounds screened to manageable numbers. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
A held experiment was conducted to study the spatial and temporal distributions of (EZ)-1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) in the soil and effects on pest control efficacy. An emulsifiable concentrate formulation of 1,3-D (Telone EC) was applied with drip irrigation at 47 kg AI ha(-1) to two different depths (2.5 and 20.3 cm, respectively). Comparisons were made between the two drip treatments and a direct shank injection of 1,3-D (Telone II) at 112 kg AI ha(-1). Concentrations of 1,3-D in soil air were measured at several locations over time to determine the spatial and temporal characteristics, and to calculate the concentration-time index (CT). Citrus nematodes (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) were placed in the fumigated soil at 25 am depth and their mortality rates were compared to the calculated CT. Distributions of 1,3-D were found to be relatively uniform in both the drip irrigation and the shank injection treatment. An application rate of 47 kg ha(-1) with drip irrigation was sufficient to achieve significant concentration levels in soil beds. Applying 1,3-D with direct shank injection at 112 kg ha(-1) extended the measurable concentration levels to the furrows between the soil beds and to a depth of Im below the soil surface, Effective control of T, semipenetrans was achieved with both the drip irrigation and the shank injection. A threshold soil 1,3-D CT value of 12 mu g h cm(-3) was needed to reach a 100% efficacy for T. semipenetrans. The study indicates that 1,3-D fumigation may be carried out with drip irrigation at very low rate, and a CT index may be derived to aid in the determination of a minimum effective dosage. (C) 1999 Society of Chemical Industry.
Plant cell cultures have been used to study the metabolic degradation of 4-amino-5-methyl-2-(tert-butylaminocarbonyl)-1,2,4-triazolin-3-one. The biochemical basis of selectivity was shown to reside in effective metabolic conjugation. The herbicide was eliminated from cell cultures of beet (which is tolerant to it) by conjugation (N-glycolisation), but this occured to only a limited extent with cell cultures of non-target plants such as soybean.
The fate of famoxadone [Famoxate®, 3-anilino-5-methyl-5-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione] in the aquatic and soil environment was examined. It was found to be relatively stable at pH 5, but hydrolysed rapidly in pH 7 and 9 buffer solutions. Primary hydrolytic degradation reactions included the opening of the oxazolidinedione ring and the cleavage of the oxazolidinedione-aminophenyl linkage. The compound degraded rapidly in soil by both hydrolytic and microbial action. In addition to the generation of [14C] carbon dioxide and unextractable bound residues, hydroxylation and hydrolysis reactions occurred to yield multiple degradation products. Nitration of famoxadone at the 2- or 4-phenylamino position was observed as a novel non-biological degradation reaction of famoxadone in soil. Degradation in aqueous solution (pH 5) and on soil surfaces was accelerated under simulated sunlight irradiation. Famoxadone exhibited negligible soil mobility potential, and its primary degradation products were also shown to dissipate rapidly in the environment.
Pesticide ScienceVolume 55, Issue 2 p. 215-217 Extended Summary Isotope-edited nuclear magnetic resonance: novel methodologies for investigating metabolism Janice K Gard, Corresponding Author Monsanto Company, 800 N Lindbergh Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63167 USAMonsanto Company, 800 N Lindbergh Blvd, St. Louis MO 63167, USASearch for more papers by this authorWilliam C Hutton, Monsanto Company, 800 N Lindbergh Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63167 USASearch for more papers by this authorJeanette A Baker, Archer Daniels Midland Company, Lakeview Technical Center, Decatur, IL 62521 USASearch for more papers by this authorRK Singh, Monsanto Company, 800 N Lindbergh Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63167 USASearch for more papers by this authorPaul CC Feng, Monsanto Company, 800 N Lindbergh Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63167 USASearch for more papers by this author Janice K Gard, Corresponding Author Monsanto Company, 800 N Lindbergh Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63167 USAMonsanto Company, 800 N Lindbergh Blvd, St. Louis MO 63167, USASearch for more papers by this authorWilliam C Hutton, Monsanto Company, 800 N Lindbergh Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63167 USASearch for more papers by this authorJeanette A Baker, Archer Daniels Midland Company, Lakeview Technical Center, Decatur, IL 62521 USASearch for more papers by this authorRK Singh, Monsanto Company, 800 N Lindbergh Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63167 USASearch for more papers by this authorPaul CC Feng, Monsanto Company, 800 N Lindbergh Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63167 USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 26 March 1999 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199902)55:2<215::AID-PS876>3.0.CO;2-ICitations: 4AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract While the use of NMR and stable isotopes in metabolism studies is hardly new, it is only recently that isotope-edited NMR spectroscopy has been applied in kinetic studies of glyphosate metabolism of soil microbes. NMR can detect multiple species simultaneously and non-destructively, yielding valuable information on structural identification of metabolites. Triple Resonance Isotope EDited spectroscopy (TRIED), [2H]NMR, and [2H–13C] INEPT (Insensitive Nucleus Enhancement through