Background: The novelty of the work lies in the formulation of these frequency-based generators, which reflects the lowest level of information loss in the intermediate calculations. The core idea behind the approach presented in this work is that a module with complex logic involved may have more probability of bugs. Software defect prediction is the area of research that enables the development and operations team to have the probability of bug proneness of the software. Many researchers have deployed multiple variations of machine learning and deep learning algorithms to achieve better accuracy and more insights into predictions. Objective: To prevent this fractional data loss from different derived metrics generations, a few optimal transformational engines capable of carrying forward formulations based on lossless computations have been deployed. Methods: A model Sodprhym has been developed to model refined metrics. Then, using some classical machine learning algorithms, accuracy measures have been observed and compared with the recently published results, which used the same datasets and prediction techniques. Results: The teams could establish watchdogs thanks to the automated detection, but it also gave them time to reflect on any potentially troublesome modules. For quality assurance teams, it has therefore become a crucial step. Software defect prediction looks forward to evaluating error-prone modules likely to contain bugs. Conclusion: Prior information can definitely align the teams with deploying more and more quality assurance checks on predicted modules. Software metrics are the most important component for defect prediction if we consider the different underlying aspects that define the defective module. Later we deployed our refined approach in which we targeted the metrics to be considered.
In this patent, the optimal single-tuned passive harmonic filter corresponding to the maximum expected value of the annual gain due to the power loss reduction is determined. Voltage and load current harmonics, as well as source and load impedances are represented as randomly time-varying quantities. The distribution characteristics of these random variables at a supply bus can be determined by sampling measurements performed on the examined electrical plant, as well as statistical analysis. The major advantage of this method is that it, unlike conventional approaches, guarantees convergence to the optimal solution. The contribution of the developed method is demonstrated in examples taken from existing publications. Keywords: Optimization, power systems harmonics, power factor, probability, System Admittance, Uncompensated System, Harmonic Distortion
This paper presents a bootstrapping technique that is applicable for various large window photodetectors by introducing a variable feedback capacitor to the front-end system. Two types of optical front-end receivers; Transimpedance amplifier (TIA) and Bootstrap transimpedance amplifier (BTA) were simulated and the performances of both architectures were compared. With the photodiode input capacitance compensation, the BTA improves the systems performance in which up to 670% increase was exhibited in the systems bandwidth. On the other hand, using the variable feedback capacitor in the circuit design, the fidelity of the system response was improved. This article also refers some recent patent on optical wireless receiver designs. Keywords: Bootstrap transimpedance amplifier, large window photodetector, optical wireless communication, Preamplifier Architectures, Transimpedance amplifier, Photodiode model, TIA and BTA Modeling, Various PIN Photodetector
Distributed Smart Camera Network can be seen as a network with smart camera around every corner. Smart Camera is an embedded vision system which integrates Sensing Unit, Processing Unit and Communication Unit in one single box. The goal of smart camera is to observe what is happening in the surveillance scene, extract specific information and then transform it to the host or take appropriate action automatically. This paper aims to provide an introduction of smart camera first, including its architecture, platform, challenge etc. We then describe the difficulties when coming to the reality environment, including calibration to get camera topology, camera selection and hand-off for tracking, information fusion, distributed video coding, privacy and security etc. A summary of work on these topics is also given before the conclusion. This paper reviews some promising patents on distributed smart camera network. Keywords: Camera selection and hand-off, camera topology, data fusion, distributed video coding, distributed smart camera, privacy and security, smart camera, Image Sensing
In this paper, some of the most significant recent patents on compact microstrip antennas (CMAs) are reviewed. Feeding/modifying techniques for different CMA configurations to improve the performance parameters and to reduce the size of these antennas are presented as well. The recent patents that have focused on capabilities, technologies and architectures of CMAs are addressed. Various technical solutions on CMAs and their respective advantages and limitations are discussed. Keywords: Broadbanding, compact microstrip antennas, feeding techniques, patch antennas, Rectangular microstrip, design of CMAs, Coplanar waveguide, radiating patch, metal feed line, triangular lattice patch
— Red-eye and flash-eye defects in still photography continue to cause problems for digital imaging devices. New variants of flash-eye defects have appeared as cameras and cameras sub-systems get smaller in size. This paper reviews a wide range of the more recently patented techniques that have been applied to solve various problems associated with red and non-red flash-eye, particularly solutions which are implemented in the camera. The use of in-camera metadata, multiple images of the same scene and adaptation of image acquisition conditions to improve red-eye detection and correction are explained. Four principle categories of flash-eye defect are identified and techniques are outlined to deal with each of these. The use of face, eye and scene metadata obtained within the camera is also considered. In particular data obtained regarding indoor/outdoor scenes, partial face regions, eye orientation and gaze and pupil size can all assist with some difficult cases of flash-eye defect. Some advanced techniques to improve the correction and reconstruction of eye regions are also considered.
