Occupational stress is common among workers in many organizations, especially individuals that work in extremely rigorous and demanding institutions like the bank. Thus, the study was aimed at investigating gender differences in the perception and handling of Occupational stress among bank workers in Ibadan metropolis. The theory of job demands-control (support) was used as the theoretical framework for this study. Data was obtained through quantitative research methods, in detecting the levels of stress within the organization, the perceptions of workers concerning their jobs and working environments, stress management techniques and job control. Purposive sampling method was used to select 300 respondents from 15 commercial banks within Ibadan metropolis. Findings from the study showed that there is gender difference in the way bank workers handle occupational stress and the coping mechanisms adopted. In testing the hypotheses, with a t-value 3.205, it was identified that male and female workers perceived stress similarly while the t-test results showed that respondents did not have adequate control over their jobs although in comparing the both genders, the males had more control over their jobs than female workers. In view of these findings, the paper recommends thatbanking institutions should create and encourage their workers to participate in recreational activities and events. The paper also recommends that bank workers should seek social support from friends and family members as coping mechanism rather than succumbing to negative coping mechanisms like smoking and consuming alcohol.
In recent time, the misinterpretation of statistics represents one of the most prevalent tools in misleading the general public. Most politicians and business organisations have used statistics to attract public sympathy, create an outrage or facilitate their personal interest. This is done by either lying or manipulating data to reveal just part of the truth beneficial to them. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to review how statistics could be used to mislead the public. The scope of the paper is limited to some selected descriptive statistics namely: The mean, percentages, and graphs. The study concluded that although social statistics, could be used to deceive the public, it is still a veritable tool for understanding and clarifying the way the social world works. However, it is recommended that before any social statistics is accepted, the source of the statistics must be verified to determine if it is for public or vested interests, the whole data for the statistics must be reviewed to ensure no missing data which might reveal additional findings.
Autism is a chronic condition characterized by deficit in social relations, communication challenges and a tendency to engage in repetitive behaviours. Parents caring for autistic children are overwhelmed and exposed to chronic stress exacerbated by psychological variables. Previous studies have investigated child and parents’ factors in relation to abuse of these children. However, little is known about the influence of perceived social support on parenting stress of parents of children living with autism. Ex-post-facto, using the cross-sectional design was adopted and data was gathered from randomly selected parents of autistic children, attending Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital Annex in Oshodi, Yaba, Lagos. Gender distribution of the parents revealed that most of them 71.4% were females, while the other 28.6% were males. Findings revealed that parents of children living with autism with low perceived social support (M=110.66, S.D= 5.88) were not significantly different in the level of parenting stress when compared to parents with high perceived social support (M=110.72, S.D =5.47). This demonstrates that there was no significant difference in the parenting stress as reported by parents of children living with autism with low and high level of perceived social support (t (47) = -.037, p>.05). Recommendations and suggestions were made from the findings of the study.
Many factors that put adolescents at risk of delinquency have been identified in studies; however, disproportionately few of the studies on delinquency and its predisposing factors were carried out in Nigeria, and mostly among non-delinquent offenders. This study investigated perceived parental styles and personality traits as predictors of delinquent behaviour among delinquent offenders in Remand Homes in Abeokuta, Ogun-state. The study adopted ex-post facto survey design with simple random sampling to select 227 participants. Data were collected using questionnaire, consisting of standardised and psychometrically robust measures of Parental Authority Questionnaire, Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and Self-Reported Delinquency Measure. Results indicated that permissive parenting style (β = 0.16; p .05}.This study concluded that, permissive parenting style and psychoticism-trait and extraversion-trait were strong factors in predicting delinquent behaviours. Also, irrespective of type of homes the adolescents live, delinquent behaviours are the same among this population. The study recommended that rehabilitation should focus more on male gender but not living out female gender irrespective of their type of homes as the case maybe. Parents of the delinquent youths should be targeted for psychological intervention as well, especially with regards to positive parenting.
Waste generation, a possible source of epidemics in market or any other work environment could also be made a source of income generation if properly managed. Through an evaluative study in Alesinloye market, Ibadan, it was evident that intervention of Solid waste management in a market place could be effective and efficient, ranging from waste collection stage to the final disposal of waste. Alesinloye market environs was neater and cleaner after the waste management project introduced in 2009. Waste was also consciously disposed by traders daily, while waste recycling became a source of income to the management of the market. The commitment of the management and active involvement of members of the work environment were significant in the prevention of epidemics in the market area.
