The shift in scientific and technological progress expectations from human-centric development (Industry 5.0) to achieving socially significant environ-mental, primarily climate, goals (Industry 6.0) requires ensuring a "seamless" Fourth Energy Transition – without restrictions on the access of all countries of the world to cheap energy, with a characteristic consistent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and adherence to the climate agenda. Today, scien-tists have experience in studying the digital technologies of Industry 4.0 and forecasting their development to the level of 6.0. However, less attention is paid to the prospects for the formation of their Energy 6.0 platform. In this regard, the purpose of this Review is to accumulate the experience of research on Industry 6.0 for transfer to the energy sector based on the existing re-search groundwork for Energy 6.0. In this regard, the purpose of this Review is to analyze the content and structure of publications in the field of Energy 6.0. The main result of the research is a comprehensive overview of research papers in the field of Industry 5.0 digital technologies' evolution from the characteristic human-centricity to the nature-centricity inherent in Industry 6.0. Energy 6.0 is defined as an environmentally oriented technological plat-form for the energy sector in the second half of the 21st century, based on the expansion of digital technologies (emotional artificial intelligence, the Internet of Everything, digital triples and hyper-connected enterprises, predictive multi-industry analytics of Big Data and their quantum processing, computa-tional experiments and virtualized assembly) in basic industries. The most promising areas of future research on Energy 6.0 are identified. These are the roles of Industry 6.0 technologies in a seamless Fourth Energy Transition: overcoming inequality in access to renewable energy among different coun-tries, balancing the achievement of energy and climate goals for sustainable development, and further development of digital technologies beyond cyber-physical systems. They also include an analysis of Energy 6.0 place in the system of transition to Industry 6.0, as well as its consideration as a structural shift in the economy. The Review concludes that further research on Energy 6.0, focusing on digital technologies that accelerate the balance between achieving energy and climate Goals of Sustainable Development, the move-ment towards a "seamless" Fourth Energy Transition, and ESG investments, is relevant and significant for both theory and practice.
The relationship between ecological vulnerability (EV) and the Discomfort Index (DI), which manifests the coupled dynamics of ecological fragility and climatic stress, remains inadequately quantified in a spatially explicit manner. In this study, multi-temporal Landsat 5 and 8 imagery and ERA5-Land reanalysis data were integrated to construct a remote-sensing ecological vulnerability index (RSEVI) through Principal Component Analysis of wetness, heat, greenness, dryness, and land degradation indicators. In parallel, DI was derived from land surface temperature and relative humidity. Spatial dependencies between the two indices were assessed using the bivariate L statistic, complemented by bivariate color mapping, to visualize synchronous clusters. The results reveal pronounced shifts between 2000 and 2025: the mean DI increased from 23.31 degrees C to 26.79 degrees C, while areas under "medical emergency" conditions expanded from 0.1% to 8.6%. Simultaneously, the share of strongly and extremely vulnerable areas will increase from 5.5% in 2000 to 18.9% in 2025. Spatial association analysis reveals a significant increase in high-high clusters (high vulnerability-high discomfort) from 48% to 74%, primarily concentrated in the southern and eastern sectors. Conversely, low-low clusters increased from 23% to 34%, consolidating resilient cores in the north. Discordant clusters exhibited divergent trajectories: low-high associations expanded from 28% to 48%, while high-low clusters remained relatively stable (similar to 39%). These patterns underscore the dual emergence of critical hotspots and resilient strongholds while intensifying spatial heterogeneity. By developing a spatially robust framework, this study avoids spatial fallacies and provides tools to identify hotspots and resilient areas, offering a replicable method for environmental risk assessment and adaptive planning under climate change.
The article investigates the transformation of energy systems in the context of mineral resource use and sustainable development, focusing on Ukraine, France, and Germany as representative cases of diverse energy policies. The research aims to identify long-term trends in the transition from fossil fuels to renewable sources and to assess the consequences of these changes for the mining industry. For this purpose, a vector autoregression (VAR) model with scenario corrections was applied to historical data from 2000 to 2020, enabling the construction of baseline and accelerated development scenarios up to 2030. Compared with traditional econometric and machine learning methods, the VAR approach ensures interpretability of interdependencies among variables and allows the analysis of causal relationships through impulse response functions and forecast error variance decomposition. The results reveal significant national differences in the trajectories of energy transformation. Ukraine demonstrates accelerated structural changes due to war-related disruptions, while maintaining nuclear power as the backbone of electricity generation and gradually increasing renewables. France continues to rely heavily on nuclear power, complemented by a moderate growth of renewable energy sources, which is consistent with its strategic energy plans. Germany illustrates the most dynamic transition, with a rapid decline in coal and nuclear generation and a strong expansion of renewables, aiming to reach over 78% of electricity production by 2030. The findings confirm that energy transformation directly affects the demand for mineral resources: a decrease in coal and gas, stable demand for uranium, and a rising need for critical raw materials such as lithium, cobalt, and rare earths. The study contributes to the development of adaptive strategies for mineral resource policy and highlights the importance of scenario-based forecasting for energy security and sustainable development.
