Adalya

The amphorae recovered from excavations conducted in the ancient city of Idyma, located within the borders of the town of Akyaka in Mu & gbreve;la Province, align chronologically with other ceramic finds and archaeological material dated to the Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine periods. These finds provide tangible evidence of settlement continuity spanning approximately 2000 years. The amphora finds were unearthed during excavations carried out at various locations within the city. The significant finds come from the slopes of K & uuml;& ccedil;& uuml;k Asartepe to the north of the neighborhood of G & ouml;kova, where a temple (?) and a bouleuterion (?) were excavated in 2022. The catalog is mostly assembled from trenches at & Idot;ni & scedil;dibi locality and the hilltop at Akyaka where the Idyma Castle stands along the banks of Azmak Stream. Additional amphorae were discovered in excavations on the southern slope of the Castle. The absence of amphorae postdating the Hellenistic period in the temple and Bouleuterion area suggests that in the Roman period, the hillside portion of the city was abandoned, and the population migrated to the plain. The walls of the Archaic period, located north of Idyma Castle, along with the Hellenistic-Roman ceramic and amphora finds from the southern slope, provide evidence of the site's usage prior to its transformation into a Byzantine castle. The diminished population and economic potential of the city during the Byzantine period are evidenced by the limited number of amphorae discovered in the castle excavations.

Edremit Gulf is a coastal region located in the northeastern Aegean. During the Pleistocene, it was transformed into a landmass when the sea level fell and subsequently divided into lakes and bays when the sea level rose. It is therefore important to emphasize the region's significance in terms of Paleolithic archaeology. It allows east-west and north-south movements between Anatolia and Europe, with its high ecological value and the natural passages it provides. Furthermore, it is notable for the survival of hominins and the use of existing resources. 29 Paleolithic findspots were detected between 2021 and 2023. Lower Paleolithic data in the region are mostly associated with riverine and marine terraces, with fewer occurrences of geothermal resources. The Acheulean lithic assemblages feature large cutting tools, including handaxes, cleavers, and trihedral picks, as well as pebble core technology and flakes. Middle Paleolithic data is more intense in high-altitude plateaus and plains. The Mousterian assemblages show a variety of retouched tools and extensive use of Levallois and discoid flaking. The Upper and / or Epipaleolithic data in Ayval & imath;k maquis indicate the potential existence of data from these periods in T & uuml;rkiye.

Located in the northeastern corner of the province of Karaman, Boyal & imath;tepe (Kameni) H & ouml;y & uuml;k lies 20 km west of the village of Boyal & imath;. Surveys on the mound (h & ouml;y & uuml;k) yielded pottery from the Iron Age as well as the Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine periods. The focus of this paper is the Hellenistic and Roman pottery of Boyal & imath;tepe H & ouml;y & uuml;k. Imported pottery found at the mound is few in number; most finds consist of local / regional pottery. Examples of imported vessels are Eastern Sigillata A and African Red Slip Ware. Finds of locally produced pottery include bowls, plates, and cups of various forms. Their common characteristics parallel those of the pottery discovered at the neighboring settlements of S & uuml;leymanhac & imath; H & ouml;y & uuml;k and Sisan H & ouml;y & uuml;k as well as the archaeological site of Cinasun in Lycaonia and Sinab & imath;& ccedil; (Dalisandos) in Isauria. All these indicate local / regional pottery production. Boyal & imath;tepe H & ouml;y & uuml;k is important as a center reflecting the general characteristics of the Hellenistic and Roman pottery in the region.

Cilicia is a very advantageous region for settlement, as its geography offers security and economic prosperity. The distinctive features of the region have caused Cilicia to host many military struggles throughout history. The defensive structures built at strategic points of the region with the desire for dominance were used by different civilizations for centuries for the same reason. With the addition of new defense structures in the 11th-14th centuries to these existing fortifications, the defense system discussed in this study was formed. Despite having more than one cultural layer, the similarities between them are remarkable. The study focuses on the relationship between the similarities of these defense structures and the geography of Cilicia. For this reason, the regional location, settlement decisions and architecture of 66 defensive structures located on different topographies ranging from sea level to 1500 m altitude were examined in the field in terms of their relationship with the geography of Cilicia. The data obtained are presented in this study under the same thematic headings in a comprehensive manner. Thus, it has been revealed that the Cilician defense system does not only consist of buildings, but that the geography of Cilicia is an integral part of this system.

