This review explores the abundance of "natural waste fibers" in India, like jute, coir, sisal, pineapple, etc.These fibers are eco-friendly and non-abrasive due to their low cost, low density, acceptable specific properties, enhanced energy recovery, CO 2 neutrality and biodegradability.Repurposing these fibers to strengthen polymers is an environmentally friendly choice.However, natural fibers tend to absorb water due to their high hydroxyl content, which negatively affects composite strength.Despite this, recent efforts have focused on combining waste natural fibers with plastics to enhance mechanical properties and reduce environmental impact.By leveraging the advantageous qualities of both materials, composite materials that offer strength, sustainability and cost-effectiveness can be created.The review emphasizes the potential of utilizing abundant natural waste fibers in India, particularly in polymer composites.It recognizes its eco-friendly and non-abrasive nature while addressing water absorption challenges.The fusion of natural fibers and plastics presents an opportunity for environmentally friendly and economically viable composites.
Background and Objective: Particularly, the processes of quarrying produce a lot of waste that has a lot of different mineral compositions, making it a potential secondary raw material for the formulation of surface coating products.The paradigm of a circular economy calls for a greater effort to locate suitable uses for this raw material.The goal of this investigation was to find low-cost local alternatives and adaptable raw materials for the manufacturing of water-based paint, with a focus on replacing the opacifier and filler without reducing the end productʼs quality.Materials and Methods: The quarry waste (QW) was pre-treated to produce treated quarry waste (TQW) and characterized for its mineral composition, surface morphology and crystallinity.Quixcoat, an emulsion-based paint, was prepared by NIS guidelines and subjected to physiochemical analysis.Results: The mineralogy analysis of the QW revealed the presence of anthophyllite, muscovite, quartz, garnet and albite, except orthoclase.The parameters of the Quixcoat were found to be within an acceptable range when compared to the Nigeria industrial standards and specifications.When compared to paint made from titanium dioxide and aluminum silicate, the properties of the Quixcoat, such as viscosity, density and hard drying time, showed improvements.However, it has a slightly high pH and a relatively low surface drying property, which are desirable properties for tropical paints.Conclusion: Hence, QW has the potential of serving as a potential secondary raw material for paint production.
Background and Objective: The Manadas Creek in Laredo, Texas is a tributary of the Rio Grande which is the source of drinking water for the city of Laredo as well as many communities downstream.Portions of the creek were sunk to runoff from a decommissioned antimony smelter plant operated by Anzon America Inc.This project was designed to study the bioavailability of trace metals to flora and fauna in the creek.Materials and Methods: Corbicula fluminea (Asiatic clam) was used as a biomarker to determine bioaccumulation.Clams were placed in cages on three sites along Manadas Creek in Laredo, Texas.Concentrations of heavy metals (As, Cd, Ni, Pb and Sb) in the soft tissues of the Asiatic clam.Corbicula fluminea (C.fluminea) and water samples from Manadas Creek were determined to assess the bioaccumulation of metals.Results: This study shows aqueous Ni (7.90-16.57µg LG 1 ) and Cd (1.04-2.52 µg LG 1 ) concentration levels below the maximum contaminant level throughout Manadas Creek, whereas portions of the creek, close to the Anzon smelting plant recorded as 47.99 µg LG 1 , Pb (53.86 µg LG 1 ) and Sb (22.80 µg LG 1 ) concentrations higher than background concentrations of unpolluted waters.Metal accumulation in C. fluminea (dry weight) by as 16.20 mg kgG 1 , Pb (16.31 mg kgG 1 ) and Sb (16.43 mg kgG 1 ) were higher than the maximum allowable limit set by the US Food and Drug Administration.Conclusion: This study showed that metal concentrations in the creek are available for bio uptake.