The study investigated the predictive role of work shift, burnout and perceived vulnerability on psychological health among nurses. Globally, the nursing profession is one occupation laden with high demands, physically and even emotionally. Part of the stress is driven by the need for time to time shift work schedules, burnout and perception of vulnerability to work which have roles to play in the psychological health nurses. The research design adopted was the cross-sectional method where 247 nurses in a renowned teaching hospital were conveniently sampled. Results revealed that work shift, burnout and perceived vulnerability jointly accounted for 10.3% variation in psychological health. Independently, perceived vulnerability (β =-.264; t=.-3.620; P .05) and shift work (β= .115; t=-1.948; P>0.5) did not independently predict psychological health. Further analysis revealed that when combined together gender, age and educational qualification accounted for 11.2% variation in psychological health. Albeit, result revealed that only educational qualification (β =-.170; t= -2.420; P
Every marriage is intended to be successful through the combined efforts of the man and woman, who are expected to “work well together”. Working well together is usually the outcome of matching the couple’s strengths and weaknesses to arrive at a complementary outcome. This depends on what they brought into the union as their performance ecology. This study aimed at developing a scale to measure couples’ performance ecology in their romantic relationship. Items were generated through focus group discussions and literature review. Derived items were subjected to face and content validity, item analysis as well as principal component analysis using 1328 participants. The emerging scale has six factors (discriminated from decreasing Eigen values) including comparison distress, genetic incompatibility, reflective pride, progressive talk, relational economics and parenting acumen. The scale was also compared with four other measures to verify convergent and divergent validities. We arrived at a valid and reliable scale (with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of .80) which is recommended for assessment and therapeutic intervention among couples. It has been shown that when couples are capable of demonstrating intimate comparison and empathic reflection in times of relational challenges, they are likely to cooperatively strengthen their relationship through enhanced relationship quality.
The quality of parents-child relationship between parents and their children have been found to be linked to the health and social wellbeing of the children. Most times, parents are stressed from working to earn a living for their family thereby impacting the quality of parent-child relationship. This research work sought to examine the influence of occupational stress on the quality of parent-child relationship among multiparous mothers. The study adopted an ex-post facto research design. The research was conducted on multiparous mothers working in the Oyo State civil service. Systematic and simple random sampling technique was adopted during the course of the research. Three hundred and nine (309) multiparous mothers participated in the study. The mean age of mothers being (40.6yrs)SD (1.08). A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from the participants. Three hypotheses were formulated and tested using multiple regression and one way ANOVA. Results revealed that the components of occupational stress; workload, interpersonal problems, temporal problems, reward system, leadership problems and inadequate working facilities jointly accounted for 18% of the variance of quality of parent-child relationship (R= .43, R 2 = .18, F =3.98; p .01) have the highest independent influence on quality of parent-child relationship among multiparous mothers with a beta value of .91. The result further showed that there is a significant joint influence of demographic variables on quality of parent-child relationship among multiparous mothers (F=2.49; p<.05), participant’s income (β=.16; t=2.10; p˂.05) and educational qualification (β=.15; t=2.03; p˂.05) had significant independent influences on quality of parent-child relationship among multiparous mothers. High income earning mothers who earn above N51,000 scored significantly higher on the quality of parent-child relationship (F=2.96; p˂.05) which shows that high income earning parents have a higher quality parent-child interaction. The study concludes that occupational stress contributes significantly to the quality of parent-child relationship among multiparous mothers, with workload having an individual influence on quality of parent-child relationship.
The purpose of this paper is to provide a description of specific clinical interventions that can be used by cognitive behavioral therapists working with clients who are experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a stress-related disorder that may occur following exposure to a traumatic event. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a structured psychotherapeutic approach built on a collaborative relationship between the client and the psychotherapist. One of the most effective PTSD management involves the use CBT techniques aimed at correcting the victims’ erroneous cognitions and to engender emotional processing of the trauma. The paper reviews the literature on psychotherapy in PTSD and provides some practical ways for therapists to use when they are faced with patients having past-traumatic disorders.