In a new excavation north-west of the Olba aqueduct in Cilicia, a graffiti-like inscription has been found on a cross in a medallion. It is an invocation that was probably carved there by two villagers from Syria. The saints invoked are Konon and Thekla, whose veneration has already been well documented in the Kalykadnos region. The fact that they are invoked together here emphasises the important role that the two played as patron saints of the region.

This study focuses on the Bektashi lodges established in Antalya during the Ottoman period. The Bektashis, known to have built their lodges in rural areas, had two lodges in Antalya. One is called the Koyun Baba Tekkesi located outside the walls of Antalya castle, while the other is called the A & ccedil;& imath;kba & scedil; /Mustafa Baba Tekkesi. This lodge is in the Meydan neighborhood, located in the east of the city where agricultural activities were intense. Although the establishment and disappearance of the KoyunBaba Tekkesi cannot be clearly dated, it certainly did not reach the 19th century. The A & ccedil;& imath;kba & scedil; /Mustafa Baba Tekkesi is noteworthy because it was one of the lodges opened during the period of d & eacute;tente after the abolition and prohibition of the Bektashi order, when the Bektashis were able to act with relative ease. In this lodge, where the influence of Albanian Bektashism was pervasive, there was a struggle between Bektashi and Naqshi sheikhs in accordance with the conjuncture of the period. This study discusses the motives for the establishment and collapse of these two Bektashi lodges in Antalya and the conditions that affected them during the period in which they operated.

This article examines the identification, iconography, typology, and stylistic dating of a female statue discovered in the Harbor Baths of Anemurium. This is one of the largest and most significant Roman-period cities of Rough Cilicia. Notably, the statue's preserved attribute and its distinctive positioning, along with its posture and clothing features, allow not only its evaluation within the typology of goddess statues, but also its connection it to the original prototype. The stylistic dating places the statue in the 2nd century AD. One key question that arises is where this remarkable statue, rare in Cilicia, might have originally been displayed in situ and whether she represents an empress, a notable local woman, or a goddess. Anemurium is adorned with monumental structures including five baths, a palaestra, an odeon, a theater, and an exedra / nymphaeum, many of which could have housed statues. This female statue appears to have been moved from one of these structures to the Harbor Baths and likely intended for processing in the lime kiln constructed in the bathhouse. The significance of this article lies in its focus on the first large-scale, marble statue discovered in a city predominantly constructed of slate stones and plaster. Moreover, the statue's typological resemblance to the original and its stylistically high-quality craftsmanship provide evidence of Anemurium's openness to external relations and influences. In this context, the marble and sculptors were brought from prominent centers of the period to Anemurium for possible collaboration with local sculptors. This statue heralds the potential discovery of additional sculptures in future excavations and strengthens the possibility that many of Anemurium's architectural structures were adorned with statues.

The district of Ak & ccedil;ada & gbreve; is located to the west and southwest of the Malatya Plain and covers the northeast extension of the Nurhak Mountains. During the 2021 survey of Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements in Malatya Province, an iron sword and an iron pitchfork were handed over to the research team in Ak & ccedil;ada & gbreve;. They were allegedly recovered by a villager from a pit dug for the construction of a sewer in the village of Bekiru & scedil;a & gbreve;& imath;. The iron sword represents a very unique example in Anatolia in terms of blade, hilt, and pommel form. It bears significant similarities with the Scythian-type swords found in the Caucasus and Eurasian steppes dated to the late Early Scythian period and early Middle Scythian period. The XRF analysis of the Nurhak sword and the iron pitchfork contain high levels of palladium and point to a mineral resource outside Anatolia, most likely in the Ural Mountains. The Scythian-type iron sword and iron pitchfork are of importance for highlighting military, political, and cultural relations between the Scythians and the Near Eastern world, and for a reevaluation of Scythian expansion areas and transit routes in Anatolia.