In order to enhance the performance of wireless communication systems, we usually employ diversity combining techniques. Rake reception is a diversity method that gained popularity mainly due to its use in second and third generation mobile systems. This paper reviews important and recent advances in rake diversity and its applications in wireless communications. First, we provide some theoretical background of rake reception focusing on the initial idea proposed in the late 50s. Next, we present selected patent and scientific literature on rake receiver design. Recent patents, patent applications and scientific articles on the application of rake diversity in code division multiple access systems, ultrawideband communications and channel estimation are then discussed. Some more general applications of rake reception in wireless communications are also examined. Future perspectives of rake diversity are finally explored. Keywords: CDMA, channel estimation, diversity, rake, receiver, ultra-wideband, wireless communications, TDL rake receiver model, Postdetection diversity, UWB Systems
The operational amplifier is one of the most significant performance bottlenecks in traditional Analog-to- Digital Converters. CMOS technology down-scaling results in lower voltage swings and transistor intrinsic gain. This trend increases the challenges in designing analog and mixed-signal circuits. This paper reviews a few promising patents on new development of analog-to-digital converters. The challenges in traditional operational amplifier based ADCs are analyzed. Keywords: Operational amplifier, pipelined ADC, SAR ADC, Analog-to-Digital Converters, Gain boost, Replicated operational amplifier, open-loop AC response
Online detection and classification of changing harmonic signal content are common issues in vehicle control, both regarding mechanical and electrical oscillations. This paper presents an overview of the most recent patents. In particular it shows an invention in which a fast and numerically efficient method is used. The well known signal correlation principle is applied to detect, in real time operation, instantaneous dominant oscillations in a time-varying (temporally-variant) harmonic signal. Keywords: Oscillations detection, pantograph control, Oscillations, harmonic signal, electrical oscillations, velocity controller, electropneumatic system, electric-powered vehicles, rail vehicles, tramway vehicles, trolley vehicles, piezoelectric mounting leaf spring, servo motor control apparatus, pneumatic control, pantograph device, Contact stripes, particular transient, connection point, Vertical low-frequency vibrations (LF-V), Horizontal high-frequency movements (HF-H), quasiharmonic signal, funnel filters, Heisenberg indetermination principle, long time window, drop-off effect, black region, PID regulator, pantograph pressure, denoising algorithm, actuator-pantograph, trigonometric functions, quadratic sum, dominant frequency, threshold level, Matlab platform, Digital Signal Processor (DSP), trigonometric wavelets, VALIDATION AND SIMULATIONS, sub-harmonics, very large black regions, drop off, simulated signal, wavelet packets
A compact microstrip lowpass filter using a U-SGS, which has the same meaning as U-Defected Ground Structure (U-DGS), with compensated microstrip is proposed in the paper. The equivalent circuit for the proposed Ushaped DGS and its corresponding L-C parameters are extracted by using its Sparameters response and a simple circuit analysis method. The lowpass filter using three cascaded U-DGS provides a compact size, very good transition sharpness with low insertion loss in passband and wide rejection in the stopband. Measured results show good agreement with the theoretical results. New ideas in order to improve the compactness and the losses of the filter have been proposed. The article presents some promising patents on design of compact ultra-wide stopband lowpass filter using a U-slotted ground structure (SGS) and multilayer-technique. Keywords: Defected ground structure, lowpass filter, multiplayer-technique, reject band, sharp transition, U- resonator, U - Slotted Ground Structure, Ultra-Wide Stopband Lowpass Filter, U-DGS SLOT STRUCTURE, U-DGS SLOT, DESIGN AND FABRICATION
VCSELs have major applications in high-speed data- and tele-communications such as local/metro area networks, optical interconnects and free-space optical links. Even though VCSEL was invented more than three decades ago and rapidly entered into system applications, a method of mass producing monolithic, polarization stable VCSELs at industry scale is still on-demand. Unfortunately, due to the high symmetry of VCSEL along its optic (emission) axis, VCSELs do not have intrinsic polarization stability. As the injection current increases above threshold, polarization randomly switches between the two orthogonal directions and leads to relative intensity noise and degrades the bit error rates during signal transmission. Until now polarization mode in VCSELs has been stabilized by growing VCSELs on high-index