Background and Objective: The guaranteed and controlled load servicesʼ provisioning of, the present Internet operates on the principle of admission control, in which a flow is set-up that conforms to IETFʼs (Internet Engineering Task Forceʼs) T-SPEC or traffic specification.A parameter of this specification is the flowʼs sustainable rate.Similarly, the Committed Information Rate (CIR) is one of the parameters defined by Carrier Ethernet or Transport Ethernet servicesʼ providers in their Bandwidth Profiles, for billing for bandwidth usage and engineering network resources.Presently, no practically known method(s) or formula(s) for determining a flowʼs sustainable rate or CIR exists.This study describes the derivation of one such formula.Methodology: An empirical, practically utilizable formula for calculating the average rate of any data communicationsʼ traffic flow was derived and a numerical example to illustrate the application of the formula was given.Results: Numerically obtained values showed that, for the same maximum delay, the longer the distance between the source and destination of a flow, the higher the average rate that should be specified for the flow; the higher the maximum delay, the smaller the average rate that should be specified: Both are physically realistic situations.Conclusion: The formula is quite simple for practical applications.With it, Applications can communicate average ratesʼ values that should be provisioned for, by nodes on the paths of the flows to the different destinations.
Background and Objective: Many determinant factors are behind the adoption of geographic information technologies (GIT).In that sense institutions must evaluate and analyze these factors before deciding to operate with these technologies.The study seeks to investigate the drivers behind the adoption of GIT at two stages (intention and adoption) applied to a Mozambique context.Materials and Methods: Data were collected from 110 institutions belonging to Mozambique institutions.The data were analyzed by employing partial least square (PLS) and relevant hypotheses were derived and tested.The research model was estimated using Smart PLS 2.0 M3 software.Results: The results suggested that technology competence, security, competitive pressure are important drivers to explain the intention to adopt GIT.Financial concerns, government policies, donor pressure and intention to adopt are important drivers to explain adoption of GIT.The donor pressure is the only driver that is statistically significant in both intention and adoption of GIT.Conclusion: The findings offer valuable insights to managerial and decision makers in institutions.The combination of three theories, diffusion of innovation theory, technology organization and environment framework and the policy context add value to the research in a holistic approach.
The literature survey typically predicated sharp growth for IP-based video traffic i.e., 30 video traffic growth rate is expected to rise 80 rates of video traffic will account for a large portion of the bandwidth. The performance of video-on-demand system during real-time data streaming greatly depends on the session oriented data-storage finding in the mass scale distributed storage architecture. At the storage end, data is broken up into manageable chunks of data packets, which could be smoothly, deliver over the Internet. The objective of this study was to present the necessity of traffic control and traffic analysis methodology in the video on demand system to minimize the hop count for finding exact media storage to retrieve video chunk data.
It is increasingly difficult to ensure the sharing of secret information due to uncontrolled technology explosion.In particular, the field of communication engineering has undergone a phenomenal innovation and expansion.At the same time disruptive innovation has grown significantly posing threats to all the positive innovations.On gaining information via wireless systems, intruders can get around firewalls and initiate denial of service over the networks and abuse the confidentiality of legal users.Strong encryption algorithms should be designed in order to protect the perceptive information that can be transmitted between wireless devices without interception.This has paved the way for extensive research in the field of information security to mainly detect and correct datum sabotage.In this context, development of wireless systems with inbuilt security layer can be an acceptable solution against any kind of disruptive innovation.Hence, this review study focuses on integrating schemes like OFDM, CDMA and MC-CDMA with steganography and image encryption techniques to develop wireless systems with inbuilt information security feature.
Background: The growth in the field of communication has enabled the people at miles apart to communicate easily.Once the online sharing of information is made possible.It is necessary to ensure about the security of the information that is shared.Materials and Methods: In this study, three levels of encryption process has been carried out.Quantum Key Distribution(QKD) with bit XOR forms the first level of encryption.Flipping and swapping of the ciphered block images were done using quantum walk principle forms the second and the third level of encryption.Results and Discussion: To prove the robustness of the proposed scheme, image encryption metrices like horizontal, vertical, diagonal correlations, No. of Pixel Change Rate (NPCR), Unified Average Changing Intensity(UACI) were estimated and compared with the available literature.Conclusion: The QKD and quantum walks forms the basic level of image encryption and offers NPCR 99.68 and UACI of 30.50.Flipping, swapping and bit XOR of the ciphered block images were done.To verify the robustness of the proposed method and the values are found to be better.