The subject of this study is a table support (trapezophoros) with the figure of Dionysos in the U & scedil;ak Museum. Although the exact find-spot of the artifact is unknown, it was produced in accordance with a sculptural tradition that developed within the region of Phrygia during the Roman Imperial period. It is evaluated typologically, iconographically, and stylistically. The relief figure, a version of Apollo Lykeios, the famous sculpture type of the Praxiteles school adapted for Dionysian statues, shows that it closely follows Late Classical and Hellenistic period forms. The trapezophoros, dated to the first half of the 2nd century AD, is decorated with a Dionysus leaning on a thyrsos in his left hand and resting with his right hand extended above his head. The small number of publications on sculptural artifacts presumed to have come from U & scedil;ak and its environs demonstrates the importance of this study. The Dionysos trapezophoros from U & scedil;ak represents a rare iconographic example among the known examples from Anatolia, with the ivy shoot attached to the monopodial table leg and the god leaning on the thyrsos in his left hand. It is also a qualified work that contributes to the research on the existence of regional workshops in the study of Roman luxury furniture. & Ccedil;al & imath;& scedil;man & imath;n alan zophoros) buluntu tipolojik, lendirildi & gbreve;inde Phrygia heykel & scedil;& imath;lmaktad & imath;r. tipi i & ccedil;in g & uuml;r, r & imath;n & imath;n MS ros, ba & scedil;& imath;n & imath;n Dionysos resinden eserleri az g & ouml;zler fig & uuml;rl & uuml; nekler lenmi & scedil; thyrsos'a & ouml;rne & gbreve;i l & uuml;ks b & ouml;lgesel nitelikli

Nakrason and Akrasos are two ancient settlements located close to each other in the Upper Kaikos (Bak & imath;r & ccedil;ay) basin and have similar names. Many scholars assume that these two settlements coexisted during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. However, the available evidence points to a chronological succession of Nakrason and Akrasos as urban settlements rather than their coexistence. It is evident that Nakrason was established as a Macedonian military colony during the Hellenistic period and continued its existence as a city until the Roman Imperial period. Nevertheless, it appears that Nakrason's urban existence abruptly ended in the mid-160s AD. Approximately a decade later, a settlement named Akrasos was founded near Nakrason and gained civic status. This evidence eliminates the validity of the view that Akrasos was also established as a Macedonian military colony during the Hellenistic period. The aim of this paper is to examine the founding processes of Nakrason and Akrasos in light of historical and archaeological data, and to discuss the possible reasons for the chronological succession between them. Ultimately, the study also addresses the issue of the localization of these settlements in relation to this topic.

The article discusses two lead weights whose handles bear a stamp depicting the boar-hunting scene of Androklos, the ktistes (founder) of Ephesos. One of the weights corresponds to four unciae, the other to two unciae. The scene of Androklos' boar hunt appears only rarely on the handles of balance weights. It is also represented on Roman Imperial coins and tesserae of Ephesos. Although neither of the two weights bears a parasemon or ethnikon identifying them as Ephesian, the depiction of Androklos' boar hunt on the handles clearly indicates that they were produced and used in Ephesos. Both weights date to the first half of the 3rd century AD.

This article focuses on the iconographical interpretation of the main scene of a terra-cotta sarcophagus of the Clazomenian type, which is currently housed in the & Idot;zmir Archaeological Museum. The scene depicted on the headpiece of the sarcophagus closely resembles the theme of the Boreads saving King Phineus, as recounted in the Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes. The story is reflected in vase paintings with stereotypical representations and a very limited scale, although it was widely known in ancient literature through different versions. Even though the subject was not totally foreign to Attic vase painting or other branches of art elsewhere, it was almost unique within the Ionian sphere of art. However, the sarcophagus under discussion in this study has some contradictory aspects as well as some known stereotypical features of the subject. In this study, it is claimed that the subject depicted on the sarcophagus is an original interpretation of the theme of the Boreads saving King Phineus, which is narrated in the Argonautica as a very rare representative of Ionian narrative painting.