and off-angled substrates; introducing single/multiple asymmetric shapes in active and current aperture layers; growing asymmetric quantum nanostructures in active layers; introducing stress externally on the top DBRs; fabricating 1D shallow surface, high-contrast sub-δ gratings and integrating with SP elements on the topmost layer of VCSEL; introducing photonic nanostructures into VCSEL cavities, and so on. Our current review not only focuses on successful demonstrations and patents in the past but also identifies suitable methods for mass production of polarization stable VCSELs for practical applications. Keywords: Birefringence, in-plane anisotropy, polarization control, Semiconductor laser, Surface emitting laser, VCSEL, strained quantum well, Spin-Flip Model, Polarization Switching
This work describes the methodology and the basic procedures developed by the patent entitled Method and Device for Measuring Characteristic Curves in Photovoltaic Systems [1]. The invention relates to a measuring device that can capture the current-voltage (I-V) and power-voltage (P-V) characteristic curves of solar cells, photovoltaic (PV) modules or arrays. The patented system employs a novel circuit solution based on DC-DC converters that shows several advantages with regard to classical methods: simple structure, scalability, fast response and low cost. The patented system allows the real time capture and displaying of the I-V and P-V curves of a PV panel or array. Moreover, the patented system allows the real time capture and displaying of pieces of curves which are not connected to each other. An experimental prototype based on four SEPIC (Single-Ended Primary Inductance Converter) converters in parallel connection operating in interleaved mode has been implemented to validate the patented system. Keywords: DC, –, DC power conversion, interleaved SEPIC converters, PV modules measurement, testing, Photovoltaic Systems, converter topologies, PV Generator, solar facility, current ripple
Psychophysics in conjunction with Electrical Engineering and Computer Science has been successful to show the existence of stochastic non linear phenomena and the possibility to induce enhanced sensory ranges in our nervous system. This new fundamental description led to new devices and techniques capable of influencing neurodynamics. In this paper, we describe some significant advances in this field. We begin by referring the first attempt to produce practical devices involving perception improvements, and we discuss several aspects of our own patent, which is a system conceived to enhance human perception as a result of promoting complex interaction in human sensory integration. With this objective, we introduce the structure of the system patented, and we summarize some of the tests and research results providing the scientific background. Finally, we discuss some new challenging fields of application for this kind of invention that will stimulate new research and future patents. Keywords: Human sensitivity, multisensory, proprioception, stochastic resonance, sound, vibration, visual, Neurodynamic Activation, Subject's Sensory, Reflex, Tactile or Visual Stimulations
In this paper, the features of a compact spherical antenna, already efficiently used for ultra wide band applications, are investigated by exploiting the possibility of detecting electromagnetic transients with frequency content up to the very high frequency range. Transient phenomena with the above mentioned frequency content are those encountered, for example, in partial discharge detection. The behaviour of the adopted compact spherical antenna enables to successfully detect the waveform of typical partial discharge transient radiated electromagnetic field, so preserving the information necessary for the subsequent pattern analysis, typically carried out by using classical conducted measures results. The compact antenna is firstly modelled by using two different moments method approaches in frequency domain: surface and thin-wire models are adopted in order to investigate different case studies so obtaining useful information about the behaviour of the antenna both in frequency and in time domain. Some comparisons with measured transient electromagnetic field data obtained with a real spherical antenna probe enable to successfully validate the use of the compact spherical antenna in detecting electromagnetic transients with frequency content up to the very high frequency range. A recent patent has been obtained also by one of the author by using this type of sensor. Keywords: Method of moments, numerical modeling, partial discharges, radiated electromagnetic fields, spherical antenna, transients, UWB antennas, EM Transients, MoM model, admittance of the probe
