The development of large-scale energy storage systems based on the mature technology of lithium-ion batteries is hampered by the high cost of lithium. Therefore, analogous technologies based on other alkali metals (sodium and potassium) are being developed. Among various types of negative electrode (anode) materials for such batteries, carbon materials are most promising; in particular, hard carbon is of most interest. The present review addresses the current state of research on the structure, composition and properties of this type of material and gives analysis of methods of its preparation and investigation. Description of the microstructure of hard carbon is a highly ambiguous and challenging problem; therefore, the review pays special attention to various microstructural models. In addition, the methods of synthesis are systematized and the results of studies of the physicochemical properties of hard carbon are analyzed. The correlations between the preparation method, characteristics and electrochemical properties in metal-ion batteries are identified. A large array of results of electrochemical studies is considered, the views on the mechanisms of electrochemical interactions of Na+ and K+ cations with hard carbon are systematized, and the currently existing contradictions in various models of the interaction mechanisms are shown. Bibliography — 247 references.
Мембранное газоразделение с использованием полимерных мембран является одной из быстроразвивающихся энергосберегающих технологий. В обзоре описан круг задач мембранного газоразделения и показана актуальность применения мембранных методов для их решения, раскрыты основные понятия и закономерности диффузионного переноса газов, принципы и характеристики мембранного газоразделения, рассмотрены основные физико-химические закономерности такого выбора, связанные как со свойствами системы газ-полимер, так и со структурой и физическими свойствами полимеров. На основании рассмотренных закономерностей, сведенных в рамках единого подхода, обоснованы принципы выбора как промышленных, так и перспективных полимерных материалов для таких важных задач газоразделения как разделение компонентов воздуха, выделение углекислого газа, водорода и гелия из природных и промышленных газовых смесей, разделение смеси азота и метана. Продемонстрированы направления развития мембранного материаловедения для решения каждой из указанных задач мембранного газоразделения. Обзор предназначен для специалистов в области синтеза и физики полимеров для планирования направлений работ и оценки возможности применения полимерных материалов к различным практическим газоразделительным задачам, специалистам в области мембранного материаловедения и мембранной технологии.
Обобщены и систематизированы литературные данные о результатах исследования антибактериальной и противогрибковой активности комплексов палладия с органическими лигандами, опубликованные за последние три года. Приведены структуры стабильных комплексных соединений различного типа. Учитывая огромное структурное разнообразие анализируемого материала, классификация проведена с точки зрения природы донорных центров исходных лигандов. Отдельно выделена группа фталоцианиновых комплексов палладия для фотодинамической терапии. Заключительный раздел посвящен комплексам палладия с терпеновыми лигандами, составляющих научный интерес авторов обзора. Библиография — 97 ссылок.
Широко применяемая в медицинской практике химиотерапия использованиям цисплатина и его аналогов связана с большим количеством побочных эффектов, вызванных неселективным лигандным обменом и связыванием препаратов с различными биомолекулами. Альтернативой классическим препаратам на основе Pt(II) являются пролекарства Pt(IV), представляющие собой препараты Pt(II), модифицированные аксиальными лигандами различной природы. К настоящему времени опубликовано большое количество исследований, посвящённых дизайну эффективных пролекарств Pt(IV), и некоторые из разработанных к настоящему моменту препаратов значительно превосходят в терапевтической эффективности применяемые в клинике цисплатин и карбоплатин. В настоящем обзоре мы обобщаем синтетические подходы к созданию пролекарств Pt(IV), уделяя внимание как реакциям окисления в химических средах, где соединения Pt(II) превращаются в соединения Pt(IV), так и модификации боковой цепи пролекарств. Вторая часть обзора посвящена биологической эффективности пролекарств Pt(IV), опубликованных с 2018-2023 годы, обсуждению соотношения структура–активность, а также сравнению различных подходов к дизайну эффективных пролекарств. Учитывая высокий мировой интерес к разработке новых эффективных пролекарств Pt(IV) для терапии злокачественных новообразований, высокое число публикаций по этой теме в научных журналах мирового уровня, а также отсутствие русскоязычных обзоров посвященных как синтезу, так и биологической активности пролекарств Pt(IV), мы полагаем что обзор по этой тематике будет интересен широкому кругу исследователей, интересующихся как органической, так и медицинской химией.
