As per IRC 37, the design of flexible pavement requires the accurate prediction of resilient modulus for bituminous concrete. This, determination of M_r requires specialized test equipment, which may not be available in many laboratories. Therefore, it would be rather reasonable to create a model that could estimate M_r from easy to estimate volumetric parameters and other parameters obtained from sample conventional tests. This study aims to investigate the effect of different binders (VG30, VG40, PMB and CRMB), binder contents, volumetric parameters (air voids) and temperature on Resilient Modulus ( M_r ) in Bituminous Concrete (BC) course and Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM) course. The samples were compacted using the Marshall Compacter and subsequently the volumetric parameters were calculated. The Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) test was conducted to calculate the ITS and Toughness. The Repeated Load Indirect Tension Test was conducted to find out the Resilient modulus ( M_r ) values for all mixes. The regression analysis was performed using the Microsoft Excel tool, and the relationship between resilient modulus, volumetric parameters and ITS was developed. Using the final model, Resilient Modulus of mixtures may be predicted from volumetric parameters and indirect tensile strength under comparable or different testing conditions.
An autonomous vehicle (AV) or driverless car ensures safety using advanced sensor and positioning technologies with little or no human input. With numerous emerging technologies, it is important to know the potential capacity effects of AVs to aid our decision-making process with future investments. As AVs are not widely used especially in developing countries like India, it is difficult to study the behaviour of AVs and their interactions with other vehicles in the field. Hence, the mid-block section of a two-lane highway incorporating AVs is simulated using VISSM in this study to analyse how AVs impact the capacity of the highway. Passenger cars are replaced by autonomous cars in the model and the model is calibrated using travel time as measure, and the change in the capacity for various penetration rates of AV is estimated. The study gave promising outputs in terms of capacity enhancement and found that the introduction of the AVs can enable better utilization of the available road space.
The paper presents the performance of premix carpet for low-volume roads in terms of structural capacity and functional properties. The structural capacity was evaluated using falling weight deflectometer (FWD). International roughness index (IRI) was used as a measure of the functional property. A total of 26 sections with a total road length of 110 km were selected for the study. At each test location, pavement composition was determined by excavating test pit along the edge of the shoulder. Subsequently, FWD test was conducted. Deflections were measured at 8 radial distances, ranging from 0 to 1500 mm. Deflection values ranged between 475 and 1129 μm below the loading plate and 30–224 μm at radial distance of 1500 mm. Using deflection readings, structural number (SN) and deflection bowl parameters including surface curvature index (SCI), base damage index (BDI), base curvature index (BCI) and AREA were calculated. Then, IRI was measured using Roughometer III device. IRI progression with time indicated that for a trigger value of 4.62 m/km, premix carpet roads would require maintenance after 41 months of service life. In addition, a good correlation between the deflection bowl parameters and IRI was observed. So, the limits of IRI were used to propose the recommended range of deflection bowl parameters. It was found that when the values of SCI, BDI and BCI increase to more than 313, 152 and 58, respectively, or AREA and SN reduce to less than 447 and 17, respectively, the pavement exhibits poor condition and would require rehabilitation.
This paper explores a novel approach to dividing a traffic region (network) into sub-regions for efficient traffic control among the areas. The macroscopic flow diagram (MFD) in each of these sub-regions, referred to as sub-MFD, can then be used to determine the macro-state of that sub-region and subsequently design controllers. The region division is based on the theory of complex networks. We exploit the inherent network characteristics through the PageRank centrality algorithm to identify the most significant nodes in the traffic network. We use these significant nodes as the seeds for a Voronoi diagram-based partitioning mechanism of the network. A feedback linearization-based controller is then presented, which controls the traffic flow between the sub-regions. A case study is performed for the Manhattan area in New York City to demonstrate the network partitioning approach; the control approach is demonstrated through a toy example containing two sub-regions.