The speed of fire spread and its development in linear underground works, both in operation and during the construction itself, as a mining work represents a significant safety problem. The current legislation of the Slovak Republic, which regulates the dimensioning of forces, means, material equipment, the amount of extinguishing agents and the overall concept of fire response in tunnels, is based on the guidelines from 2003. However, this legislation does not contain relevant provisions regarding the speed of fire spread in mining works, which of course include tunnels, since at the time of its creation; mining works were only in the construction or design phase. Furthermore, the legislation defines the intensity of the supply of extinguishing agent based on theoretical assumptions that do not correspond to the actual results of fire analysis. Experience from real events has shown a significant impact of tunnel ventilation parameters on the dynamics of the fire, its spread and the resulting requirements for intervention forces, resources and the amount of extinguishing agent. Analyses of tunnel fires since 1 January 2015 indicate that the prescribed amount of extinguishing agent is underestimated. Current standards do not sufficiently take into account the influence of ventilation on fire development or optimal fire ventilation management strategies, which play a key role in the effectiveness of the response and speed of fire extinguishing. These findings point to the need to revise legislative regulations to increase fire extinguishing safety in the above-mentioned mining works, including tunnel structures, and to improve the efficiency of firefighting activities.
This study investigates the influence of the slide gate valve's closure degree on hydraulic performance parameters, specifically the loss coefficient and pressure losses during water flow. The research combines analytical calculations with numerical simulations using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in ANSYS CFX to evaluate flow behaviour at three valve opening positions: 25 %, 50 %, and 75 %. The selected valve model, IKO-Plus-DN50-PN-R14, was analysed under varying inlet velocities (0.5 m & centerdot;s(-1), 1.0 m & centerdot;s(-1), and 2.0 m & centerdot;s(-1)) to assess its behaviour in a hydraulic pipeline system. The results demonstrate that increasing the closure degree leads to a significant rise in pressure losses and loss coefficients, primarily due to flow acceleration, vortex formation, and turbulence in the narrowed sections of the valve. These findings highlight the critical impact of valve geometry and operating conditions on system efficiency and component wear. CFD simulations provided detailed visualizations of velocity streamlines and pressure distributions, revealing the formation of low-pressure zones and intense vortex structures downstream of the valve. The study confirms a high level of agreement between analytical and numerical approaches, validating the accuracy of the simulation model. The insights gained from this research can be applied to optimize gate valve design, improve material selection, and enhance the reliability of hydraulic and pneumatic systems. The methodology is also adaptable for analysing other types of valves and fittings exposed to similar flow conditions.
Issues related to the general design and purpose of shearer advance systems, taking into account key historical solutions and global experience gained from the operation of longwall systems in underground mines, are presented. Currently used shearer advance systems are based on chainless systems with a toothed drive wheel cooperating with toothed bars mounted in the chain conveyor troughs. This design, in different variants, is used in many countries as the primary system responsible for moving the shearer along the mining face. Despite its many advantages, the Eicotrack advance system also has a disadvantage resulting from the rigid design of the toothed bars. These disadvantages are accentuated by premature wear of the gear teeth and toothed bars, especially on non-linear sections of the longwall conveyor route. As part of the KOMTRACK research project, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund, an attempt was made to develop an innovative advanced system with the flexibility and adaptability of toothed segments mounted in guides to the current position of the gang wheel. In addition to design work, a number of studies were conducted using various testing techniques. One of the research directions was to determine approximate stress values at the contact surface between the toothed segment and the gang wheel tooth using resistance strain gauges. The testing methodology and the results, along with their analysis, are presented. It has been concluded that the developed testing methodology, based on resistance strain gauges, can be successfully used to identify stresses at the contact surface of the friction pair formed by the gear wheel tooth and the tooth of the toothed segment. Stresses determined from the measured strains for a single gear wheel provide repeatable results after approximately twenty contacts between the gear wheel and the gear segment. A higher number of loads results in the strain gauge system becoming decalibrated, leading to significant discrepancies in the results or a loss of the strain gauges' measurement capabilities.
