The competitive global environment has been changing in the past three decades, but the pace of change accelerated in the past decade, while the nature of competition also transformed far beyond its previous pace. The transformation of global competition and eco-systems (Palmié et al. 2022) has not only intensified, but also the influence of the emerging newer competitive forces was not experienced before. Nearly all firms in general, and the smaller, younger and internationalized firms (iSMEs) in particular, are forced to examine their strategies in light of the ongoing developments and re-strategize. The highly influential forces are attributed mostly to at least five families of prominent developments that have, and are, qualitatively impacting consumer, and market behaviors globally. They include the following: (i) the rapid emergence of highly competitive institutions at the down of the Twenty-first Century (e.g., the rapid growth of the Multisided and Focussed Online Platforms (MSOPs and FOPS), the rapid formation, and increasing influence of the Competitive Industrial Arenas(CIAs); (ii) the technological evolution of the older, but ongoing, popular developments (e.g., The Internet of all things (IOTs), WWW 3.00 and 4.00, the emergence of Industry 4.0 (I4.0), and a host of other technological and information driven forces); (iii) the emergence, and rapid evolution of newer and advancing capabilities and technologies (e.g., Artificial Intelligence, Cloud Services, e-Commerce, Quantum computing, and Robotics); (iv) the rapid evolution and transformations in the competitive global eco-systems; and (v) corresponding change in the global markets’ socio-cultural and structural environment in favor of maintaining global growth and competitiveness. The combined impacts of the above unprecedented advancing and evolving developments have been influencing consumers’ and markets’ behaviors qualitatively requiring iSMEs to re-strategize to maintain their growth and survival in the past two to three decades. Consequently, the impact of continuing evolutionary change and transformations are affecting nearly all market-active agents, including the international firms to different extents, while iSMEs are affected even more deeply than others, which require their strategic re-orientation and re-strategizing as early as possible to survive. The aim of this article is, therefore, to focus on exploring how internationalized, or aspiring to internationalize, small and medium sized enterprises (iSMEs) facing the above forces of change needs to re-strategize to compete and grow in such rapidly evolving international market as quickly as possible, and also prepare to continually experiment with re-strategizing over time as the forces change in order to function optimally in such dynamic and continually changing competitive environment. Specifically, this article will explore how iSMEs can dynamically re-strategize in a timely fashion in preparation for the ongoing evolutionary transformations in the global competitive environment and evolution of the corresponding eco-systems can be possibly leveraged to propel smaller firms forward, and to avoid their ongoing adverse influences and to continually adapt to the evolving institutions and frameworks, such as Multi-sided Online Platforms (MSOPs) and the Competitive Industrial Arenas (CIAs) to grow and prosper overtime. Conversely, MSOPS and CIAs are in turn affected by iSMEs’ collaborative contributions. The article also examines how iSMEs can strategically adapt to exploit not only the emerging opportunities but also avoid hazards capable of pushing them to the side-lines.
This study examines the impact of organizational ambidexterity (OA) on the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). In the context of the entrepreneurial finance and strategy nexus, this study reconciles firm performance by examining the mediating role of high financial capacity (HFC) and highlights how the contextual parameter of strategic agility (SA) moderates this relationship within SMEs. Ultimately, this research provides a theoretical framework to trigger OA across SMEs. For empirical investigation, Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM; symmetric perspective) and Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA; asymmetric perspective) were employed to test the theoretical framework and provide complex configurations of conditions under which high and low levels of performance, respectively, occur. Robust fit indices such as the Gaussian copula approach and Harman’s single factor were employed to validate the endogeneity/common method bias issues. For this purpose, data were collected from 343 managerial workers (CEOs/managers) across six distinct industries (sports, leather, electronics, textiles, consumer goods, and apparel industries) at a response rate of 76.22
With the advent of globalization, knowledge has become an intangible resource that creates a long-term competitive advantage and contributes to the creation of intellectual capital for the organization. And knowledge management (KM) activities involve handling knowledge assets as inputs that need to be acquired, developed, and transformed into useful forms so that they can be used in value creation. KM has a focus on increasing resources for enterprises through managing knowledge inside and outside the organization. Through favorable interaction and communication, knowledge is drawn from both inside and outside the enterprise. These resources can be used to improve innovation capabilities and sustainable development. KM is an important strategic resource for the success of an enterprise and a driving force for sustainable competitiveness of the organization and value creation that has been recognized by the theory of resource-based view (RBV) and knowledge-based view (KBV) of the enterprise. Although there have been many studies and publications on the impact of KM on innovation and efficiency. However, there are still many unanswered questions, especially in the context of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). This study aims to review previous studies related to the above relationships through reading and analyzing the content of 284 articles to systematize concepts and discuss research results on the relationships between concepts to identify research gaps. From there, identify research gaps related to the above relationship.