Polarization Transfer) are three isotope-edited techniques which have been used in combination to examine the microbial degradation of glyphosate (N-phosphonomethylglycine). Using 13C- and 15N-labeled glyphosate, TRIED can detect multiple metabolites in crude matrices at submicrogram levels, an improvement over earlier techniques where milligrams were needed. It can detect 500 nanograms of 13C–15N-labeled compound in a crude sample (1 : 1400 mass ratio), only a few hours work being required. [2H]NMR and [2H–13C]INEPT were also used as complementary techniques to further examine metabolites whose 13C–15N bond has been cleaved. The three-isotope-edited methods produced results consistent with both radioactivity and HPLC analyses. Accordingly, we are able to detect minute levels of metabolites in the presence of complex mixtures, minimizing the costs and time of sample purification. ©1999 Society of Chemical Industry Citing Literature Volume55, Issue2February 1999Pages 215-217 RelatedInformation
Hairy root cultures have been derived from neem (Azadirachta indica A Juss, Family Meliacceae) using Agrobacterium rhizogenes and have been studied for the production of compounds with antifeedant effects on insects. Six-week-old hairy root cultures were extracted, and HPLC yielded fractions ranging from polar to non-polar compounds. High antifeedancy levels against the desert locust were observed in fractions(F) 2, 3 and 4 whilst F1 and F5 were not significantly antifeedant. Interestingly F3 did not contain any of the well-known neem chemicals while F2 contained azadirachtin and 3-tigloylazadirachtol and F4 nimbin and salannin. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
Ilicicolins D, E, F, dechloroilicicolin D, ascofuranone and arthrichitin were isolated from the fermentation broth of Nectria sp (HIL Y 90 3333). The ilicicolins showed good fungicidal activity in planta.
The impaction and retention behavior of low-velocity (below 3 m s−1) monosize droplets (100–1000 μm diameter) containing either water or aqueous surfactant solutions was examined on wettable and water-repellant leaf surfaces using a high magnification video system. Mapping of bounce trajectories provided a history of droplet behaviour from first impact to final retention on, or escape from, a leaf, and yielded velocity thresholds for capture or bounce following impact of any droplet. Water droplets were captured on water-repellant leaves only when their pre-impact velocity fell below 0.25 m s−1, so that even small (120 μm) low-velocity (0.57 m s−1) droplets bounced between two and six times before finally being retained. Surfactant addition invariably reduced the number of bounces between first impact and retention, and increased the velocity threshold for capture following impact. The physical parameters of droplets, as expressed by Reynolds (Re) and Weber (We) numbers, are discussed and the trajectory data shown to generate two relationships between Re and We which define the transition from capture to bounce following impact. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
The photolytic behaviour of the insecticide imidacloprid on the surface of tomato leaves as a result of exposure to natural sunlight was investigated. Photodegradation in sunlight was rapid and the degradation products (⩾10%) were similar to those found in plant degradation studies.
CGA 293′343 is a novel broad-spectrum insecticide currently under world-wide development by Novartis Crop Protection. CGA 293′343 belongs to a new class of highly active compounds – the neonicotinoids – and provides excellent control of a wide variety of commercially important pests. It possesses contact, stomach and systemic activity. The long-lasting residual effect is a special benefit of this compound. In general, CGA 293′343 shows biological activity in the laboratory equal to or better than the neonicotinoids so far introduced to the market. Synthetic aspects, structure–activity relationships and the biological profile are discussed. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
Annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) is a widespread and important weed of Australia and populations of this weed have developed resistance to most major herbicides, including glyphosate. The possible mechanisms of resistance have been examined in one glyphosate-resistant Lolium population. No major differences were observed between resistant and susceptible biotypes in respect of (i) the target enzyme (EPSP synthase), (ii) DAHP synthase, the first enzyme of the target (shikimate) pathway, (iii) absorption of glyphosate, or (iv) translocation. Following treatment with glyphosate, there was greater accumulation of shikimate (derived from shikimate-3-Pi) in susceptible than in resistant plants. In addition, the resistant population exhibited cross-resistance to 2-hydroxy-3-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl phosphonate, a herbicide which, although structurally similar to glyphosate, acts at an unrelated target site. On the basis of these observations we speculate that movement of glyphosate to its site of action in the plastid is involved in the resistance mechanism. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