Research has shown that the addictive rate of smartphone is 8.7% and it is expected to increase with the rise of smartphone users. This study examines depression, stress and obsessive-compulsive disorder as predictors of smartphone addiction among smartphone users in Ibadan. Smartphone addiction is one of the biggest 21st century non- drug addiction because of its compulsive – addictive nature. However, there is a dearth of such researches in Nigeria. The research employed a cross sectional survey using Expost-facto design. Three hundred and seventy one (371) smartphone users were purposefully sampled. Their age ranges between 21 years to 60 years. The standardized research instruments used were; Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS), Florida Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Inventory (FOCI) and smartphone addiction scale developed for this research. Psychological variables; anxiety, depression, stress and OCD jointly predicted smartphone addiction (R 2 = 0.25, F (4,300) = 30.05 p .05), students reported higher smartphone addiction than the employed, and the unemployed. There was no gender differences in smartphone addiction among smartphone users (t=.38, df =369, p>.05). 119 (32.1%) were high on smartphone addiction. This study demonstrated that the incidence of smartphone addiction is on the increase among smartphone users in Nigeria. Thus there is need to educate smartphone users on their vulnerability to smartphone addiction especially if they have some level of underlining psychological distress. The study also notes that anxiety disorders are on the increase, mental health worker should rise up to challenges posed by the increase.
Although many studies on sexual harassment in the universities have been conducted in Nigeria, only a few of them have focused on what people considered as sexual harassment. This study examined participants’ views of what constitute sexual harassment, its causes, consequences as well as measures to be put in place to curtail sexual harassment in three purposively selected Universities in South Western Nigeria. The study is purely qualitative. Using explorative research design, the study employed In-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussions methods to elicit information from participants in the selected Universities. In all, 40 in-depth interviews comprising female and male students (undergraduates and postgraduates); academic staff (males and females) and non-academic staff (males and females) were conducted. In addition, eight FGDs were conducted in each of the selected universities totally 24 FGDs each with female undergraduate students; female postgraduate students; male postgraduate students; female academic staff; male academic staff; male non academic staff and female non-academic staff. The results showed that many of the participants do not know what constitutes sexual harassment. The identified consequences include psychological trauma on the part of the victims, parents’ disinclination in sending their children to the affected university turning out of unqualified graduates and damaging the university’s image before international community. Some of the suggestions are that the Universities should have a zero-tolerance policy toward sexual harassment, regular enlightenment campaigns/education, appropriate punishment, summary dismissal, institution of legal action and implementation of anti-sexual harassment policy among others.
Grand multiparity (GMP) means women undergoing between five and nine viable pregnancies and deliveries. Scholarly attention has been given to preventing GMP through reduction in fertility. However the prevalence of GMP, couple with dearth of information of its threat women`s health especially in Oyo-state, Nigeria has not been adequately addressed. Health belief model (HBM) formed the frame work for this study. A total of 422 structured questionnaire were administered in a survey to GMP women using snow-balling method. Qualitative method was used in selecting and interviewing twelve key-informants with four healthcare practitioners each from western, traditional, and faith-based patterns of healthcare utilisation. GMP women and men were equally engaged in six sessions of focus group discussions. Quantitative data were analysed using Chi-square and Cross-tabulation at p≤0.05. Qualitative data were content analysed. Mean respondents’ age was 43.3years ±1.2. About 41.0% and 19.0% acquired secondary and tertiary education respectively. About 18.7% affirmed the prevalence and threat of GMP. 30.0% indicated negative response to the prevalence of GMP, while 50.6% were neutral in their responses. Result showed that 71.5% of respondents indicated positive response to universality of illness during GMP. GMP was significantly associated with respondents’ level of education (χ2=365.85). Maternal age (β =0.04) and higher parity (β =0.08) were significantly related to preterm delivery. The study concluded that GMP and its health-risks still exist in the rural areas of Akinyele Local Government Area and socio-cultural factors are major drivers of GMP.