This paper describes the continuous progress of amorphous (a-Si:H) and microcrystalline (μc-Si:H) silicon based thin film solar cells and discusses its present scenarios based on patents and open reviews. The efficiency of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin film solar cells has gradually improved from 2.4% to 15.2% (stable 13.0%). The major advantages of a-Si:H solar cells are the multijunction device capability, bandgap tailoring, easy fabrication, large scale production and high optical absorption coefficient. But the important factor for higher stabilized efficiencies is light induced effect on a-Si:H based solar cells was first reported by Staebler and Wronski. The highest recorded stabilized efficiency in micromorph cell is 10.18%. Though a lot of improvements have been done yet it needs more investigation. However, the improvement of open circuit voltage (Voc) is reviewed that is done with wide bangdgap window layers (a-SiC:H, μc-SiO:H, nc-Si:H etc) and inserting buffer layers at p/i and i/n interfaces in a-Si:H solar cells. An achievement of higher short circuit current (Jsc) by light trapping scheme is also reviewed. The material search for good optical and electrical properties and the device design technology is an immense need for further improvements of a- Si:H solar cell performances which are also being discussed with analysis of most relevant patents. Keywords: Amorphous silicon, multijunction, stabilized efficiency, buffer layer, open circuit voltage, short circuit voltage, light induced effect, Microcrystalline Silicon Thin-Film Solar Cells, multijunction device capability, bandgap tailoring, optical absorption coefficient, micromorph cell, photovoltaic research, optoelectronic properties, conductive oxide, hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, germanium, hydrogen ratio, solar spectrum, very high frequency glow discharge (VHF-GD), trapping system, light induced degradation, intermediate reflector, short circuit current density, fill factor, transparent conductive oxide, Single junction, refractive index, superstrate configuration, alloys, electron-hole pairs, photovoltaic conversion efficiency, interface effects, Hot-Wire (HW) method, stacked-cell concept, quantum efficiency curves, Staebler-Wronski Effect, triple-junction structure, hybrid module, photostabilization, tunnel junctions, heterostructure, hot-wire chemical vapor deposition, fluorinated amorphous silicon, cascade solar cell structure, PECVD (Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition), micromorph tandem cells, fabrication method, nanotech antennas
We review some patents on the use of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMCs) and its manipulation to be used by different application areas. The different IPMC structures patented the techniques to improve its efficiency, and their operation as sensor and/or actuator mode. Some advantages/disadvantages of the different structures presented in relation to other existing but not using the IPMC material are also pointed out. Some future perspectives for the application of IPMCs are also explored. Keywords: Electroactive polymers (EAP), ionic polymer-metal composites, IPMCs, artificial muscles, Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMCs), actuator mode, porous fluoride ion polymer, ion conductor, platinum, electrical stimulus, medicine, urinary, fecal incontinence, gastroesophageal reflux, congestive heart failure, expansion/contraction, esophageal cuff sphincter, artificial muscle patch, electroactive actuators, electroactive sensors, electroactive members, horizontal, vertical axis, DC motor, snake like linear actuator, auto-sensing glove, sphincter muscle, contractile structure, non-rectilinear fibers, tubular part, electroactive fibers, microfluids, fluid flux, microchannel, structures fitting, protective membrane, evaporation, deflector or moment arm, morphing surfaces, aero-dynamic forces, airfoils, elastic deformation, silicone, polyurethane, elasticity, encapsulated, electrodes, coating layer, apnea, implant device, lateral pharyngeal, air passageway, PVDF structure
This article describes the theoretical basis, design and implementation of X-ray microdetectors based on scintillating materials and CMOS technology. The working principle of such microdetectors consists in the absorption of X-rays by scintillators, which produce visible light. The visible light is then detected and converted into electric signals by means of photodetectors. In order to understand such detectors, several issues related to its implementation are presented in this article, namely: Production of X-rays and interaction between them and matter - the first step necessary to the detection of X-rays is that they must be absorbed by some material, in this case by a scintillator; Radiation detectors - there are several types of detectors, namely: pn junctions, photoconductors, based on thermal effects and scintillators; Fabrication of scintillator arrays - after the X-ray radiation is absorbed by a scintillator, this material emits visible light whose intensity is proportional to the total energy of the absorbed X-rays; Optical interfaces between scintillators and photodetectors - the visible light generated by scintillators must arrive to the photodetectors, so, it is necessary to have an interface between