Обобщены литературные сведения по механохимическому синтезу галогенсодержащих органических соединений, полученные преимущественно за последние 10 лет. Обсуждены сложившиеся представления о методах активации механохимических реакций галоидирования органических соединений. Рассмотрены механохимические реакции фторирования, хлорирования, бромирования и иодирования. Особое внимание уделено механизмам реакций, проблеме селективности и рассмотрению механохимического метода как одного из перспективных направлений развития "зеленой химии". Обзор посвящен применению механохимии в органическом синтезе и не рассматривает фундаментальные основы механохимии. Библиография — 155 ссылок.
Экспериментальная и теоретическая химия 1,2,3,4-тетразинов активно развивается последние 20 лет. Всё возрастающий интерес к этому классу соединений связан с тем, что 1,2,3,4-тетразиновый цикл является перспективным строительным блоком для создания высокоэнергетических и физиологически активных веществ. В обзоре рассмотрены различные типы 1,2,3,4-тетразинов: полностью ненасыщенные неаннелированные тетразины и их N-оксиды; тетразины с заместителями при атомах азота; аннелированные тетразины с общим для двух гетероциклов атомом азота; 1,2,3,4-тетразин-1,3-диоксиды, аннелированные бензольным, пиридиновым, 1,2,3-триазольным и 1,2,5-оксадиазольным циклами, а также 1,2,3,4-тетразин-1,3-диоксид, аннелированный ещё одним 1,2,3,4-тетразин-1,3-диоксидным циклом. Обсуждаются методы синтеза и реакционная способность этих соединений, их кристаллографические особенности и спектральные характеристики, а также термическая стабильность. Также обсуждаются квантово-химические исследования 1,2,3,4-тетразинов. Рассмотрена перспектива применения 1,2,3,4-тетразинов в качестве энергоёмких веществ. Библиография — 192 ссылки.
The review discusses the complex properties of nickel and its role as a critical element for ensuring a confident transition to a new technological paradigm from fossil fuels in favor of using advanced electrochemical storage and energy conversion systems. The main classes of nickel-containing materials of the positive electrode (cathode) for metal-ion batteries are discussed, the place of nickel among other 3d-metals used in the industry of electrochemical energy storage is determined. The main methods and approaches for the synthesis of state-of-the-art and next generation cathode materials based on layered Ni-containing oxides are presented. The crystal and electronic structures of these materials, including their evolution in the process of (de)intercalation of alkali metal cations, are considered in the context of their electrochemical properties. The most acute problems facing modern materials science on the way to commercialization and industrial production of new generation highenergy density cathode materials are determined. At the end of the review, promising directions for the further development of nickelcontaining cathode materials are outlined. The bibliography includes 252 references.
Consumer demands for more sustainable approaches towards traditional food-related products made natural hydrocolloids a focus of the modern food industry. Featuring biocompatibility, availability and unique physicochemical properties, hydrocolloids are infiltrating the trending production of guilt-free food alternatives and biodegradable functional food packaging. Recent research has highlighted the challenges in creating these products, which can be solved by a deeper understanding of the interactions between the components of a complex hydrocolloid-based mixture. This review summarizes the applications of natural hydrocolloids as promising multifunctional materials for innovative technologies that prioritize safety and sustainability of food-related products. It also provides an overview of their features with a focus on the gelling behaviour and ways to improve the hydrocolloid matrix to produce the materials with the desired texture, smell, appearance and functional properties. The bibliographyincludes 563 references.
Additive manufacturing technologies (or 3D printing) have emerged as powerful tools for creating a diverse array of objects, promising a paradigm shift in production methodologies across industries. In chemistry, it allows the manufacturing of reactors with complex topology. However, the benefits of these technologies can be diminished by the use of suboptimal parameters or inferior materials, leading to defects that significantly degrade the quality and functionality of the resulting products. The formulation of effective preventive strategies remains hampered by an incomplete understanding of defect formation. Given this, our review provides a comprehensive exploration of defects that arise during the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) — one of the most prevalent 3D printing methods. The defects are systematically classified according to several key characteristics, including size, type, mode of occurrence, and location. Each common defect is discussed in detail, describing its external manifestation, root causes, the impact on the properties of printed parts, and potential preventive measures. Our findings unveil the complex interplay between material properties, printing parameters, and cooling dynamics in the defect formation process. This classification has significant practical relevance, providing a solid basis for the development of strategies to minimize defects and improve the quality of 3D printed products. It provides valuable insights for a wide audience, including researchers investigating chemical processes and additive manufacturing technologies, 3D printing engineers, 3D printer operators, and quality assurance engineers involved in production quality control. In addition, our review points the way forward for future research in this area. There is a crucial need for the development of advanced machine learning and artificial intelligence models that can predict defect formation based on given printing parameters and material properties. Future investigations should also focus on the discovery of novel materials and refining of printing parameters to achieve superior quality of FFF 3D printed products. This is the first review on defect analysis, classification, and prevention methods in 3D printing. This review serves as a cornerstone for these future advances, promoting a deeper understanding of defect formation and prevention in additive manufacturing.The bibliography includes 180 references .