The estimation of the gap acceptance parameter for right-turning movements at uncontrolled T-intersections is the main focus of this paper. It takes a lot of effort to investigate an intersection that is unsignallised or is uncontrolled. In general, a driver's perception of the priority at an intersection is based on the volume of traffic, the design of the intersection, and the speed of the vehicle on main and minor approaches. Three uncontrolled T-intersections in the field were recorded as video in order to acquire the data. Accepted gaps, rejected gaps, vehicle types, and traffic composition are the data that were extracted from the video. The accepted and rejected gaps are fitted with various statistical distributions. The best-fitted model is recommended for the accepted and rejected gap based on goodness of fit tools, and the critical gap is estimated. Additionally, the critical gap value determined by best-fitted distributions (log-normal distribution) is compared to the values determined using Indo-HCM (Indo-HCM: Indian Highway Capacity Manual (Indo-HCM). CSIR-Central Road Res. Institute, New Delhi. (2017)). The value of the gap obtained using detailed traffic parameters can be further used for risk prediction to reduce the severity of crashes at uncontrolled intersections under mixed traffic conditions.
The climatic changes we are currently experiencing are so drastic that the existing pavements are not able to keep up with them; among these, the floods are more severe as they occur more frequently than other hazards. Aerogel is a substance that is highly resistant to water. This paper presents the study of application of aerogel in bituminous pavement construction. Since silica-gel is having similar features, for comparison silica-gel modified pavement is created, which is used to compare the results obtained with the aerogel-incorporated bitumen pavement. The FEM analysis results of both silica-gel and aerogel-modified bitumen are compared with the standard bitumen pavement analysis results. Similarly, aerogel-incorporated concrete pavement model is created, and results are compared with the standard concrete pavement. The aerogel-incorporated pavement performs well compared to silica gel while maintaining the required strength required for the standard pavement.
Most people are now highly dependent on private motorized travel because of the low satisfaction level of public transit modes. This leads to poor public transit share in most of the cities in India. This study is intended to identify the influencing parameters; that affect the Satisfaction level of Bhopal Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) and other Bus Transport services, and also develop a model for assessing the Satisfaction Level of these transit systems in Bhopal, India. For conducting this study an On-board survey was done for these public transport modes. Based on the literature, Delphi survey and opinion survey, some parameters have been identified that influence the Satisfaction level of these public transport modes. Further by correlation matrix, the five most influencing (critical) parameters were considered amongst them for evaluating the Satisfaction Level. The adopted methodology in this study can help decision-makers to improve public transport services especially various BRTS systems in India so that transit ridership can be improved in BRTS mode.
The rise in growing traffic congestion, long urban commute durations, and lack of last and first-mile connectivity to public transport has led to citizens scouting for alternative modes to reach their desired destinations in the most economic, convenient, and time-saving manner. The concept of micro-mobility fits in these conditions to provide hassle-free, affordable, and easy-to-use solutions for the citizens across all demographics. Micro-mobility has emerged as a popular discourse in the world to address transportation and climate-change-related urban issues and challenges. While in other parts of the globe, micro-mobility is booming, in India, it is still in the early years of introducing micro-mobility. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has made the users explore these options of micro-mobility especially the young as a group as the risk of contracting the coronavirus is lower through micro-mobility. This paper is an attempt to critically review the existing operational characteristics of micro-mobility modes and also analyze the user's opinion towards this new concept of micro-mobility. This paper also tested various regularizing strategies to control the measures ranging from limiting the circulation speed, limiting the scale of operations, limiting the operation areas, and restricting it completely from a few public spaces to provide better safe conditions to the users as well as promote to have a better regulation process of micro-mobility in Indian cities.