Floods are among the most damaging natural events after earthquakes. However, human activities, such as altering riverbeds, increasing riverside construction, or altering river directions, exacerbate flood risks. Flood risk maps are created based on flood recurrence data to assess potential damage. In this study, the Mert River and Yilanlidere were chosen as the study area because they caused significant loss of life and property during the flood that occurred in the Mert and Yilanlidere Rivers in Samsun. To establish the flood hazard map of the study area, Samsun Metropolitan Municipality has sixty-five 1:1000 current maps and two 1:5000 zoning maps, and annual flood repetition frequencies of 10, 25, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 years have been provided. The obtained data was then used to generate a flood hazard map based on the flood recurrence data provided in the Geographic Information System environment using the Hec-GeoRAS and HEC-RAS programs. According to the obtained flood hazard maps, the size of the flood area, the number of buildings and parcels within this area, the number of independent sections in the buildings, and the number of people in those places were determined before and after the flood reclamation work was completed in 2014 on a neighborhood basis. As a result, this study proposes whether the breeding work conducted is sufficient, whether flood insurance applies in my country, and which structures are located in the flood area.
Establishing a reliable and secure cyber environment that addresses modern challenges and threats in advancing Industry 4.0 and 5.0 is one of the top goals of sustainable development, according to the World Economic Forum. Providing a safe space minimises the risk of environmental disasters arising from cyberattacks on critical infrastructure. It plays an essential role in data protection, thereby increasing the trust of business and government organisations and enhancing their social responsibility. Protecting against fraud, information leaks, and massive cyberattacks is crucial to effective corporate governance and increased organisational transparency. This study aims to identify the correlation between ESG indicators and the essential components of the national cybersecurity framework. The empirical part of the study includes the analysis of data from 144 countries, where the implementation of cybersecurity and ESG practices has varied histories. The study used canonical analysis to assess the relationships between cybersecurity factors and environmental, social, and managerial factors. This study confirmed the existence of two-way effects between ESG factors and cybersecurity. Moreover, ESG factors are strongly associated with improvements in cybersecurity, highlighting the critical role of sustainable practices in protecting the digital environment. These results can serve as recommendations for integrating cybersecurity strategies into policies to achieve global ESG compliance.
As the global oil and gas industry moves towards achieving sustainable development climate goals, the role of hydrocarbon production optimization is increasing, facilitated by Industry 4.0 technologies such as digital twins. The quality of their operations is determined by several factors, including the speed and reliability of data transfer. This makes it relevant to study the influence of the data transfer protocol choice on the efficiency of digital twins in the oil and gas industry. The purpose of the study is to compare three common approaches to data exchange (REST API, MQTT, and WebSocket) in the context of integrating a digital twin with real-time control systems. To achieve this goal, an experiment was conducted to measure the data transfer parameters of a digital twin of an oil and gas well using the REST API, MQTT, and WebSocket protocols, on an experimental stand that emulates the "smart well-cloud digital twin-mobile application" scenario. Technical implementation was carried out using the Java / Kotlin languages for the Android client (digital twin). The stand was used to analyze their efficiency, transmission reliability, and ability to operate in real time. As a result of the comparative experiment, it was found that protocols with a constant connection (MQTT, WebSocket) have significantly lower data delivery delays than the polling REST API, which directly affects the accuracy and relevance of the digital model. Based on this, the article provides recommendations for choosing a protocol depending on the required update efficiency, resistance to network failures, and device limitations.
This paper presents the Integrated Geoheritage Management and Marketing (IGMM) Model. It is a framework designed to address the gap between geoconservation and tourism development. Geoheritage is a non-renewable resource that holds significant scientific value but often lacks public interest. To ensure its sustainable use, a coordinated approach is required. The IGMM Model considers management as the 'brain' and marketing as the 'voice' of this unified approach. Management focuses on supply-side security through scientific inventories, zoning, and monitoring. Marketing handles demand-side regulation through segmentation, storytelling, and branding. As a gentle regulatory tool, marketing helps practitioners identify suitable visitor segments and influence on-site behaviour through interpretive strategies. This reduces the need for strict physical measures.