Hydrogen has emerged as a major energy vector in the past few years; however, its storage and long-distance transportation remain the key challenges to its widespread use. Ammonia is considered to be a potential medium for hydrogen carrier and storage. Indeed, ammonia is more energy dense than hydrogen, easier to transport, and allows for a CO2-free alternative fuel that could be used in a variety of power generations system. In this regard, solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology stands out as the most promising one that directly converts ammonia into electricity with high efficiency. As SOFCs operate at high temperatures (> 600 degrees C), they do not require additional energy for external reforming and cracking of ammonia. In this paper, we critically review the experimental demonstration, major achievements, progress, and prospects in direct NH3-fueled SOFCs.
The review is devoted to the comparative consideration of the mechanisms of transformations of isoelectronic molecules of carbon(II) oxide and molecular nitrogen in reductive conversion processes. The similarities and differences in the activation of these molecules are demonstrated. Fundamentally and commercially relevant catalytic systems are described and parallels in their operation are shown as well. Promising trends in the search for new catalytic systems and processes are noted. Related molecules with similar reductive conversion processes are indicated. The bibliography includes 337 references.
Mitochondrial dysfunctions lead to the emergence and development of a large number of diseases. The present review gives the first systematic survey of various aspects of studies of mitochondria-targeted nanosystems containing triphenylphosphonium vector groups providing targeted delivery of drug substances to these organelles. Approaches to the design of components and various nanoparticles bearing these groups are summarized and analyzed. The relationship between the key parameters of triphenylphosphonium nanoparticles (chemical composition, size, shape, ζ-potential, drug loading, drug encapsulation efficiency, etc.) and the biological action is discussed; in some cases, the mechanism of mitochondria targeting is given. The design principles and preparation methods for mitochondria-targeted triphenylphosphonium delivery nanosystems are of interest to researchers in the field of nanomaterials, nanotechnology, molecular biology, biotechnology and pharmaceutical chemistry. The bibliography includes 243 references.
Published data on the influence of surface groups on various properties of disperse systems are integrated and analyzed. The preparation of these systems is considered in relation to activated carbon. The discussion addresses the effect of redox reactions of surface groups on the energy efficiency of electrochemical supercapacitors, operation of capacitive deionization units for water desalination, and functioning of redox capacitors based on organic monomers. It is shown that very high energy and power characteristics of lithium ion capacitors are based on the redox reactions of lithium-containing surface groups of highly dispersed graphene electrodes. The effect of surface groups on the self-discharge of electrochemical supercapacitors with activated carbon-based electrodes is demonstrated. The prospects for the production of drinking water by capacitive deionization using mosaic cation/anion exchange membranes are evaluated. The practically important inversion of sulfo groups relative to the polymer chain in the catalyst layers of fuel cells with proton exchange membranes is noted. The bibliography includes 181 references.
Research and development of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) are currently of paramount importance in terms of realizing hydrogen energy and carbon emission reduction programs, which many countries have committed to. Although, there are many outstanding results in the fabrication and characterization of SOFCs and SOECs with promising oxygen-ionic and proton-conducting electrolytes, conventional zirconia electrolytes are still widely used not only in a lab-scale setup, but also in the form of enlarged cells and stacks, with the experimental operation of the latter during 10 000–100 000 h. To ensure good performance stability and microstructural integrity of such multilayered cells, a special attention should be paid to the chemical activity of functional materials toward their interaction with each other, especially in long-term focus. The literature analysis has shown that many undesirable processes occur in SOFCs and SOECs with the classical pairs of zirconia electrolytes and strontium-containing electrodes, including element segregation and interdiffusion, insulating phase formation, microscopic defect appearance, and delamination. Some of these processes can be efficiently eliminated by using so-called interlayers designed from doped ceria materials. Due to their numerous beneficial functions, such interlayers have several synonymous names: blocking, barrier, buffer, or protecting layers. Herein, we review the recent progress and achievements in the fundamental and applied researches dealing with the ceria interlayers and their impact on chemistry and electrochemistry of solid oxide cells based on classical zirconia electrolytes as well as promising oxygen-ionic and proton-conducting analogs. The bibliography includes 405 references.