the scintillators and the photodetectors that ideally does not introduce losses; Photodetectors and interface electronics - the visible light is absorbed by the photodetectors and converted into electrical signals, which are finally converted into digital images by means of interface electronics. The article presents some promising patents on X-ray detectors based on scintillators and CMOS technology. Keywords: X-rays, scintillators, digital radiography, CMOS imaging, X-ray Detectors, CMOS Technology, visible light, photodetectors, pn junctions, photoconductors, barium platinocyanide screen, radiographic image detector, computerized tomography, nuclear medicine imaging, photon, infrared, ultraviolet, radio waves, electromagnetic radiations, oscillation, wavelength, Planck's constant, momentum, electron-Volt (eV), synchrotron, electron laser, radiotherapy, X-Ray Tube, bremsstrahlung, thermionic emission, high-sped electrons, anode, X-Ray Spectrum, molybdenum anode, kinetic energy, K shell, L or M shells, photoelectric absorption, Compton scattering, electron-positron pairs, coefficient of linear absorption, mass absorption coefficient, relative atomic mass, Compton effect, Photoelectric Effect, elastic collisions, Thomson cross-section, vacuum permittivity, Planck constant, Auger effect, photoionization, binding energy, electron-positron pair, threshold, Coherent or Rayleigh Scattering, Photonuclear Absorption, total attenuation coefficient, Elastic Nuclear Scattering, Inelastic Nuclear Scattering, Delbrück Scattering, annihilation, cesium iodide, mass attenuation coefficient, iodine, atomic number, atomic mass, cesium, RADIATION DETECTORS, amorphous silicon, electron-hole pair, amorphous selenium, HgI2, PbI2, Seebeck coefficients, copper, Sb2Te3, p type, Bi2Te3, n type, Hz, spatial resolution, thallium doped cesium iodide (CsI:Tl), aluminum, photon noise, electronic noise, standard deviation, variance, Poisson, arbitrary angle, homogeneous metallic reflector, Snell law, anti-reflective filter, quarter-wave film, silicon nitride, ZrO2, TiO2, prismatic or parallelepipedic, n+/p-epilayer junction, Si3N4 layer, binomial distribution, Monte Carlo method, surface area, FABRICATION OF A SCINTILLATOR MATRIX, laser, Deep Reactive Ion Etching, photolithographic process, photoresist, inductively coupled plasma (ICP), OmniCoat, SU-8TM, MicroChem, spin-coater, viscosities
The oil and paper of power transformers gradually age and consequently their quality decreases, which has an important effect on the lifetime of the transformer. The aging rate of these two materials depends on the temperature and moisture of the environment. The presence of moisture in a transformer deteriorates transformer insulation by decreasing both its electrical and mechanical strength. Hence, silica gel is used to absorb the water from the existing air between the environment and the expansion tank. Since the absorption capacity of silica gel decreases over time, it must be restored during the lifetime of the transformer. This paper evaluates the different effects of moisture on transformer insulation and describes a designed system: the automatic silica gel restoration machine. Applying this machine will increase the life of transformer insulation and consequently the duration of its useful life. The article presents some promising patents on life of oil immersed transformers by automatic restoration of silica gel. Keywords: Long life, moisture, oil aging, power transformer, silica gel, oil immersed transformer, microcontrollers featuring, microcontroller, radial deformation
Condition based monitoring has become essential in maintaining and extending the health of high-speed rotating and reciprocating machinery. One effective approach to detect signs of potential failure of a rotating or reciprocating machine is to examine the wear debris in its lubricating oil. Recent patents and research articles on on-line wear debris detection in lubricating oil are reviewed in this paper, including electrical impedance detection, acoustic detection, optical detection, pressure detection, online x-ray spectrography, resonant frequency detection, and electrostatic charge detection. Advantages and limitations of each detection method are discussed.
In general, the biometric patterns of an individual are permanently bound with him/her and it is almost impossible to replace. As a result, once stolen or compromised, the biometric data are either lost forever or are very hard to recover. Thus, it is desirable to secure the original patterns and design a method to ensure their revocability when compromised, which is known as “cancelable biometrics”. In this paper, recent patents and related papers on cancelable biometrics are reviewed, including different biometrics encryption algorithms and feature transformation methods. Keywords: Biometrics, cancelable biometrics, security and privacy, Face recognition, partial fingerprint identification, biometric authentication, Hand-geometry recognition, Multispectral fingerprint imaging, fingerprint data