Wooden buildings, particularly those constructed from sandy loams, represent a significant part of sustainable construction. The growing demand for ecological and energy-efficient solutions emphasizes the importance of a well-structured marketing mix. This article focuses on analyzing and optimizing the marketing mix (product, price, promotion, distribution) for wooden buildings in the Czech Republic, based on an analysis of five major companies conducted between January 2024 and September 2024. The aim of the research is to identify best practices, highlight weaknesses in current marketing strategies, and provide targeted recommendations for improvement. The results demonstrate that emphasizing the ecological characteristics of products-such as low carbon footprint and energy efficiency-combined with certifications (for instance, FSC, PEFC), increases both the credibility and attractiveness of wooden buildings. For example, companies offering these features observed up to a 25% increase in customer inquiries. Flexible pricing strategies, including packages with ecological add-ons, proved effective in appealing to various customer segments. Digital promotion and interactive tools, such as virtual tours and online planning platforms, enhanced product awareness and improved customer experience, especially among younger demographics. Distribution strategies, including showrooms, model homes, and virtual consultations, played a critical role in product presentation and in building customer trust. This article contributes to the understanding of ecological marketing by identifying effective strategies for sustainable building products and providing practical recommendations for optimizing the marketing mix. It also highlights the need for further research into customer preferences and legislative developments impacting the wooden building market.
This study evaluates the accuracy of SLAM-based LiDAR scanning and SLAM integrated with GNSS-RTK for monitoring large-scale earthworks. The experiment was conducted on a soil deposit created during motorway construction in Central Bohemia, measuring approximately 150 m & times; 55 m & times; 15 m. A Leica P40 terrestrial laser scanner served as the reference system, producing a high-precision point cloud georeferenced via ground control points (GCPs). The tested system, Emesent Hovermap ST-X, was deployed in two configurations: (i) georeferencing using GCPs and (ii) trajectory determination via a continuously connected GNSS-RTK receiver mounted on the scanning backpack. Data processing involved point cloud registration, smoothing using Moving Least Squares, and accuracy assessment through root mean square deviation (RMSD) analysis against the reference dataset. Four SLAM point clouds were acquired-two using GCPs and two using GNSS-RTK-along with their smoothed variants. Results indicate that GCP-based georeferencing achieved RMSD values around 17 mm, closely matching the manufacturer's declared mapping accuracy of 15 mm. GNSS-RTK-based measurements yielded slightly higher RMSD values (approximate to 20 mm), which remain within acceptable limits given the inherent GNSS-RTK positional accuracy (10 mm horizontally, 40 mm vertically). Systematic height shifts were observed in RTK datasets, emphasizing the need for minimal control points to correct vertical bias. The findings confirm that SLAM scanning is a more practical alternative to static terrestrial scanning for earthwork monitoring, significantly reducing operational complexity and time. While GCPbased workflows deliver optimal accuracy, GNSS-RTK integration offers a faster solution with minor trade-offs in vertical precision. Proper route planning and strategic GCP placement are critical for achieving manufacturer-specified accuracy, particularly in areas with limited connectivity between scanned surfaces. Overall, both approaches provide sufficient precision for engineering applications, with RMSD values <= 25 mm, validating SLAM technology as an efficient tool for large-scale geospatial monitoring.
The structural-geological characteristics and quality of the rock mass influence the design of the quarry opening and the mining method. During mining, the stability of the rock mass often decreases. In some cases, spontaneous rockslides or rockfalls may occur. Such events can endanger workers' lives and damage mining equipment, leading to significant economic losses for the mining company. We present a case from the Hos & tcaron;ovce quarry (limestone mine) in Slovakia, where a rockslide occurred in March 2023, which significantly limited the mine's operations. Using a combination of structural mine mapping and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry, the condition and quality of the rock mass were determined, and three categories (C1-good/fair; C2-fair/poor and C3-poor/very poor) were identified in the problematic area of the mine based on the geological strength index with values ranging from 5.0 to 50.0. The unstable rock block found in the lowest quality category, C3-poor/very poor, of the quarry posed a threat of a possible rockslide. Therefore, safety measures were proposed in the form of a high safety dam to contain the following predicted rockslide. The dimensions of the high safety dam were based on the potential rockslide, with the volume of the selected problematic rock block (marked as X) calculated from a Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) model derived from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry.