(1H-Pyrazolyl)pyridines are highly demanded ligands in coordination chemistry. Compounds of this class are analogues of 2,2'-bipyridine ligands. They possess a number of benefits such as ready availability and the ease of synthesis. They can function as bridging counter-ions because of deprotonation of the NH group. This review summarizes the general methods for the synthesis of pyrazole derivatives substituted with pyridine in position 1 or 3(5). The approaches to the preparation of (1H-pyrazolyl)pyridine ligands, arranged according to the type of coordination, are integrated and analyzed. The coordination compounds of various metals, including noble and coin metals, formed on the basis of these ligands, are described. It was shown that the structure of pyrazolylpyridine determines the photophysical and chemical properties of the metal complex. The results can be used to establish the functional ligand — structure of the complex — property relationships. The bibliography includes 119 references.
Herein is the first attempt to critically review the catalytic properties of peroxidase mimicking nanozymes. For this aim the main factors affecting nanoparticles activity are discussed, and the catalytic properties are normalized allowing true comparison of different nanomaterials. The highest catalytic activities in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) reduction have been recorded for nitrogen-coordinated iron atoms (FeN4, FeN5). However, the main disadvantages of metal/metal oxide as well as "single atom" nanozymes are their additional activities in oxygen reduction and H2O2 dismutation, impairing their application abilities. Nanoparticles catalytically synthesized from the most advantageous electrocatalyst (Prussian Blue) display enzymatic selectivity in addition to the highest catalytic activity. This may indicate simultaneous electron donation to H2O2 from different iron atoms. Accordingly, perspective synthesis of "single atom" nanozymes can be carried out considering bi-metallic (Fe–Fe like) structures in addition to the presently synthesized ones. The bibliography includes 121 references.
Microwave heating has gained considerable attention as a promising technology for the processing of ceramics, including materials used in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). This unique heating method utilizes the dielectric loss of materials in an electromagnetic field, offering advantages such as rapid heating rates and low energy consumption. This review focuses on the recent applications and developments of microwave technology specifically for cathodes, anodes, and electrolyte materials in SOFCs. A deeper understanding of the potential benefits and challenges associated with microwave sintering can be gained by investigating the effects of microwave treatment on these SOFC materials. The ultimate goal of the review is to provide valuable insights into microstructure control and performance enhancement in SOFC materials through the use of microwave technology. By highlighting the advances and discussing the underlying mechanisms, researchers and practitioners in the field can explore the potential of microwave processing as a viable option for optimizing SOFC materials and improving overall cell performance. The bibliography includes 106 references.
Lignin, one of the most abundant biopolymers on Earth, is a constant object of numerous fundamental and applied studies. Lignin processing is a challenging task of biorefining. Recent publications mainly concern various directions of valorization of technical lignins, as well as applications of lignin in medicine and pharmacology, 3D printing, synthesis of carbon fibres and biofuels. In the field of fundamental research, studies on lignin biosynthesis are of special attention. The review is devoted to the latest advances in the chemistry of lignin. The currently available data on the structure and biosynthesis of lignin are discussed. The trends in lignin valorization, such as pyrolysis and carbonation, production of composites, copolymers and nanoparticles, synthesis of practically valuable low-molecular-weight substances, production of hydro- and aerogels, etc., are analyzed in detail. It is noted that at present, the practical application of lignin is developing in two directions: valorization of technical lignins per se, without prior depolymerization, and valorization via low molecular weight compounds, mainly monomers, formed through lignin degradation by various methods.
The review addresses the applications of pyrroles and compounds based on them in pharmaceutics and various branches of technology in which pyrrole plays a key role. The emphasis is put on the studies that were not covered in the previous reviews. The second part of the review summarizes the published data of the last 15 years on the synthesis of pyrroles from widely encountered carbonyl compounds, which were chosen because of ready availability and the possibility of varying the substituents. This type of systematization is proposed for the first time. The bibliography includes 199 references. The bibliography includes 199 references
The review addresses the development of the methodology of single-atom catalysts ranging from single-site to single-atom alloy systems. The preparation and characterization of single-atom catalysts and their use in a number of key catalytic reactions, including alkyne hydrogenation, are considered. The possibility of fine tuning of the surface structure of single-atom alloy catalytic systems using the adsorbate-induced segregation is analyzed for the first time. The bibliography includes 312 references.