This study examined psychological and socio-demographic variables as predictors of youth participation in politics. A total number of three hundred youths was selected by the researchers for the study using stratified sampling. The study adopted ex-post facto design. The mean age and standard deviation of participant were 26.5year and 6.5. Two hypotheses were formulated and tested: the results showed that political consciousness and political self-efficacy jointly predicted youth participation in politics (R = .95; R 2 = .91; p
AIM:To assess whether Substance Use (SU) is associated with Psychosocial Function (PF) among adolescent.METHODS:Using a self-administered validated instrument, we obtained information on demographic, SU (defined as self-reported affirmative use of one or more of any form of alcoholic drinks, cigarettes, hemps etc) and PF [using the adolescent psychosocial functioning inventory comprising of three subscales; optimism and coping strategies (OCS), behaviour and relationship problems (BRP) and general psychosocial dysfunction designed (GPD)] among 2272 apparently healthy adolescents. PF was categorized as 'elevated' if the psychosocial functioning index (PFI) score were >75th percentile, otherwise, 'not elevated' and multivariable-adjusted logistic regression was used to compute odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of SU for elevated PF risk. In addition, we applied Johnson Neyman (JN) technique to identifying the JN significance regions at which age moderated the SU-PF relationship at a statistical significance of two-sided P<0.05.RESULTS:Prevalence of SU and elevated PF was 50.7% and 79.8% respectively. Prevalence of elevated PF differed insignificantly by sex, but the proportion of adolescent with elevated PFI on SU (82.6%) was significantly higher (P<0.001) compared to those with elevated PFI but not on SU (76.9%). Multivariable-adjusted odds of decreased OCS risk given SU exposure was; OR (95%CI): 1.3791 (1.1458-1.6698), P=0.0007. Similarly, multivariable-adjusted odds of elevated PF risk in the light of SU exposure was; OR (95%CI): 1.4286 (1.1617-1.7567), P=0.0007. Furthermore, the JN significance regions for moderated regression analyses of odds of decreased OCS risk was between 10.4years [OR (95%CI): 0.5820 (0.1411-1.0228), P=0.0097] and 16.7years [OR (95%CI): 0.3025 (0.0001-0.6050), P=0.0500].CONCLUSION:Adolescents on SU are about one and half times at risk of psychosocial dysfunction and age significantly attenuated the SU-decreased OCS risk link particularly in early adolescence.
Wearing of beards is a practice that is very common even from the ancient time and processing the features of another person automatically or saying something about him is a reality we are living with now. Despite the negative narratives about beard wearing nowadays, people from different walks of life still wear beards in Nigeria. The aim of this research was to investigate students’ perception on beard wearing and how their perception would make them to view individuals with beards. The research which was exploratory in nature surveyed 258 (119 males and 139 females) undergraduate students of University of Lagos as participants. A two item self-developed questionnaire was used to elicit responses from the participants. Data were thematically analyzed and themes that emerged showed that students profiled bearded individuals as mature and good looking (42.2%), responsible (35.3%). Hence, a higher percentage of the participants positively perceived individuals with beards. The study concluded that students have positive perception towards beard-wearing individuals.
Increased conflicts in Nigeria, especially with current insurgent activities, have resulted in greater military service demands such as frequent and repeated deployments. Despite extant literature on the possible effects of deployments on children, little to no research has focused on the psychological experiences and outcomes of children from Nigerian military homes. This study explored the perspectives of stay-at home mothers, teachers of military-connected children (MCC) and MCC’s with an aim to provide foundations for development of policy initiatives, interventions and future research. In this qualitative study, nineteen in-depth interviews and two focus group discussions were conducted with purposively selected stay-at home mothers/wives of personnel, teachers of MCC’s and MCC’s in a military installation in Nigeria using semi-structured interview guides and focus group protocols. All interviews and discussions were conducted in English and transcribed verbatim. Findings revealed the following: (a) MCC’s are bold, resilient and many of them cope with the stressors associated with parental military service, (b) factors such as parent-child relationship, home environment, parental level of education, deployment frequency/duration, and serving parents’ cadre were perceived as linked to child outcomes, (c) MCC’s suffer fears associated with serving parents’ military role, inability to meet parental expectations, fear of not fitting in and not being loved, (d) MCC’s have unique behavioural and emotional challenges that may necessitate psychological intervention. Participants recommended that MCC’s may benefit from programs providing support at the school and community level as they face negative impact of parental military service.