Backgrounds and research goals: The unbridled expansion of cities in recent dec-ades has led to the inefficiency of large parts of the structure and spatial organiza-tion of cities and the decline in climate comfort in them. Numerous policies have been proposed in the face of the problem of declining environmental quality and especially their climatic comfort, and various programs have been implemented in this regard. Therefore, this study tries to review the theoretical foundations in this area, finally appropriate solutions for the development of neighborhoods and neigh-borhood spaces in the climate of Hamadan has been proposed.Research method: The method of this research is that at first the effective compo-nents on climatic comfort and urban form were obtained by studying and examining the views of experts. To analyze the data, the simulation method and Ecotect Auto-desk software were studied in three traditional neighborhoods of Hamadan and ac-cording to the results, the factors.Findings: The results of the research show that Kababian neighborhood in the cold seasons of the year has more conditions to enjoy the sun in the morning and even-ing, but in the two neighborhoods of Haji and Aghajani Bey in the cold seasons should make more arrangements to enjoy The amount of sunlight used. Due to the fact that the amount of shading in these two neighborhoods in this season is more than the Kababian neighborhood and special measures are needed to create climatic conditions.Discussion and conclusion: In general, and according to the findings, one of the im-portant factors in optimizing traditional neighborhoods can be the use of centrifugal patterns in creating neighborhoods can increase the level of climate comfort in neighborhoods.
Background and Objective: Todays, due to the expansion of cities, large quantities of industrial and hazardous materials are produced, which, in order to prevent its long-term and dangerous effects on human and environmental communities, selecting the best site for these wastes has become one of the complex decisions in urban management action. Because of numerous industrial units, especially refineries, in Bushehr province, it is essential to find a management solution for hazardous wastes of this province. Finding the optimal location using multi-criteria decision models based on GIS that has both the lowest environmental risks and economically optimal, is the main goal of this article. Method: In this study, 24 parameters were used to analyze the selection of hazardous waste disposal sites based on the Delphi method in Bushehr province. Selected criteria were divided into two ecological and economic categories and ANP method was used to weight the criteria. At the final stage, suitable sites for these wastes were determined based on the GIS-based WLC method. Findings: The results showed that ecological criteria had the highest score (61/34%) and land use had the highest weight (0/27) and evaporation of the lowest weight (0/0017). Also, 6/13% of the province has a very high potential and 17/7% of the surface area is completely inappropriate for the disposal of hazardous wastes. Discussion and Conclusion: Study results highlighted the importance and significant weight of environmental criteria in prioritizing the proposed areas for hazardous disposal in Bushehr province, and has shown the model's efficiency in integrating GIS and MCDM.
Background and Objective: Due to high mobility and toxicity of mercury in environment and also high accumulation of mercury in food chain, it is important to understand and predict human exposure and ecological risk assessment of mercury. The purpose of this study was to investigate the total concentration of mercury and it's bioavailabilty in sediment of Petrochemical and Ja'fari creeks. Method: In the present study, 27 sediment samples were collected from the sampling sites. Digestion was employed in sample digestion followed by analysis using MOOPAM. samples were analyzed and determined for mercury concentrations by Mercury Analyzer model VM-3000 MERCURY VAPOR MONITOR. Sediments were further investigated for mercury fractions using a three step sequential extraction procedure of BCR. Findings: The concentrations of THg in sediment samples with a minimum of 2.19 and maximum of 45.71 and average of 23.9 milligram per liter show that area is contaminated with mercury according to the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration standard. Discussion and Conclusion: The sequential extraction procedure showed that most Hg in the sediments was largely bound un exchanable phases. Therefore it can not be exchanged between water and sediment under the physicochemical conditions with alkaline pH. The mercury which bound to exchanagble phase can easily desorb and adsorb by sediments. High content of mercury was in station close to chloralkaline factory and with distance, Hg concentration was decreased.