The main aim and message of this research article is to explore the rapidly emerging question of how the smaller and younger firm with international growth aspirations (iSMEs) should re-examine their legacy strategies and augment them by leveraging (The harnessing of the firms’ potential strengths or reducing the adverse impact of weaknesses are further discussed through the concepts of augmentation by leveraging of selected advancing capabilities. For more elaborations, for example see: (i) Bate (Res Technol Manag 68(2):69-71, 2025), Gaining traction with Gen AI in 2025. Research-Technology Management, 68(2), 69–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/08956308.2025.2446136 .; (ii) Etemad, (J Int Entrep 22(2):141–163, 2024), The transformative potentials of generative artificial intelligence: Should international entrepreneurial enterprises adopt GEN. AI? Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 22(2), 141–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-024-00363-8 ; (iii) Bornet, Wirtz, Davenport, De Cremer, Evergreen, Fersht, Mullakara, (2025). Agentic Artificial Intelligence: Harnessing AI Agents to Reinvent Business, Work and Life. Irreplaceable Publishing; and (iv) Giuggioli Pellegrini (Int J Entrep Behav Res 29(4):816–837, 2023). Artificial intelligence as an enabler for entrepreneurs: A systematic literature review and an agenda for future research. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior Research, 29(4), 816–837. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-05-2021-0426 ) the rapidly advancing information-, innovation-, and technology-based developments, while responding to the increasing more popular and socio-political demands for firms’ strategic re-orientation to preserve their respective environments regardless of their size, industry and locations? The supporting research indicates that the time has arrived, if not far past already, and the iSMEs’ need for examining and upgrading their strategic capabilities has become nearly urgent. The related follow-up question is how and when to start the upgrading process? This article’s research suggests that firms in general, and iSMEs in particular, urgently need to improve upon the potency of their strategic processes through augmenting their capabilities by capitalizing on the power of leveraging their choice of rapidly advancing technological capabilities for gaining competitiveness, and also for achieving higher concordance and conference with their evolving eco-systems to avoid falling behind (Kulkarni, Valeri, William, (IGI Global, 2025)), regardless of their size, offerings, and market(s). Although the leveraging of advancing capabilities would be desirable, the decisions of if, how, what and when fall on the shoulders of the smaller and younger firm’s executive, who need to adopt a more effective and systematic leveraging framework. This paper introduces an effective heuristic framework entitled as the Intellectual, Cognitive, Analytical and Interactive structure for firms leveraging their choice(s) of rapidly advancing capability, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI, AAI, or Gen AI (Etemad, (Implications and lessons for international entrepreneurship Volume 22(No. 4), 2025b) and Etemad, (J Int Entrepr Volume 22(No. 3), 2025a), amongst others, for continually improving upon their strategies and enhancing their processes through their ongoing intellectually analytic and cognitively interactive leveraging efforts. In favor of clarity and space, this paper focusses on AI or AAI as an example of the rapidly advancing capabilities, but not to the exclusion of others, in empowering iSMEs to achieve higher global competitiveness and increase their international growth rates worldwide.
The rapidly changing business environment, driven by digital transformation and competitive pressures, requires innovative responses, where intrapreneurship plays a critical role in fostering organizational adaptability and competitiveness. Despite its acknowledged importance, the factors influencing intrapreneurship at an individual level remain underexplored and fragmented across the academic landscape. This systematic literature review aims to consolidate knowledge on these factors, providing a comprehensive overview of the current state of research and identifying gaps for future exploration. Using a qualitative-narrative approach and adhering to a systematic protocol, this review analyzes 106 articles from two major databases, Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus from 1980 to 2022. The review focuses on the multi-dimensional nature of intrapreneurship, examining psychological and cognitive, socio-demographic factors, competences, and motivators/deterrents as personal factors, as well as the influence of leadership, organizational factors, and external context. Our findings highlight the complexity of intrapreneurial dynamics and the interplay of individual and contextual elements that facilitate or hinder intrapreneurial behaviors. The study emphasizes the need for further research into less-studied variables that may critically influence intrapreneurship, urging a deeper understanding of how these factors interact within different organizational environments. Recommendations are made for educational institutions, businesses, and policymakers to cultivate an environment conducive to intrapreneurship, thereby enhancing innovation and national competitiveness.