The real-time system should guarantee that all critical timing constraints will be met in advance. Many distributed systems such as a cloud environment have a nondeterministic structure and it would cause a serious problem for real time, but the user can access a large number of shared resources. Also launching a new resource in the IaaS layer of a Cloud is not instantaneous. Prediction model, risk management in PaaS and monitoring in IaaS are the most important parts that a real-time system should have because they must face a challenge in understanding the system and the behavior of workload completely. The results of analyzing, monitoring and prediction have serious impacts on system reaction. Understanding the workload is an important challenge in all systems and they use different models to identify the types or predict changes over the time. A prediction model must have the ability to produce and shape the pattern of workloads with low overhead. In this study, we propose an enhancement for profiling process with continues Markov chain to make hosts deterministic for users. The effectiveness and the accuracy of the proposed model measured in the evolution part. Also, the number of the failed tasks counted in this new model to show how proposed model is successful.
Background and Objective: Inspecting all packets to detect intrusions faces challenges when coping with a high volume of traffic.Packet-based detection processes every payload on the wire, which degrades the performance of intrusion-detection systems.This issue requires the introduction of a flow-based IDS approach that reduces the amount of data to be processed by examining aggregated information of related packets in the form of flow.However, flow-based detection still suffers from the generation of false positive alerts due to lack of completed data input.This study proposed a model to improve packet-based performance and reduce flow-based false positive rate by combining flow-based with packet-based detection to compensate for their mutual shortcomings.This proposed model is named as conditional hybrid intrusion detection.Materials and Methods: In this model, only malicious flows marked by flow-based must be further analyzed by packet-based detection.For packet-based detection to communicate with flow-based detection, input framework approach was used.To evaluate the proposed detection methods, public datasets were replayed in different traffic rates into both the proposed method and default Bro implementations in a testbed controlled environment.Results: Experimental evaluation shows that the proposed approach was able to detect all infected hosts reported and corresponding datasets.At 200 Mbps rate, proposed approach can save 50.6% of memory and 18.1% of CPU usage compared with default Bro packet-based detection. Experiments demonstrated that the default Bro packet-based can handle bandwidth up to 100 Mbps without packets drop, while 200 Mbps in the proposed approach. Conclusion: Experimental evaluation showed that the proposed model gains a significant performance improvement, in term of resource consumption and packet drop rate compared with a default Bro packet-based detection implementation.The proposed approach can mitigate the false positive rate of flow-based detection and reduce the resource consumption of packet-based detection, while preserving detection accuracy.This study can be considered as skeleton model to be applied for intrusion or monitoring detection systems.
Background: In current years, numerous algorithms of image encryption were considered and developed through diffusion and confusion, to secure the image against hackers.Materials and Methods: In this study a novel idea is proposed to encrypt and decrypt an image.Here two levels of encryption are used.In the first level the plane encryption is done, due to this there will be an absolute changes in the bits of each plane and in the second level the pixel encryption is done because of this the pixel values are changed.All these things makes harder to decrypt the image by the hackers in the channel.Results: The number of pixel change rate (NPCR) and Unified Average Changing Intensity (UACI) values are calculated to test the randomness of the encrypted images.Horizontal, vertical and diagonal correlations are tested to find the relationship between two adjacent pixels.To compare the pixel distribution of original and encrypted image histograms are plotted.Conclusion: The statistical analysis of data obtained from the results based on the proposed technique can offer a greater quality of information transmission security.
Software production research is quickly evolving on two parallel approaches: conventional and bio-inspired. The bio-inspired approaches are generally developed and presented as enhancements of the conventional ones. However the conventional approaches benefit from their integration with their global context, through software engineering methodologies, for being advantageous.The integration of bio-inspired approaches with bio-inspired software engineering methodologies will enrich them and let them be irrefutably be the best. This paper identify the motivations to the emergence of such bio-inspired software engineering, presents a first approach to it, with a road map, and some of its challenges.The application of this first approach on different software systems categories is presented with its summary evaluation. However, the evaluation on industrial scale remains a challenge.