This study assessed the social-forensic variables predicting antisocial personality disorder among prison inmates in Jos Prison, Nigeria. Using the MMPI-2RF, 199 inmates participated in the study. 189 were males (91.4%), and 10 were females (8.6%). Fifty-one(25.6%) were of ages 18 – 25yrs, ninety-three (46.7. %) were of ages 26 – 35yrs, thirty-four (17.1%) were of ages 36 – 45yrs, sixteen (8.0%) were of ages 46 – 55yrs and five (2.5%) fell in the category of 56 and above. In regards to educational attainment, thirty-eight (19.1%) of the sampled inmates attained primary education, one hundred and fourteen (57.3%) attained secondary education, forty-seven (23.6%) attained up to the tertiary educational level. The study adopted the expost facto design. there was no significant differences in anti-social personality scores of prison inmates based on gender, RC4 (anti-social behaviour) (t(197) = 0.47; p>.05), RC9 (hypomanic activation) (t(197) = 1.88; p>.05), DISC-r, (t(197) = 1.47; p>.05), AGG (t(197) = 1.83; p>.05), ANP, (t(197) = .49; p>.05) and JCP(t(197) = 0.02; p>.05). The result also show that inmates differ in dimensions of scores on anti-social personality scales (RC9= (F (3,193) = 3.21, p .05); RC9 = (F (4,193) = .33, p>.05), DISC-r = (F (4,193) = 2.20, p>.05), AGG = (F (4,193) = 2.14, p>.05) ANP = (F (4,193) = .36, p>.05) and JCP = (F (4,193) = .51, p>.05). It was concluded that there is a high prevalence rate of ASPD (63.3%) in Jos Prison, Nigeria. Younger age should be considered when designing psychological intervention for prison inmates. Age, prison status and type of crime/offence are important predictors of ASPD among the prison population.
Tax systems across the world are possibly pragmatic artifices of government designed to meet the prevailing challenges of the nation in question. As such, no tax system can lay claim to being perfect but must evolve in tandem with the history of the country. Nonetheless, there are certain universals which are expected to be descriptive of any tax system irrespective of the peculiarities of the country’s socio-political landscape. According to a working paper by the UN (UNDP, 2011), a tax system must encourage good governance by being a good fit with the nation’s overall development strategy. It must also promote inclusiveness by ensuring that potentially divisive ethnic, political and religious group memberships do not encroach upon the objective detachment of the system (UNDP, 2011). A good tax system must also conform to the society’s views on appropriate income as well as society’s expectations on what should happen in the event of stark wealth differentials among the populace (EY, 2015). Flowing from this point, a good tax system must also promote social justice by upholding the principles of fairness and an equitable distribution of the burden of taxation on the basis of income and wealth (UNDP, 2011).
The objective of this research is that it established the relationship between Mortality Salience and Job commitment among public health workers in Lagos state. The Hypotheses are that, Mortality salience will have a significant negative relationship with Job commitment among Public health workers in Lagos. A correlational research design was used for this study. One hundred and ninety two participants were selected using purposeful sampling technique and they included 118 male participants and 74 female participants whose age ranged between 18-55 years. The mean age was 25.51 years. The standardised instruments used for the work were two. The instruments are Mortality salience scale and Job commitment scale. Also, Independent T-test was used to statistically analyse the data. The result shows that Mortality salience has a significant positive relationship with the job commitment of Public health workers in Lagos. The result was adequately discussed and various recommendations are made.
Many cities in developing countries are growing in population with shortages in physical infrastructure to support this growth. In spite of these shortages, people living with disabilities (PLD) are hardly considered in the planning and executions of infrastructural projects. Though living in urban area can be stressful, living with disabilities in the urban areas of a developing country (like Nigeria) is even more complex. Against this backdrop, this study investigated how people with disabilities live in a city with infrastructure that is not user friendly for PLD. The study collected qualitative data from 10 purposely selected PLD in Lagos. They were individuals who had motor impairment. They were engaged in in-depth interview on experiences on movement on Lagos roads (i.e. transportation in the city), movement within public buildings, (climbing and descending of multiple storey building) ease of using public facilities e.g. toilets. Responses from the interviews were collated and themes emerging from the analysed data were interpreted. The results of the study revealed different kinds of stress that people living with disabilities experience with mobility in their efforts to access public services and programmes, make a living and engage in a social life and how these in turn affect their physical and psychological well-being. The paper made recommendations that can help in achieving more inclusive infrastructural developments in the cities of developing countries.