We surveyed 60 German investors—including business angels and investors from venture capital, private equity, and corporate venture capital—to understand how they make investment decisions and interact with their portfolio companies. The extant literature explains the investment process of venture capital firms in a variety of countries—most notably the USA—but to date, no study has specifically examined different types of German investors and their decision-making heuristics. This paper is original in its focus on Germany and its emphasis on investors’ personality characteristics. This study extends existing research by adding questions on investors’ personality traits, cognitive styles, and social perception, and allows a descriptive and comparative overview of investors’ (i) pre-investment activities, (ii) investment decision-making processes, and (iii) post-investment interactions. The study’s empirical findings suggest that investors’ cognitive styles have a strong impact on their overall evaluation of investment opportunities as well as on their offered valuations, with analytically oriented investors placing greater importance on business models and valuations. However, and contrary to expectations, personality traits measured with a modified version of the Big Five personality scale do not explain variance in investment behavior. This research highlights distinct cognitive patterns among investor types, particularly emphasizing business angels’ reliance on intuition, thus offering practical insights for entrepreneurs seeking tailored engagement strategies with different investor profiles.
This systematic review aims to revive and refresh the literature on the country-of-origin effect from the perspective of industrial buyers, a topic which, in contrast to consumer buying, received scant attention. This work presents an integrative framework outlining the key factors central to industrial buying situations that influence the country-of-origin outcomes. This framework includes the key mediators and moderators, as well as other influencing factors, such as the operationalization of the country of origin, single vs. multiple information cues presented to the decision-maker, the characteristics of the buying center, and the buying situation. At the review’s conclusion, the authors offer several compelling future research directions that will advance this critical yet neglected research field. Undertaking research into these areas will help establish why and in which industrial buying situations the country of origin plays an important role, and which decision-makers pay more attention to it. Cette revue systématique vise à revitaliser et actualiser la littérature sur l’effet du pays d’origine du point de vue des acheteurs industriels, un sujet qui, contrairement à l’achat des consommateurs, a reçu relativement peu d’attention. Ce travail propose un cadre intégratif qui met en évidence les facteurs clés propres aux situations d’achat industriel et qui influencent les effets liés au pays d’origine. Ce cadre inclut les principaux médiateurs et modérateurs, ainsi que d’autres facteurs d’influence tels que l’opérationnalisation du pays d’origine, la présentation d’indices d’information uniques ou multiples au décideur, les caractéristiques du centre d’achat et la situation d’achat. En conclusion, les auteurs suggèrent plusieurs pistes de recherche prometteuses susceptibles de faire progresser ce domaine important mais négligé. Explorer ces pistes permettra de mieux comprendre pourquoi, et dans quelles situations d’achat industriel, le pays d’origine joue un rôle significatif, ainsi que quels décideurs y accordent davantage d’attention.
The main focus of this article is to explore the impact of Business Ecosystems on SMEs aspiring to internationalize and reach global markets over time. The article starts with examining the early evolutionary path of ecosystems from the early suggestions of Arthur Tansley, who coined the term of “ecosystems” in 1935, to James Moore’s definition of Business Ecosystems in 1996 and Bradford De Long's observations in the early days of the 21st millennia on the interactive effects of ecosystems on business operations, which are still undergoing scholarly examinations and require our attention. It then examines the impact of how entrepreneurs have designed innovative ecosystem architecture in supporting their business success nationally and internationally. Similarly, it will examine how innovative business strategies and operations at inception and their evolution over time have given rise to an ecosystem that can augment their global competitiveness. The empirical evidence supporting the above mutual interactions traces the case studies of four iconic enterprises from inception, including Amazon.com, Apple Enterprise, Spotify.com, and Shopify.com, from their outset in some length and detail, each presenting its own particular operation reflecting its corresponding ecosystem. The derived lessons from the growth paths of the four focal case studies suggest potent and reliable strategic pathways for national SMEs to achieve successful growth globally. The discussions, conclusions, and implications present arguments suggesting that SMEs should learn from the rapidly growing firms and follow at least one modified pattern, or combine the potent strategic patterns of the four case studies for reaching the far corners of the world as rapidly as the focal case study firms have already and are on their way to becoming dominant multi-sided online platforms, forming their own supply chains and building their own loyal customers worldwide, fostering their high growth.