Background and Objective:Climate change and the lack of logical balance between water supply and demand in various sectors of industry, agriculture and drinking are among the leading challenges in the macro-management of the country's water resources. Therefore, the effects of climate change can be evaluated in various basins, including environmental aspects. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of climate change on variations of the hydrological regime (runoff) downstream of Sefidrud Dam and to estimate the minimum environmental flow. Method:In this regard, initially using LARS-WG microscale exponential model, climatic data that affects the runoff under three scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 for the period 2021-2080 was determined and introduced as an input to the hydrological model of SWAT to simulate the river flow. Findings:Due to the increasing trend of temperature and precipitation, the amount of runoff in the future period showed an increasing trend as well. Then, using two hydrological methods of the Tenant and flow duration curve, the minimum environmental needs of the river were determined. The obtained values show that the minimum environmental needs of the river will be met according to the results of the tenant method and the flow duration curve in the future.Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed that the flow values obtained by the tenant method were less than the average flow simulation. Despite the high correspondence and coordination of the flow rate from the flow continuity curve with the simulated average flow values, it can be stated that in order to provide environmental water rights, the flow continuity curve method has a higher performance than the Tenant method.
Background And Objective: In today's world, different approaches have been used to solve the problems of cities among them, we can mention livability and safe city. Various factors affect the viability of a place these include attendance, urban infrastructure and facilities, sense of belonging, efficiency and environment. It should also be noted that crime statistics (real) and fear of crime (perception) have a causal relationship with many health outcomes. The purpose of this article is to assess the interaction of security, social security and urban viability (in both objective and subjective dimensions) in Feyzabad neighborhood of Kermanshah. Security criteria were developed hierarchically as well as viability criteria in the form of relevant tables.Method: This research is applied in terms of descriptive-analytical method and correlation of factor analysis. With an error coefficient of 5%, the sample size of the statistical population is 395 people and the distribution of a random random questionnaire is simple. Finding: Research findings suggest that between social security and there is a significant positive relationship between objective and subjective urban livability, also, the rate of urban livability in Feyzabad neighborhood is moderately weak in terms of residents and the level of social security was assessed as poor.Discussion and Conclusion: The results show that the higher the indicators of livability in the neighborhood, there will be a greater sense of security, cultural and social planners and other related institutions are recommended in this regard take steps to promote a sense of security through careful and careful planning and by strengthening the livability indicators mentioned in the present study.
زمینه و هدف: بهینه سازی مصرف و جلوگیری از هدر رفت انرژی، یکی از پارامترهای مهم در طراحی ساختمانهای سبز و غیرفعال در راستای اهداف توسعه پایدار به شمار میرود. تحقیقات اخیر توجه به مباحث مربوط به بهینه سازی انرژی و کاهش اتلاف حرارتی را نشان میدهد. هدف اصلی مقاله حاضر، ارزیابی عملکرد حرارتی دیوار سبز و بهینه سازی مصرف انرژی بوده که در اقلیم معتدل و مرطوب رشت انجام گرفته است. روش بررسی: این مقاله به صورت آزمایش تجربی و میدانی بر روی یک ساختمان مسکونی دو طبقه دارای پوشش سبز انجام شده است. در این راستا، دادههای سه ساعته دما و رطوبت در محیط داخلی و خارجی ساختمان با استفاده از دستگاه دیتالاگر98583 MIC در فصل زمستان و تابستان ثبت گردید. یافتهها: نتایج حاصل از آزمون تجربی نشان داد که که میانگین دما در محیط داخلی دیوار معمولی و دیوار سبز در فصل زمستان و فصل تابستان به ترتیب حدود 3/17 و 18، 5/30 و 28 درجه سانتی گراد است. بر این اساس، دیوار سبز در فصل زمستان توانست حدود 7/0 درجه سانتی گراد دمای داخلی را در مقایسه با دیوار معمولی گرمتر نگه دارد. در فصل تابستان نیز مشخص شد که دیوار سبز قادر بود تا در حدود 5/2 درجه سانتی گراد دمای محیط داخلی را خنکتر نگه دارد بحث و نتیجه گیری: یافتهها نشان داد که دیوار سبز در فصل زمستان در مقایسه با دیوار معمولی حدود 4 درصد و در فصل تابستان حدود 9 درصد عملکرد حرارتی بهتری را از خود نشان داده است. بهطور کلی،دیوار سبز در آب و هوای معتدل هم در زمستان و هم در تابستان میتواند رفتار حرارتی مناسبی را داشته باشد. در نهایت نیز مشخص شد که دیوار سبز در فصل تابستان در مقایسه با فصل زمستان میتواند عملکردی 50 درصد موثرتری را در کاهش تلفات حرارتی داشته باشد.