This study aims at investigating the effect of using nanosilica (NS) as a modifier for Crumb rubber (CR) modified asphalt binder. In this study, the concentration of CR was kept constant as 12
Continuous use of hot mix asphalt (HMA) accelerates environmental deterioration, fossil fuel consumption, global warming, and depletion of natural resources. Further, waste generation and its disposal problem are also a threat to environment. The production of waste and the use of energy/virgin materials in HMA construction must be addressed concurrently. A right step toward the creation of environment-friendly road infrastructure is the use of Cold Bitumen Emulsion Mixtures (CBEMs), a form of Cold Mix Asphalt (CMA). Cold mix asphalt may be made more environment friendly by using waste materials as fine aggregates. In this study, Waste Glass (WG) is substituted for virgin fine aggregate at various percentages ranging from 0 to 100
Pedestrian safety has become a significant problem in today’s world, and pedestrian casualties have escalated in developing countries where there are no special provisions for the movement of such vulnerable road users. The interaction between pedestrians and vehicles must be prioritised and requires extended study. Therefore, surrogate safety measures (SSMs) come in handy to find the relative spatial and temporal measures of road users under conflict. This study’s primary objective is to identify evasive action-based pedestrian safety indicators that are best suited for predicting pedestrian behaviour under mixed traffic conditions. The pedestrian’s step frequency and lateral deviation are proven useful in measuring evasive actions based on the pedestrian’s trajectory data. Furthermore, an expert-based analysis is undertaken to evaluate which evasive action-based parameters are most appropriate in identifying the severity of pedestrian safety. Hence, it was found that the lateral deviation has a more significant potential influence on severity identification than step frequency.
Bituminous blocks are utilized for road construction all over the world in the name of historical pavement. Bituminous block pavement has a number of advantages in terms of faster construction and maintenance of road projects. The performance of any pavement structure is generally influenced by the thickness of the layer provided, which is determined by the structural and physical properties of the materials available for construction. Only a few experimental experiments on bituminous block pavement have been conducted. No studies were reported on the effective thickness of bituminous block pavement using the finite element technique. The multiple constraints associated with conducting experimental work on bituminous blocks of different thicknesses can be reduced by employing a finite element technique. Bituminous block pavement was tested in this study by altering the thickness, which was fixed according to the code specification. The bituminous block pavement thicknesses employed in this investigation were 50 mm, 55 mm, 60 mm, and 65 mm. ABAQUS software was used to perform a finite element study of the bituminous block pavement. The analysis showed that as pavement thickness increases, the deformation values decrease. The minimum and maximum deformation obtained is about 8–24
The purpose of this study is to ascertain the impact of adding nano-alumina (NA) to an asphalt binder that has been modified with crumb rubber (CR). In this work, the nano-alumina content was changed from 1 to 6 G/Sinδ ), the addition of 4
This paper aims to rank and weights the planning and consolidation freight strategies from the literature in the city of Jaipur in India. Two multi-criteria decision-making (MCDA) techniques, the Analytic Hierarchical Process (AHP) and the Best Worst Method are used to analyze the weights of various planning and consolidation freight strategies (BWM). The hypothesis for using AHP and BWM is assumed that both methods produce equivalent results and are suitable techniques to select freight strategies in urban areas keeping the concerns of stakeholders of city logistics. This study includes wholesalers, shippers, transport operators, policy planners, and city administrators as key stakeholders in the case city for the evaluation of the planning and consolidation strategies for sustainable urban goods distribution. Face-to-face paper and pencil survey methods were used with key stakeholders to determine the weight of strategies. The study's policy implications show how MCDA techniques could be applied in India's city logistics domain as a decision-making instrument.
Worldwide, more than 50 million casualties occur in road crashes each year, in which 80
Silchar is a major city in Cachar district, Assam with a population of 2,72,709 and an area of 26.88 km2. Parking is an issue that creates high traffic congestion in city areas. The vehicle needs sufficient street space for parking for the smooth movement of traffic. With the expanding population and automobiles, parking has become a significant issue (Manville, Shoup, Bacon, 2005). The scarcity of parking space in the city has increased the demand for it, particularly in critical business areas. A thorough examination of parking demand and characteristics is carried out to control parking activities, which will be helpful to the site visitors, engineers, and town planners. Two roads have been chosen for this study, i.e., Central Road and Shyamaprasad Road, which have insufficient parking spaces. Surveys are being conducted at those two locations to determine the parking accumulation, occupancy profile, demand and supply of parking (Parmar, Das, Dave, 2019; Chen, Wang, Pan, 2015; Tong, Wong, Leung, 2004). Linear regression analysis is also used to build a parking demand model using the statistical package for the social science (SPSS) software. The R-square values for Central and Shyamaprasad Roads are found to be 0.97 and 0.98, respectively.