Female entrepreneurship has become increasingly important in recent years in light of its contributions to economic growth, job creation, and the opening of new markets through innovation. This research investigates the innovation and internationalisation processes associated with female entrepreneurship by identifying a set of exogenous variables, including opportunity perceptions, digitalisation, human capital and skills for entrepreneurship, public policies, and access to sources of funding. We conducted an empirical analysis of 13 European countries from 2020 to 2022. An econometric model was employed to verify the relationships among relevant variables. The estimation of this model was performed via the partial least squares (PLS) method. The results of this empirical analysis reveal that, to stimulate innovative entrepreneurial activity among women, European economies must optimise the training provided to women, facilitate the incorporation of digital tools, establish a favourable environment that can enhance opportunity perceptions, and design economic policies that can promote entrepreneurial activity, such as reducing administrative burdens and improving access to various sources of funding.
This article delves into the nuanced landscape of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) among startups operating in emerging economies, aiming to uncover distinctive patterns and shed light on its implications for these dynamic entrepreneurial ventures. Through a comprehensive empirical investigation, the study scrutinizes the entrepreneurial behaviors and strategic postures of startups in emerging economies, unraveling the multifaceted dimensions of EO that drive their innovation and growth. The relevance of this study lies not only in advancing academic discourse on entrepreneurial orientation but also in offering practical implications for policymakers, investors, and entrepreneurs seeking to foster innovation and sustainable development in the entrepreneurial landscape of emerging economies. This research contributes to the ongoing dialogue on fostering entrepreneurship in diverse economic contexts, emphasizing the need for tailored strategies and support systems to nurture the entrepreneurial spirit in startups within emerging economies.
This study systematically reviews the literature on entrepreneurship and its impact on the financial performance of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), identifying thematic patterns, conceptual gaps, and opportunities for future research. Using the SPAR-4 systematic review methodology, 771 articles published between 1987 and 2023 were analyzed from Scopus and Web of Science databases. The investigation used tools such as R, Biblioshiny, VOSviewer, and Excel for bibliometric and content analysis. Findings reveal a significant increase in research post-2008, driven by global economic challenges, with key contributors including small business economics and leading authors Zahra and Covin. The USA leads in research output and international collaborations. Financial performance is primarily measured through sales, profit, and return on investment (ROI), with manufacturing being the most studied sector. Core thematic clusters include entrepreneurial orientation (EO), resource-based view (RBV), knowledge-based view (KBV), and digital technology adoption, alongside supporting themes such as sustainability, human capital, and rural development. This review integrates co-citation, co-word, inductive, and social network analyses to build a conceptual framework and offer strategic directions for future MSME research. This research advances bibliometric investigation on entrepreneurship and MSMEs, providing a robust framework for future studies and actionable insights for stakeholders.
This article investigates the motivations of a large global sample of micro angels – small investors who provide financial support and advice to early-stage entrepreneurs, with whom they often have close ties. It is explored how four distinct motivations—contributing to society, accumulating wealth, keeping a family tradition, or fulfilling an economic need—influence micro angels’ investment decisions. Statistical analysis reveals that for potential investors, contributing to society and keeping a family tradition are frequently more important drivers than simply accumulating wealth. Furthermore, impact-oriented micro angels tend to prefer funding unfamiliar entrepreneurs with good business ideas over family members. This preference is even more pronounced in altruistic countries. These findings generally hold true across various model specifications and sample periods.