Background: A huge reliance on computer usage in everyday life leads to the continuous increase of large data applications in the form of textual data.The data are reposited to produce meaningful information.Therefore, databases become a backbone in most application software for organizing data into structured form.The structured information provides users with comprehensible knowledge.However, dealing with a large amount of textual data leads to two basic issues; insufficient query processing performance and inaccurate information retrieval.Attempts have been made to resolve both issues by database clustering techniques and textual document clustering.Nevertheless, most of the attempts require several stages of tedious programming scripts in constructing software applications that are external to databases.Materials and Methods: Therefore, this study proposes a Textual Virtual Schema Model (TVSM) to structure extracted textual data, while performing automatic column based information clustering in the internal structure of a relational database.Furthermore, a similarity measurement method is introduced to obtain high accuracy data clusters.An experiment has been conducted on textual Reutersʼs corpus, WAP and classic dataset.Then, the clustering results are validated by measuring F-measure, entropy and purity.Results: The results show linkages between structured textual data and unstructured information, high performance of query processing and time improvement in document clustering with accurate clusters.Conclusion: This model envisages a beneficial and useful approach for various domains that involves a large amount of textual data such as document clustering, topic detecting and tracking, document summarization, personal data management and information retrieval.
Nigeria is among the top ten nations of the world that is endowed and blessed with oil and gas. However, the oil and gas industry has contributed a lot in generating revenue to the country but unfortunately that has not impacted much to the social and structural developments of the people in Nigeria. Level of poverty increased which led to high rates of crime and criminal behaviors like petroleum pipeline vandalism that is common in the oil communities in delta state of Nigeria. This type of crime is mostly committed by the jobless youth who are looking for alternative means to success. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential use of Geographic Information System (GIS) as a strategic tool for oil and gas industry for controlling pipeline vandalization in the oil communities of Oviri in delta state of Nigeria. The analysis used includes hotspot analysis, kernel density analysis and proximity analysis. The results of this study proven that GIS can be used as a strategic tool for oil and gas industry as well as it can be a useful tool for decision makers to plan, control and monitor the pipeline vandalism in Nigeria.
Monitoring and managing data from a remote asset to optimize maintenance and operation schedules using wireless communication have received more attention recently than before. Meanwhile, the rapid development of global system for mobile communication (GSM) systems makes communicating parties more vulnerable than ever to security attacks. The weaknesses in GSM security, such as flaws in implementation and cryptography algorithms, still need additional improvements and investigation to enhance the system performance in terms of security, cost and power consumption. In this study, a new security system design for securing GSM messaging with a lightweight PRINCE algorithm Intellectual Property (IP) Core using Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) is proposed. An energy and cost-efficient implementation of PRINCE algorithm implemented in an environment of a microprocessor system using XILINX FPGA board is developed. A complete microprocessor system is designed consisting of MicroBlaze processor, memory, serial communication and a PRINCE IP Core that can be contained in a single XILINX VIRTEX chip. The system can cipher the data using PRINCE algorithm on a VIRTEX-403 FPGA evaluation board and using GSM modems to communicate over a cellular network. Results show that the proposed design achieves a high speed of 31.765 MHz with a throughput of 2.032 Gbps at a low power consumption of 0.165 W and an efficiency of 2.126 Mbps per slice.
Background and Objective: There is a continuous increase in the use of multimedia contents that requires improvement in image compression methods.The main objective of this study is to present an improved Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) compression method based on Revised Run Length Encoding (RRLE).Materials and Methods: The study was mainly based on reversible encoding techniques, Run Length Encoding (RLE) in JPEG and Optimized Run Length Encoding (ORLE) techniques.In RRLE, encoded data consisted of two sets namely the data set and head set.The data set comprises of a series of run or level values while the head set consists of a series of bits to represent whether corresponding item in the data set was run or level.Results: The problem of redundancy in representation of run of zeros associated with RLE and Optimized Run Length Encoding (ORLE) techniques were overcome in this technique.The revised run length encoding algorithm represented the run and level as individual items instead of pair and used the status bits to differentiate them.Conclusion: This study showed the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in improving the compression rate as compared with RLE and ORLE.It was found that RRLE offered considerable improvement both in the compression rate and efficiency for the encoding process.This was mainly due to the elimination of the redundancy in the representation of run of zeros.
Background: Pseudo random number generation is an algorithm for generating a stream of numbers as having the appearance of randomness.Random numbers are essential for many applications, including simulations, cryptography and random sampling.In this study, a model of Linear Feedback Shift Register is implemented in Verilog language using Xilinx software.The simulation results demonstrate that it is possible to generate a perfect random sequence.Materials and Methods: Practically, Verilog language is used in order to implement the LFSR and generate a random sequence.Verilog has a random number generator within it but it is permitted to only test benches.In Verilog, some modules will be written such as for flip-flops and multiplexer.In this study, a module naming LFSR is created using different parameters including clock, reset, load, input/seed, etc. Results: Simulation results show the outputs of the LFSR in the software.Xilinx ISE design suite system for the simulation of the Verilog code of the LFSR is used.The sequences are generated from the operations performed by Mux and flip-flop and the feedback too.Conclusion: The LFSR model is implemented in Verilog language using Xilinx software considering suitable time factor, inputs and clock signals.A perfect random sequences and synthesis of implemented model are generated.