Braziers used for heating in ancient times and can generally be described as portable stoves made of terracotta or bronze. They usually consisted of a basin where the charcoal in the form of embers was placed to heat the container above, and stands that served as feet to hold the vessel erect. The discovery of brazier fragments in ancient Phocaea, located in modernday Eski Fo & ccedil;a, Izmir, provides a window into domestic life during the Roman Imperial period. They reveal not only the daily needs of the city's inhabitants but also cultural continuity despite technological advancements. The similarity in form between these fragments and earlier examples indicates continuity in design while also reflecting modifications made to accommodate the evolving needs of Roman households. Furthermore, the Phocaea brazier fragments provide evidence that terracotta examples of such devices continued to be used in Anatolia, particularly until the Roman Imperial period. The brazier fragments examined in this study were recovered together with common wares dated to the middle of the third century AD.

This article deals with the foundation of Martyropolis, an important city of late antiquity in the first half of the fifth century. We have limited knowledge about Martyropolis, built at a point where the borders of the two states intersected during a peaceful period of Roman-Sassanid relations. Although church historians of the fifth century reported on the relations between the two empires in this period, they were silent concerning the foundation of the aforementioned city. The diplomatic relations of the Roman emperors Arcadius and Theodosios II with the Sassanid king Yazdegerd I were mediated by Marutha, the bishop of Martyropolis. The Armenian Life of Marutha and the two Greek Lives of Marutha are the main, albeit somewhat biased, sources illuminating this period. It is unfortunately not possible to find a Sassanid source dealing with the foundation of Martyropolis, as is the case with many other topics. However, the Persian Martyr Acts, which help to make sense of Roman-Sassanid relations, require a meticulous reading. The sources written during the time of Islamic rule report important narrative details that seem repetitive of each other. This article evaluates the foundation of Martyropolis together with the cult of martyrs in Christianity through the aforementioned sources and concludes that both the Roman and Sassanid sides acted with imperial motives during this period.

The K & uuml;ltepe tablets primarily consist of the personal archives of Assyrian merchants and are predominantly commercial and economic in nature. However, these documents also serve as the principal written sources for understanding the social, cultural, legal, and political structures of Anatolia and Northern Mesopotamia during the first quarter of the second millennium BC. This study examines the legal concept of "blood money" (d mum), a compensation mechanism designed to address the financial or moral losses incurred by merchants in cases of homicide involving either an Assyrian or a local during commercial activities. The study explores the conditions under which this practice emerged, the procedural framework governing its implementation, and the variations in its application between Assyrians and the native population. Additionally, the research presents the transliteration, translation, and interpretation of two previously unpublished documents related to blood money.

This study analyzes plano-convex glass beads unearthed during the 2022-2024 excavations at the Kastabos Sanctuary, located in the Carian Chersonesos, through a contextual and material-based approach guided by four key research questions. A total of 107 beads, primarily recovered from sacred architectural spaces such as the naiskos / stoa / abaton complex and Rock Cult Area 1, are dated mostly to the late 4th and 3rd centuries BCE. These non-perforated beads, lacking traces of wear or attachment, are interpreted not as decorative or functional items but as votive offerings. Their consistent morphology and color diversity-particularly dark blue, green, amber, and yellow-align with symbolic systems of the ancient Mediterranean, where blue was linked to healing and protection, and green and amber to fertility. The study argues that these objects formed part of a localized ritual tradition dedicated to Hemithea, a healing goddess rooted in Anatolia's Great Goddess cults. Stratigraphic data, architectural associations, and the absence of use-related marks support this interpretation. Comparative materials from regions such as Rhodes, Crete, and Egypt-although from different periods- exhibit symbolic similarities that situate the Kastabos assemblage within broader Eastern Mediterranean religious networks. Ultimately, this research contributes understanding the continuity of votive practices and protective ritual traditions in Anatolia and provides insights into the archaeological and historical integration of local Carian beliefs within the cultural landscape of the Hellenistic period.