This study was to examine the influence of entrepreneurial orientation on performance of microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Indonesia. These tests use strategic alliances and dynamic capabilities as mediation. The test was carried out on a sample of 235 CEOs/top leaders of MFIs spread across all provinces in Indonesia. The findings show that entrepreneurial orientation has a significant influence on social performance and entrepreneurial orientation has a significant influence on strategic alliances. Strategic alliances have a significant influence on dynamic capabilities, and dynamic capabilities have a significant influence on social performance. Entrepreneurial orientation does not influence financial performance, but it must go through social performance mediation. Social performance has a significant effect on financial performance. It is importance of MFIs to improve social performance through the depth and breadth of reach in order to improve financial performance. Social performance includes the depth of the reach to contribute to improving the quality of life of people who are experiencing poverty around the MFI’s operations area. MFI social responsibility to the community through scholarships, free medical assistance, basic food assistance, and building/renovating houses of worship and others. Diese Studie untersucht den Einfluss der unternehmerischen Orientierung auf die Leistung von Mikrofinanzinstituten (MFIs) in Indonesien. Die Analyse verwendet strategische Allianzen und dynamische Fähigkeiten als Vermittler. Die Studie wurde mit einer Stichprobe von 235 CEOs/Top-Führungskräften von MFIs aus allen Provinzen Indonesiens durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass unternehmerische Orientierung einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die soziale Leistung und strategische Allianzen hat. Darüber hinaus haben strategische Allianzen einen signifikanten Einfluss auf dynamische Fähigkeiten, die wiederum die soziale Leistung erheblich beeinflussen. Während die unternehmerische Orientierung keine direkte Auswirkung auf die finanzielle Leistung hat, beeinflusst sie die finanziellen Ergebnisse durch die Vermittlung der sozialen Leistung. Soziale Leistung hat wiederum einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die finanzielle Leistung. Die Studie unterstreicht die Bedeutung für MFIs, die soziale Leistung zu verbessern, insbesondere durch die Tiefe und Breite ihrer Reichweite, um die finanzielle Leistung zu steigern. Soziale Leistung umfasst die Erweiterung der Reichweite zur Verbesserung der Lebensqualität von Menschen, die in Armut in den Betriebsgebieten der MFIs leben. MFIs zeigen ihre soziale Verantwortung durch Initiativen wie Stipendien, kostenlose medizinische Hilfe, Grundnahrungsmittelhilfe und den Bau oder die Renovierung von Gotteshäusern sowie andere Aktivitäten.
In a time when women’s economic empowerment is critically important, this study explores how microfinance initiatives can drive entrepreneurship among women. A representative group of women entrepreneurs utilizing microfinance services in Pakistan was selected using stratified random sampling, yielding 385 responses analyzed through structural equation modeling (SEM) using the partial least squares (PLS) path modeling method — software tool–designed Smart PLS. The results demonstrate that microfinance and micro saving significantly boosts women’s entrepreneurial activities towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Women’s economic security significantly mediates the relationship between microfinance, micro saving, and women’s entrepreneurship. Furthermore, the study also highlights the positive moderating role of entrepreneurial mobility between women economic security and women’s entrepreneurship. These insights are vital for policymakers, financial institutions, and development practitioners aiming to advance women’s economic empowerment and entrepreneurship, aligning with key sustainable development goals such as poverty eradication, gender equality, decent work, economic growth, and reduced inequality.
This paper examines what can explain and facilitate scale-up firms and explore how their growth is connected to scalable business model innovation (SBMI) and internationalization. The main findings of the study were that a clear product-market fit is found to be an important prerequisite to SBMI. Our analysis shows a strong link between global mindset, customer switching costs, product-market fit, and SBMI. We posit that SBMI significantly predicts firm internationalization and growth. Using Norwegian scale-ups as the empirical context, we provide empirical evidence of the role of SBMI in the internationalization and growth of entrepreneurial firms. Regarding the characteristics of entrepreneurs, we found that a proactive and global mindset is crucial for being able to seize opportunities, scale the business model, and reach international markets.
This study explores the phenomenon of entrepreneurial internationalization in the coffee industry run by SMEs as a response to the growing global trend of digital marketplaces that encourage the emergence of digital entrepreneurial activities. This study analyzes how SMEs in the coffee industry adapt to global market dynamics through digital marketing strategies by extending their market reach, penetrating the international market, and interacting with consumers from various cultural backgrounds using online marketplace platforms. As early internationalizers, SMEs compete with large companies with already well-known products and reputations. This study also examines how sellers’ social skills in building product confidence and navigating e-WOM strengthen product image in an international context. This study was conducted by processing digital data from 4802 comments, descriptions, and ratings of 3471 coffee products sold in the digital marketplace using the Python algorithm. Data findings were classified using a combination of economic sociology perspectives, namely, social skills and building product confidence. This study presents novelty in the form of data visualization that illustrates the dynamics of market competition in the internationalization process using Social Network Analysis (SNA) and Text Network Analysis (TNA). This study then discloses how local coffee products can compete with well-known brands from large companies in the digital marketplace in the early internationalization process carried out by SMEs. This study also illustrates the power of sociology of market in revealing contemporary digital entrepreneurship in the digital age.