Pesticide ScienceVolume 55, Issue 4 p. 494-497 Extended Summary Insecticidal natural products: new rocaglamide derivatives from Aglaia roxburghiana† Louis-Pierre Molleyres, Corresponding Author Louis-Pierre Molleyres louis-pierre.molleyres@cp.novartis.com Novartis Crop Protection AG, PO Box 4002 Basel, SwitzerlandNovartis Crop Protection AG, PO Box 4002 Basel, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this authorAlfred Rindlisbacher, Alfred Rindlisbacher Novartis Crop Protection AG, PO Box 4002 Basel, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this authorTammo Winkler, Tammo Winkler Novartis Crop Protection AG, PO Box 4002 Basel, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this authorVijaya Kumar, Vijaya Kumar University of Peradeniya, Sri LankaSearch for more papers by this author Louis-Pierre Molleyres, Corresponding Author Louis-Pierre Molleyres louis-pierre.molleyres@cp.novartis.com Novartis Crop Protection AG, PO Box 4002 Basel, SwitzerlandNovartis Crop Protection AG, PO Box 4002 Basel, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this authorAlfred Rindlisbacher, Alfred Rindlisbacher Novartis Crop Protection AG, PO Box 4002 Basel, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this authorTammo Winkler, Tammo Winkler Novartis Crop Protection AG, PO Box 4002 Basel, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this authorVijaya Kumar, Vijaya Kumar University of Peradeniya, Sri LankaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 12 June 2000 https://doi.org/10.1002/1096-9063(199904)55:4<494::AID-PS945>3.0.CO;2-PCitations: 9 † The following are Extended Summaries based on material from poster presentations at the 9th International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry, organised by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and held in London, UK, 2–7 August 1998. They are entirely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Editorial Board of Pesticide Science. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract An Erratum for this article has been published in Pest Management Science 56(5) 493 (2000). In the course of the screening for novel, naturally occurring pesticides from the plant family Meliaceae, an extract of the stem bark of Aglaia roxburghiana was found to exhibit significant insecticidal activity. In addition to rocaglamide, a known insecticide isolated from several species of the genus Aglaia, 15 new natural products were isolated from this plant. Isolation and structure elucidation of the natural products is described. The outstanding insecticidal activities of some of the compounds as well as a structure–activity relationship study are presented. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry Citing Literature Volume55, Issue4April 1999Pages 494-497 RelatedInformation
Carpropamid (WIN(R), KTU 3616) provides good control of leaf and panicle blast by 'one-shot' nursery-box treatment. It inhibits melanin biosynthesis in appressorial cells of Pyricularia oryzae, making them hyaline. Penetration by infection hyphae from the hyaline appressoria into rice epidermal cells is substantially hindered. In addition, the spread of rice blast spores from primary lesions to the other parts of the plant leading to secondary infection is largely prevented when the plants are treated with carpropamid by spray or water surface application. Secondary infection was simulated in a glass chamber fitted with an ultrasonic humidifier. On treated plants, many blast spores formed in the lesions, but the number of air spora that were dispersed from the lesions decreased significantly. A similar suppression of the spore liberation was observed in vitro when lesions on rice leaf segments, or discs from Pyricularia cultures on oatmeal agar were treated with the chemical. Spores from treated lesions or from the cultures on oatmeal agar amended with the chemical germinated normally and produced well-melanized appressoria on cellophane membranes. In addition, the spores proved to be fully pathogenic towards rice seedlings, producing normal disease symptoms. These results strongly suggest that carpropamid reduces the secondary infection of rice by Pyricularia by specifically hindering spore liberation. (C) 1999 Society of Chemical Industry.
The new benzenesulfonylurea K-11451, an α-hydroxy-β-fluoropropyl- compound, applied at 3–9 g ha −1, controlled annual and perennial weeds grown in submerged paddy soil under greenhouse conditions. It effectively controlled barnyardgrass at growth stages varying from pre-emergence to the five-leaf stage. The compound inhibited acetolactate synthase, I50 values for the enzyme isolated from barnyardgrass and rice being 56 and 67 nM, respectively. K-11451 inhibited the growth of rice when it was transplanted at a shallow depth (0–1 cm) and water leaching from the paddy soil was high (3–5 cm per day). With a water depth of 3 cm, the compound appeared to move readily down into the paddy soil and had the relatively short half-life of 15.2 days under submerged paddy conditions. A mixture of K-11451 + mefenecet + daimuron (9 + 250 + 250 g ha−1) controlled almost all weeds in the paddy field without injury to rice, so that the combination could be used as a ‘one-shot’ herbicide in rice culture.
The fate and comparative metabolism of famoxadone in fish, plants and animals were evaluated. Famoxadone residues were retained by the fish after exposure (BCF 2800), mainly in the viscera; however, rapid and complete elimination/depuration of the absorbed residues occurred within seven days after the exposed fish were placed in untreated water. Minimal absorption, translocation, and metabolism of famoxadone were observed in grape and potato plants after foliar treatment. Metabolism of famoxadone in the wheat plants, rats, goats, and poultry was extensive. Transfer of 14C-residues to the wheat grain, milk, eggs, organs and tissues was minimal. Common metabolic reactions of famoxadone in plants and animals include aryl hydroxylation, cleavage of the anilino-oxazolidinedione and phenoxy-phenyl ether linkages, opening of the oxazolidinedione ring and conjugation.
As part of a continuing study of factors influencing the development of pesticide resistance in insects, two new cytochrome P450s of the CYP6 family have been identified.