Background and Objective: Determination of pollutant emission factors by time is the most important initial data in air pollution modeling. EPA's AP 42 documents provide the most comprehensive emission factor system for all industries based on process type, fuel, and control types. Target of this study, wasto investigate concentrations, emission factors of SO2, NO2 and CO in Ilam gas refinery. Method: In this study, concentrations of SO2, NO2 and CO and other required parameters such as temperature, pressure, flow rate and diameter of the 6 main stacks were measured by direct field measurements by Testo 350 XL. By results of these measurements and measurements of previous years in the refinery, the mean average for the two normal scenarios and the worst condition, and then the emission values were calculated. Data analysis was carried out with a confidence level of 95%. Findings: The estimated secondry, hourly, daily, monthly, and annual emissions from Ilam gas refinery was calculated and analyzed based on 2 normal and worst-case scenarios. Field measurement of flue concentrations showed that the highest concentrations of carbon monoxide (3565 ppm) and sulfur dioxide (5099 ppm) relates to SRU1 unit, the highest produced nitrogen dioxide (188 ppm) produced by SRU2, 1396 were the most polluted year according to the measured gases. The results of environmental measurements showed that CO at the sewage station is, 4/12 ppm and in Mehran road with an undetectable amount, the lowest amount of NO2 in the Chegae with 0.6 and Mehran road with the undetectable, the lowest amount, the amount of SO2 at the laboratory point with a maximum of 0.13 ppm and in the housing camp with an undetectable amount, the lowest It was. Discussion and Conclusion: Considering that the amount of environmental pollution and concentration of pollutants in the production units are more significant. So, planning for corrective actions to reduce emission of pollutants in production units, seems to be necessary. As well as the recovery and reduction of feed of flaring, can have a significant impact on the emission of pollutants.
زمینه و هدف: پالایشگاههای نفت از جمله انرژی بر ترین صنایع موجود میباشند و آلاینده های زیادی تولید میکنند. لذا شبیه سازی ترمودینامیکی به منظور بررسی عملکرد تجهیزات، تخمین آلاینده ها و اثرات زیست محیطی از اهمیت خاصی برخوردار است. در این مقاله شبیه سازی و تحلیل ترمودینامیکی و زیست محیطی واحد تولید برق و بخار پالایشگاه تهران مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. روش بررسی: در این خصوص دو سناریو برای بهبود عملکرد سامانه تولید همزمان توان و بخار پالایشگاه تهران پیشنهاد شده است. شبیه سازی ترمودینامیکی تجهیزات اصلی سامانه تولید توان و بخار در محیط Matlab انجام شده است. به منظور ارزیابی جوابهای شبیه سازی، از نرم افزار Thermoflex و Star استفاه گردیده است. همچنین برای تخمین اثرات زیست محیطی بر اساس تحلیل چرخه زندگی از نرم افزار Sima Pro استفاده شده است. یافته ها: نتایج نشان میدهد دقت شبیه سازی ترمودینامیکی بسیار بالا میباشد. میزان توان توربین های بخار در سناریو دو و سه 87/8 درصد افزایش یافته است. همچنین اثرات زیست محیطی در سناریو دوم 16 درصد و در سناریو سوم حدود 60 درصد کاهش یافته است. بحث و نتیجه گیری: با توجه به سناریوهای پیشنهادی و بهینه سازی شبکه بخار پالایشگاه تهران، راندمان شبکه افزایش مصرف انرژی و تولید آلاینده ها کاهش چشمگیری مییابد.