Given the growing significance of global value chains in shaping national economies, the paper investigates the impact of countries’ participation in these chains on female entrepreneurship and the role of women’s empowerment in mediating this impact at the macro level. We use macro-panel data for all 27 countries of the European Union. Based on panel regressions, our results show the negative effect of both backward and forward global value chain (GVC) participation on women’s entrepreneurship, implying that the extent of a country’s participation in the international division of labour acts as an obstacle for women to become entrepreneurs. Moreover, women’s empowerment interacts with GVC linkages in shaping female entrepreneurship by reducing the adverse effects of GVCs. The mechanism of interaction differs between the two types of GVC participation. Women’s empowerment interacts with backward GVC participation by mitigating its negative effects on women’s entrepreneurship. In contrast, its interaction with forward GVC participation reverses the initial relationship, making forward GVC participation beneficial for women’s entrepreneurship. This study contributes to the theories of entrepreneurship and international business by adding a gender perspective to discussions on globalisation.
This study explores the key factors influencing digital entrepreneurship (DE) adoption among Malaysian SMEs within the framework of technology, organisation, and environment (TOE), with a particular focus on how technology readiness moderates these effects. Using a cross-sectional survey of 307 SME owners and managers, the research employs SPSS and PLS-SEM to analyse the data and test hypotheses. The results reveal that relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, employee knowledge, and competitive pressure significantly drive digital transformation efforts. Interestingly, organisation size and government support do not exert substantial influence. The role of technology readiness, assessed through the Technology Readiness Index (TRI), emerged as a critical moderator: traits like optimism and innovativeness amplify positive relationships between compatibility, organisation size, and DE adoption, while discomfort and insecurity significantly affect how perceived relative advantages, complexity, and government support impact this process. These findings contribute empirical evidence from the Malaysian context, underscoring the importance of technology readiness in shaping digital transformation in SMEs. The insights gained provide actionable guidance for policymakers and entrepreneurs alike, emphasising the need to tailor strategies that enhance positive TRI dimensions to foster wider adoption of DE. Ultimately, this research enriches the understanding of DE adoption dynamics within emerging markets, offering a nuanced perspective that integrates technological attitudes with organisational and environmental factors, thereby supporting future efforts to accelerate digital transformation among SMEs in Malaysia.
For over three decades, international entrepreneurship (IE) literature has evolved using a combination of international business and entrepreneurship theories and approaches to analyze international new ventures (INVs) or born global firms (BGs). There are three dimensions commonly attributed to firms that engage in IE: innovation, risk-seeking action, and proactive behavior. This systematic literature review analyzes the role of innovation within the IE literature. To do so, we applied the theory, context, characteristics, and methodology model (TCCM) to a corpus of 190 articles published between 2000 and 2022. Based on this analysis, we present an integrative framework and research opportunities in each of the eight identified streams: innovation ecosystems and networks in IE, knowledge as an innovation driver in IE, organizational culture and innovation in IE, the role of networks on innovation processes in IE, the relationship between innovation and performance in IE, the influence of innovation on internationalization speed of INV or BGs, entrepreneur traits and their influence on innovation in IE, the role of business models on innovation within IE, and the linkages between marketing and innovation on IE.
This article's focus is on re-strategizing when firms facing highly challenging and difficult conditions, such as crises, national and international trade and commerce restrictions, amongst others, capable of adversely impacting their continued growth nationally and internationally as well affecting their healthy relations with their employees, buyers, supplier and other stake holders; and possibly threatening their continued existence. It highlights global evolution in the environment in the early years of the new Millenia that stimulated worldwide growth and prosperities as well as evolving conditions causing crises, and crises-like conditions, harming firms, institutions, and people locally and globally alike. Supported by published empirical and theoretical research, it presents frequently used and reliable strategic frameworks in some details to enable enterprises to not only perform analytic analysis of their conditions, but also to formulate advancing potent strategies to move forward, continually exploring alternative prudent strategies, and monitoring their respective growth nationally and internationally.