Development in information technology increased the demand of the electronics-commerce business for faster delivery with reduction in the cost.The major challenging task in the development of E-commerce system is the security at the user-end for web transaction.This study analyzed the security algorithms using intrusion detection.Further adaption in the technologies needs continuous monitoring of intrusion detection and hence, comparative analysis of adaptive artificial intelligent techniques based intrusion detection algorithms presented in this study.
Background: Memory management with dynamic allocation one of the most complex problems for software managed environment.Memory leak problem usually appear with long running information server applications.Materials and Methods: Garbage collectors is an effective tool to manage memory leak but only when the amount of lost storage is bounded.It has been shown that application performance with garbage collector is highly dependent on the application behavior and resource availability.Meanwhile, the PageRank algorithm is a widely used scoring function of networks in general and of the World Wide Web graph in particular.Current approaches rarely considered the application specific methodology to handle the memory management problem.Results: In this study, we focused on decreasing the memory leak for large-scale information systems running on servers.An approach proposed to apply adaptive calling of garbage collector within the methods relevant to memory leak during the application running, where PageRank algorithm is adjusted to estimate the importance of each method.Conclusion: Java benchmark tool "DaCapo" has been used to test and compare the memory and processing time before and after applying the adjusted algorithm, which showed the memory leak ration is successfully decreased with minor effect on processing time.
Over the years, Information technology has become the backbone of businesses to the point, where it would be impossible for many to function (let alone succeed) without it. As a result of its increasing role in the enterprise, the Information Technology function is changing, morphing from a technology provider into a Strategic partner. In every organization, the application and portfolios are becoming increasingly interconnected and dependent on one other, when one is changed-the risk is high for a detrimental impact to the end user services provided by another application. And also, within the Information technology the development and operation teams that deliver and support the mixture of heterogeneous technology applications are distributed, increasingly outsourced to technology partners and the complexity is growing. The aim of the research is to address the raising challenges between business requirement and Information technology i.e., development and operations-the need for release management is crucial. Release Management acts as a bridge between development and operation teams and responsible for driving the release train from planning to deployment ensuring high quality on-schedule releases meeting the business demand. This study explains in detail about the effectively setting up the enterprise release management function and a survey about the importance of release function by interviewing the Information Technology experts around the globe and it is understood that Release management acts as a coordinator to improve the collaboration between disparate team through the strong policies, process and governance. This study also describes the benefits realized through the implementation of a formal release management discipline in major Canada based agriculture financial institution, which improved the quality of its IT release delivery.
As there are formations there will also be every possible ways to obstruct the growth or to destruct the grown.So the world filled with technologies needs improvisation at every stride of its way to be reached out.This is more predominant when it comes to the plight of communication a major surface without which life has become a nihility.There is always a thrive to overcome the security attack and every time produce a next step ahead technology to avoid invaders via communication.And in such way boomed a technology called cryptography, where different encryption techniques emerged with their own specialities in safeguarding the essential data from out the window access.Here in this paper a combo of two techniques namely Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid (DNA) encryption and famous rule set encryption have been proposed for various Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) images.This encryption technique has proven good results when checked with their correlations, Number of Pixels Change Rate (NPCR), information entropy and histogram analysis.
Underwater images normally suffer from absorption and scattering effects of the light due to the oceanic environment.The key challenge in underwater imaging is object recognition due to the turbidity in water.Remotely operated vehicles provide artificial light which illuminates in a non-uniform way, resulting in poor visibility of underwater images.Contrast plays a major role in object recognition.Traditional methods deal with global information of an image and hence often does not achieve a good contrast enhancement.Underwater image characteristics are tentative and often change.Hence, there is a pressing need for adaptive algorithms in this area.Adaptive contrast enhancement algorithms based on the image fuzziness have been proposed for underwater images with varying contrast.Performance metrics like Peak Signal Noise Ratio (PSNR), Contrast to Noise Ratio (CNR), Absolute Mean Brightness Error (AMBE) and Image Enhancement Metric (IEM) are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm.Fuzzy edge retained amplification method provides enhancement with well-preserved edge information and improved contrast, when compared to the fuzzy amplification method.The proposed algorithm was able to achieve a better contrast for images that had 20% contrast with an AMBE of 36.57,IEM of 9.620, CNR of 11.39.