Background and Objective: The construction industry and the implementation of civil engineering projects are considered as one of the causes of environmental pollution. Considering the destructive effects and the contaminants created by the implementation of the development plans, it is necessary to evaluate the environmental impacts and identify them in order to reduce the impacts. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the environmental impacts of the rural water supply project in Birjand city using the Leopold Matrix Method of Iran.Methods: In this study, the environmental impacts of rural water supply project implementation in two physical-chemical and biological environments and in the construction phase were evaluated using Iranian matrix method. To this end, various implementation modes have been formulated to evaluate the environmental impacts of the project activities and a Leopold Matrix has been developed for each of them.Findings: The results showed that the average environmental impacts during construction in the seven environments under study were (-1.58), (-1.95), (-15.1), (-25). (2), (2), (2/21) and (2/22). Also, the number of environmental impacts on surface and groundwater pollution are highest and protected areas are least.Discussion and Conclusion: According to the analysis performed in none of the seven matrices and columns examined for the executable states, the average rankings were not found to be less than (-3.1), so project execution The supply is approved. To minimize the impacts, the lowest environmental impacts of each activity were selected, which would mean the average environmental impact of the whole project (-1.52).
Background and Objective:The purpose of this study was to map the spatial distribution of common yarrow(Achilla millefolium)and thyme (Thymus kotschianus) using artificial neural network model in rangelands Donna, Mazandaran Province. Method:Sampling was carried out with equal random classification in 29 homogenous units. In each unit, 3 soil samples were harvested from depth of 0-30 cm. In this study, 20 environmental factors were the independent variables and the presence of plant species were the dependent variable. For the preparation spatial distribution map of the species, environmental data were converted to maps in GIS. Then each of these factors was classified using the frequency. In this research, network Multilayer Perceptron that is the most common feed forward neural network was used. Optimal structure for the network was determined 1, 20, and 20. Then distribution maps of studied species were prepared with 4 class absence and low presence, medium presence and high presence in the GIS software. Models were evaluated using ROC curves and Kappa coefficient. Findings:AUC were 96.8 and 84.7 for the species Achilla millefolium and Thymus kotschianus was, respectively that indicates models are excellent or very good for the prediction. Discussion and Conclusion: Also kappa coefficient were calculated as 89.0 and 76.0 for Achilla millefolium and Thymus kotschyanus, respectively which indicate very good and good prediction.
Background and Objective: In Islamic architecture of Iran, public buildings such as mosques-schools were places for people to interact with different tastes and thoughts, with their diverse functions and spaces and with in-between spaces that played a decisive role in organizing the diverse functions of these places and linking them more closely. They formed a whole, and made it possible for one to stay in that place. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the in-between spaces on promoting a sense of place in the Qajar mosque-schools and to explore how in-between spaces can be effective in promoting a sense of place?Methods: Correlation analysis in Spss software was used to analyze the variables, and with library, field and survey studies to investigate the effective factors in promoting sense of place and in-between spaces.Findings: Results of this study indicate that the coefficient of significance between the variables of sense of place and in-between spaces is less than 0.05 and there is a significant relationship between these two variables.Conclusion: The use of in-between spaces can be effective in creating sense of place in architectural space. Because today the concept of in-between spaces is very important in the design of architectural spaces, so that it can be used to reinforce the link between human and place in new public spaces, ultimately leading to better exploitation of the environment and the continued presence of people.