The results of the identification of carbonate minerals with different magnesium content present in Triassic limestones and dolomites using electron microprobe analysis. The following carbonate phases were identified: low-magnesium calcite, high-magnesium calcite, proto-dolomite, ordered dolomite, and dehuntite in samples from the Lower Muschelkalk formations: Gogolin Unit, Dziewkowice (Terebratula) Unit, and Karchowice Unit, and the Upper Muschelkalk: Tarnowice Unit. They are deposits of the Polish part of the Germanic Basin. The results allowed the calculation of the chemical formulae of the identified carbonate phases. High-Mg calcite has a higher Mg content than low-Mg calcite but lower than typical for proto-dolomite. Proto-dolomite has a lower content of Mg in comparison to the stoichiometric value for dolomite, which is typical for ordered dolomite. The identified huntite phase, because of reduced content of Mg, was named as de-huntite. The diagenetic process-dehuntization-was probably responsible for the reduced Mg content in this phase. The results of the research are the source of new data connected with the mineral composition of Triassic limestones and dolomites of the South-West part of Poland. The data provides complete information on the mineral phases of carbonate rocks of the European Germanic Basin.
Negative affectivity has been extensively recognized as a predictor of adverse workplace outcomes. However, its moderating influence on the relationship between counterproductive work behavior (CWB) and turnover intentions remains underexplored, especially in the case of very specific working conditions typical for heavy industry. A deeper understanding of this dynamic is essential for informing organizational strategies aimed at enhancing employee well-being and operational efficiency. This study investigates the moderating role of negative affect in the association between CWB and turnover intentions, to elucidate the impact of emotional dispositions on workplace behavior. Employing a correlational research design, data were collected from employees in the Iranian steel industry. The study utilized validated instruments, including the Turnover Questionnaire, the Job-Related Affective Well-Being Scale, and the Counterproductive Work Behavior Inventory. To analyze the data, the following statistical techniques were employed: hierarchical regression, moderation analysis, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The findings reveal that negative affect significantly moderates the relationship between CWB and turnover intentions. Specifically, individuals exhibiting higher levels of negative affect were more prone to engage in CWBs, which in turn were positively associated with increased turnover intentions and reduced workplace satisfaction. These results contribute to the theoretical discourse on the emotional determinants of organizational behavior, specifically in the context of the steel industry's very specific working conditions, highlighting the critical role of affective traits in shaping employee conduct. Furthermore, the study offers practical implications for organizational policy, advocating for targeted interventions in emotional regulation, conflict management, and the cultivation of a supportive work environment to mitigate counterproductive behaviors and reduce employee attrition.
This study examines how takeover pricing in the mining sector differs from other industries by combining cross-industry premium evidence with event-study-based market reactions across major global crisis periods. Using a comprehensive international M&A dataset of 9,197 transactions from 2005-2025, including 743 mining deals, and an event-study subsample of 681 publicly listed targets with complete return histories, we analyse how sector characteristics and macro-financial shocks influence deal valuation and short-term market performance. Mining acquisitions exhibit consistently higher takeover premiums than non-mining deals. However, these elevated bid levels do translate into superior abnormal returns: across multiple event windows, abnormal returns (AR) and cumulative abnormal returns (CAR) remain statistically indistinguishable between mining non-mining targets. Within the mining sector, gold-related transactions show no systematic premium or CAR advantage. Crisis-period analyses, including the global financial crisis, eurozone crisis, the 2014-2016 commodity downturn, the COVID-19 pandemic and the 2022 geopolitical and monetary-tightening shocks, indicate that crisis environments alter premium levels but leave announcement-period market reactions largely unchanged. Regression models further show that cash financing is consistently associated with higher CARs, while premium levels exhibit nonlinear convex relationship with market reactions, suggesting that extreme bid premiums may reflect overpayment rather than anticipated synergies. Overall, the findings identify a structural disconnect between takeover pricing and announcement-period market reactions. They show that although mining deals are priced differently, markets not perceive them as generating superior value, even under substantial macro-financial stress.
Electric vehicle (EV) fires represent a rapidly evolving safety challenge for enclosed subsurface infrastructures such as road tunnels and underground car parks. Unlike internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle fires, lithium-ion battery incidents are characterised by thermal runaway, prolonged burning, and the release of toxic fluorinated gases. The results show that the available safe egress time (ASET) was 6 minutes for EV fires and 12 minutes for ICE fires, confirming a 50% reduction in evacuation safety margin. This study provides a comparative risk analysis of EV and ICE fire scenarios based on recent full-scale fire tests, peer-reviewed datasets published within the last three years, and a complementary simulation of temperature and toxic gas development over time. Key fire parameters were evaluated, including peak heat release rate, burning time, temperature distribution in the smoke layer, and concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen fluoride (HF) relevant to human tenability limits and firefighter interventions. The results show that while peak heat release rates of EV fires are within the same order of magnitude as those of ICE vehicles, EV fires exhibit significantly longer burning phases, delayed peak temperatures, and HF concentrations capable of exceeding commonly accepted exposure thresholds even at low volumetric fractions. The prolonged fire duration, potential for re-ignition, and HF toxicity require revised operational tactics, including extended cooling strategies, mandatory respiratory and skin protection, and adapted evacuation timelines. The findings are intended to support tunnel operators, fire brigades, and civil protection authorities in updating emergency response plans for emerging EV-related fire hazards in confined underground environments.