Full depth reclamation (FDR) of asphalt pavements is a sustainable and economical rehabilitation technique used worldwide. Typically, in any FDR process, recycled materials from pavement layers are mixed with a chemical additive like cement to increase the strength and stiffness of the layer. Additional material in the form of RAP and aggregates is used if the desired depth or gradation is not achieved. This study tries to assess the compressive strength characteristics of FDR by considering open graded premix carpet (OGPC) as RAP material and understand the effects of RAP and cement through statistical methods. FDR specimens were fabricated in the laboratory considering a typical low-volume road composition used in India. The response surface method was employed for the experimental design and development of a response model for FDR compressive strength. Laboratory investigation included unconfined compressive strength (UCS) determination at various test conditions as per the design of the experiment. Results showed that the compressive strength of FDR was within limits specified for a treated granular layer using nominal cement contents for the in situ gradation considered for a full depth reclamation. ANOVA analysis showed that the effects of cement and RAP were significant, whereas the interaction between cement and RAP was not significant within the range of testing. However, the effect of cement was more prominent as compared to the effect of RAP. Further, the response model developed showed good capability for predicting the UCS values within the range used to develop the model.
Nagpur, the “Orange City” of the country is situated in the state of Maharashtra. Nagpur is one of the fastest economically growing cities and part of the “Smart City Mission”. In this paper, the city of Nagpur has been identified as the test bed to understand and demonstrate the before and after scenarios of black spot improvement through 3-D modelling. In this regard, road crash data obtained from Nagpur Police in the form of First Information Reports (FIRs) was analysed to identify the black spots conforming to the protocol of the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRT H). The geometric countermeasures deduced for two out of the 37 locations are illustrated by presenting ‘before’ and ‘after’ scenarios through 3-D Modelling with the primary objective of pictorially depicting the efficacy of the proposed intervention for two out of the 37 locations in Nagpur. The above form of pictorial illustration of the detailed Geometric Design Plan (GDP) for the above black spots will serve as an eye-opener for the relevant stakeholders in terms of undertaking steps towards the implementation of the suggested black spot remedial measures. It is clarified that the overall project termed Intelligent Solutions for Road Safety through Technology and Engineering (iRASTE) includes redesigning the road geometry as well as applying Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology to achieve its aim of reducing road fatalities by at least 50
Research has shown that there is an inherent physiological and psychological difference between men and women resulting in differing commute patterns. Using the household level data from the 76th NSSO round on ‘Drinking Water, Sanitation, hygiene and housing conditions;’ The present research sheds light on whether the hypothesized commute differences are apparent. Additionally, the research investigates whether the commuting pattern of women is different in urban and rural settings. Further, the research tries to understand the determinants of observed commute patterns in women. This analysis is carried out by subjecting the data to stratified regression. The results are important for developing women centric policies.
Cement Asphalt Mortar (CA mortar) is one of the most important materials in the non-ballast slab track for High-Speed Rail (HSR) systems. The fluidity and fluidity time of CA mortar are important parameters for this application. Both these requirements are governed by the early age interaction between cement, bitumen emulsion, and admixtures. The present study investigated the influence of the feeding sequence of these primary constituents of CA mortar on its fluidity and fluidity time. Flow time measurement by Brass J funnel was used as a measure of fluidity and the mechanism behind the flow time variation is analyzed through viscosity and adsorption behavior of CA paste. The sieving method was adopted to investigate the adsorption behavior of bitumen droplets on the cement under different feeding sequences. The results showed that adding bitumen emulsion, water, and water-reducing admixture (WRA) initially increased flow time and apparent viscosity, which is not ideal. Test results of adsorption indicated that the increase in particle size was mainly attributed to higher adsorption (adsorption value) resulting in higher viscosity and flowtime. The feeding sequence in which water-reducing admixture (WRA) was premixed with cement and water prior to introducing bitumen emulsion proved to be beneficial to obtain the desired fluidity and fluidity time.