زمینه و هدف: مطالعه میزان تغییرات و تخریب منابع در سالهای گذشته میتواند در برنامهریزی جهت استفادة بهینه از آن و کنترل و مهار تغییرات غیر اصولی در آینده گام مهمی به شمار آید. از آنجا که این تغییرات در سطوح وسیع و گسترده اتفاق می افتد، تکنولوژی سنجش از دور ابزاری ضروری و ارزشمند جهت پایش تغییرات میباشد. هدف از تحقیق حاضر، پایش تغییرات پوشش اراضی در حوضه آبخیز قره سو در استان اردبیل با تکنیک سنجش از دور است. روش بررسی: دراین تحقیق تغییرات پوشش اراضی طی سی سال از سال 1365 الی 1395 مورد پایش قرار گرفت.ابتدا تصاویر ماهواره لندست مربوط به ماه جولای سالهای 1985، 2000 و 2015 تهیه و پس از تصحیح هندسی و ارتفاعی، طبقه بندی تصاویر به روش نظارت شده با متد حداکثر احتمال انجام پذیرفت. به منظور افزایش دقت طبقهبندی از شاخص NDVI، DEM و لایه شیب استفاده شد و دقت طبقهبندی با شاخص کاپا و صحت کلی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافته ها: بر اساس نتایج در دوره اول (1380-1365) 43/20 درصد، در دوره دوم (1395-1380) 426/41 درصد و در سی سال (1395-1365) 99/27 درصد از منطقه دچار تغییر کاربری شده است که در هر سه دوره تغییرات کاربری زراعت دیم بیشترین مقدار را دارد. بحث و نتیجه گیری: نتایج تحقیق حاضر نشان دهنده این امر است که علیرغم بالا بودن قدرت تصاویر ماهواره لندست در تهیه نقشه کاربری اراضی، میتوان با استفاده از شاخصها و لایههای جانبی نظیر NDVI، ارتفاع و درصد شیب قدرت تفکیک کاربریها از یکدیگر را بهبود بخشید.
In this regard, the purpose of this study was to investigate the ways of converting the University of Cultural Studies to the Green University, The method of qualitative research, the method of research is study, use all of the resources envisaged in case studies; direct observation, semi-structured interviewing, in the form of a focal group, analysis of documents human artifacts for data collection. Also, for data analysis, the content analysis strategy was used to collect data, create databases analyze data using MAXQDA2018 software. Three types of trilogy, data trilogy were also used to trust, credibility reassure the research. The Trinity, the Trinity, the theoretical trinity, have been done. The content of the theme analysis, the 7 main themes, the 30 main themes of the organizer 380 general themes, has been identified by the farhangian University to achieve the goals of the Green University, in 7 dimensions (mainstream content) Learning learning; Participation Networking of Social Interactions; Environmental Management System; Research, Technology Innovation Leadership Planning Monitoring, Evaluation Reporting ; and Human Resource Management . Should take action. By studying the research findings, it was concluded that the obvious links between the main functions of the university - the continuous education, research everyday activities of the university, with the general approach of the University for the development of environmental sustainability green management the green campus - to the students in preserving respecting The environment helps the real world reaches the green city the green community. In a university, as a small town, if the goal is to develop an environmental culture green management, all the affiliated sectors must be taken into consideration.
Background and purpose: Thermal power plants play a major role in the production of air pollutants with significant consumption of fossil fuels. Sulfur oxides are among these pollutants. Regarding the necessity of reducing pollutants due to combustion of fuel in power plants of Iran this paper proposes a solution to select NOx reduction technology with investment approach in Iranian thermal power plants. Method:In this research, first with the extensive knowledge of research conducted in this field, the existing technologies in the world and also the most important criteria effective in their effectiveness have been identified and in the next step in order to adapt these criteria to Iran's conditions, from Fuzzy Delphi technique was used to finalize the criteria. In order to weigh the criteria and then rank the existing technologies, the new SECA ranking technique is used. Finding: . The results showed that IFGR technology, OFA, Flameless Combustion, LNB and FR(Fuel reburning) were the first to fifth priority of technology selection, respectively. Discussion and Conclusions: Together, these technology assessments will help create a more environmentally friendly and sustainable environment and make the ecological systems less vulnerable.