Traditional economic growth paradigms face both challenges and opportunities due to accelerating technological change, deepening globalization, and growing environmental concerns in the global economy. The existing research on these developments lacks an essential integrated synthesis that would connect established theories with emerging economic realities. The review examines economic growth from multiple perspectives, beginning with a detailed assessment of growth indicators and their constraints for measuring sustainability and welfare. The paper discusses the evolution of growth theories from classical models to modern frameworks that incorporate institutional factors, technological advancements, and environmental constraints, and highlights current theoretical limitations in addressing complex economic systems. The analysis of empirical evidence on growth determinants, such as physical and human capital, technological innovation, institutional quality, and international integration, yields an integrated framework that positions these factors within the context of current global challenges. The review examines how macroeconomic policies, in conjunction with trade dynamics and emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, influence growth patterns by affecting specific sectors. The study identifies essential research directions that unite growth economics with sustainability science and technological change and then proposes new methodological approaches to tackle these complex challenges. The comprehensive analysis provides policymakers and researchers with evidence-based knowledge to develop growth strategies that integrate economic development with social equity and environmental protection in our modern, interconnected world.
The right to build on someone else's land is a novelty in the real estate market. If the land is encumbered with a building right, the owner of the land must, according to the Civil Code, tolerate construction on or even below its surface. Such types of land are rarely traded on the market. The commonly used valuation method (direct comparison method) cannot be applied here. This paper therefore proposes a combination of commonly used methods in the field of real estate valuation, the application of which leads to the valuation of real estate with different ownership. The combination of methods includes the direct comparison method, the Naegeli method and the cost method of building valuation. In these cases, the Naegeli method can be used for valuation, which is used to calculate the price of building land according to location class. The method tracks the dependence of the price of land on the value of the building standing on it. It also takes into account the efficiency of land use and the surrounding environment. The aim of this article is to describe the use of a combination of methods for the specific valuation of a building on foreign land, which is located on foreign land with an example.
Recent years have been characterized by a steady increase in the consumption of electric energy in areas of mining and mineral processing, driven by the growth and development of industrial production. At the same time, the development of the electric grid complex in a number of regions lags behind the growth of electricity consumption. Therefore, any failure of network equipment can lead to both local and systemic problems, including possible disconnection of consumers and the shutdown of the mining and processing of minerals. This situation requires advanced development of the electric grid, as equipment failures can lead to system failures. The growth in capacity from renewable energy sources (RES) power plants is driven by trends in the development of ecological energy. However, the growth of installed renewable energy capacity has created problems in both planning and managing the electric power modes of the energy system. This is due to the difficulty of predicting the dependence of energy production by solar and wind power plants on the time of day and weather conditions. At the same time, a sudden reset of the generation leads to a false alarm of emergency automation (& IEcy;A) and disconnection of power lines. Similar problems appear when network equipment is being repaired. Based on analysis of the & IEcy;& Acy; operation across various repair schemes of the power system, problems with automation object devices that fail to perform their functions in the event of electrical network accidents, including power line and power grid equipment shutdowns, have been identified. A solution to the voiced problem is proposed, consisting of equipping the automation device with an additional resistance organ to prevent equipment overload. To identify the nature of the overload of the protected network element and the issuance of effective control actions (C & Acy;), the C & Acy; efficiency for unloading the network element was linked to the resistance applied at the installation point of the automation device. This approach made it possible to achieve adaptability of the automation device while maintaining the simplicity of its design. Based on an analytical review of trends in the development of renewable energy sources and their integration into the energy system, approaches to upgrading existing emergency automation devices in complex networks with high proportion of renewable energy generation to increase network capacity are substantiated. The proposed methods for flexible management of electric grids enable increased stability of energy supply in regions associated with the mining and processing of minerals.