This article aims to present an alternative interpretation-absent from the current literature-regarding the iconographic identity of the central figure in the floor mosaic of the Beth Alpha Synagogue, dated to Late Antiquity. In previous studies, this figure has generally been interpreted as the Roman sun god Sol, due to its depiction with a radiate crown and its placement on a quadriga. In this study, based on descriptive ambiguities and contextual characteristics of the figure, it is suggested that the figure may instead be interpreted as Luna-the moon goddess. The introduction outlines the architectural structure of the synagogue and its tripartite mosaic arrangement, summarizing the iconographic meanings of the scenes depicting the Aqidah, the zodiac wheel, and the Torah shrine. Subsequently, the conventional interpretation of the central figure in the zodiac panel as Sol is critically examined, and the rationale for identifying the figure as Luna is systematically developed. The study employs a combination of comparative iconographic analysis, iconological interpretation, and contextual reading. The findings evaluate in detail elements such as the gender-neutral representation of the figure, the indistinct facial features, crescent and star symbols, the rendering of the four animals as bulls, and the preference for a dark background. These visual attributes demonstrate not only that the figure possesses an iconography distinct from Sol but also that it embodies a character aligned with the Jewish conception of liturgical time.

Figurines and idols, in varying proportions, have been found in almost every excavated center in the Western Anatolia region. The question of their function and the role they played in the social structure has been a subject of scholarly inquiry since the 19th century, drawing attention not only in archaeology but also in various fields of science and art. This study examines the idols and figurines unearthed during the Panaztepe excavations, specifically from the early phase of the Early Bronze Age 2, found in street and domestic contexts that reflect the characteristics of the Aegean Settlement Model. The architectural layout and ceramic tradition of the Panaztepe settlement demonstrate affinities with both the Western Anatolian coastal zone and the Eastern Aegean Islands. Accordingly, this paper aims to document the idols and figurines from Panaztepe, compare them with those from contemporary cultures and discuss theoretical approaches related to their interpretation.

Regular archaeological excavations have been carried out in the ancient city of Olympos, an important settlement of the Lycian region, since 2006. The intensification of studies in recent years has revealed important results that enable us to recognize the city. The Byzantine period urban texture, which developed on the Roman period city plan of Olympos, can be clearly observed today. In addition to architectural elements, small finds also play an important role in understanding both the urban texture and urban history. Small finds allow us to reach important conclusions in understanding the lifestyle and economic conditions of the inhabitants of Olympos. This article focuses on the glass oil lamps and metal oil lamp components from Olympos. The use of glass lamps as an element of lighting in the Byzantine period and their place in society are also discussed. The glass and metal finds with typological distinctions and descriptions are arranged as a catalog at the end of the article. The headings in the text have been arranged in accordance with the catalog, and analytical evaluations have been made. In addition, the artifacts discussed in the article are evaluated according to their findspots. As a result of these analyses, it can be concluded that the Olympos glass lamps and their metal components mainly date to the 5th-6th centuries AD. Accordingly, it was concluded that the use of glass lamps was concentrated in public and religious areas.

Bey & scedil;ehir is located in the Lake District of T & uuml;rkiye, along key routes linking Western Anatolia, the Mediterranean coast, and the southeastern Mediterranean region. Its strategic position, and that of the broader Lake District, has attracted scholarly interest since early times, with the earliest detailed accounts provided by travelers. Although limited excavations focusing on prehistoric periods were undertaken in the past, they were short-lived. Subsequent research has primarily consisted of archaeological surveys, which have confirmed the region's enduring geographical significance throughout its settlement history. Currently, no excavations are being conducted that address the prehistoric and protohistoric periods in the area. This study presents the results of a survey project initiated in 2012 around Bey & scedil;ehir, focusing on the Early Bronze Age settlement at Ku & scedil;luca and its rich ceramic assemblages. It also explores the broader cultural development of Bey & scedil;ehir and its interactions with neighboring regions during this period. Additionally, other Early Bronze Age settlements identified during the surveys are examined in terms of ceramic data and spatial distribution. Based on these evaluations, the study proposes settlement models that contribute to understanding regional dynamics and highlights Bey & scedil;ehir's role within the Lake District during the Early Bronze Age.