BACKGROUND: The endoscopic-assisted approach for intracerebral hemorrhage minimizes traumatization of the brain and allows direct access to hematoma. The study aimed to compare the results of the endoscopic-assisted evacuation for supratentorial hemorrhage versus conventional craniotomy.METHODS: A retrospective study analyzed medical records of patients with supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage treated at our Neurosurgical Department between January 2015 and December 2023. The study included 91 patients who underwent either neuronavigational-assisted neuroendoscopy (n=25) or conventional craniotomy treatment (n=66).RESULTS: For conventional craniectomy procedures, the average residual volume was 10.1 ml, representing an average 82.1% hematoma evacuation efficacy. After endoscopically assisted procedures, the average residual volume was 3.9 ml, achieving a 92.5% hematoma evacuation efficacy. After the endoscopically assisted procedure, fewer than 10% of patients were revised for early or late complications (2 out of 25 patients), whereas after the craniectomy procedure, revision or the introduction of lumbar drainage for cerebrospinal fluid leakage was performed on 35% of patients (20 patients).CONCLUSIONS: The endoscopic-assisted evacuation of supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage is becoming preferred because of its efficacy, a small number of complications, and minor trauma for the patient
BACKGROUND: Fractures of thoracolumbar spine in the field of ankylosing diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) can by surgically treated with miniinvasive posterior transpedicular fixation. The exact length of implant is the subject of several studies. In our study, we retrospectively evaluated the treatment of B3 fractures of the ankylosed thoracolumbar spine with use a shorter versus longer implant, always with 8 screws. METHODS: A total of 46 patients were included in the study (36 men and 10 women). Sixteen patients had AS and 30 patients had DISH. Patients treated between 2018 and 2022 with minimally invasive dorsal transpedicular fixation using 8 transpedicular screws were included in this study. We compared two groups where the first consisted of patients operated on with fixation of a maximum of 4 segments and the second group of patients consisted of patients in whom longer stabilization was used, at least 5 to 8 segments, with skipping of some vertebra between screws. We compared the effect of fixation length on reduction and retention before surgery, after surgery, and after 6 and 12 months. We evaluated the effect of reduction and retention on the basis of differences in the measurement of the Cobb angle and the angle, which we called "vege", which was formed by dislocation of the fracture. Furthermore, we monitored demographic data, the length of surgery, the number of complications, the number of concomitant injuries, the presence of a neurological deficit, and the result was assessed by the AO Spine PROST questionnaire. RESULTS: In the entire group of 46 patients, the difference in the "vege" angle was significant (p<0.001). When comparing the reduction between the groups with short and longer fixation, the difference was not significant (p=0.829). The difference of the Cobb angle before and after the surgery in the comparison between the two groups did not show a statistically significant difference (p=0.434). Measurements of the Cobb angle bisegmentally after 6 and 12 months showed a progressive change in terms of kyphotization, which was smaller in the group with longer fixation, this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.709). Complete reduction was achieved in the group with short fixation vs 75% vs 63.3% with longer fixation (p-0.739). At the check-up after 6 months, all incomplete intraoperative reductions were spontaneously reduced. CONCLUSIONS: Based on this study, we could conclude that both used constructions are comparable in terms of treatment results. It can be observed that longer fixation is more resistant to kyphotization at 6 and 12 months, but we would need a larger group of patients to confirm this hypothesis. In all incomplete reduced fractures through the surgery, complete reduction after verticalization occurred within 6 months in both groups. The angle of reduction was greater in the group with longer fixation, but the difference was not significant (Tab. 6, Fig. 8, Ref. 31). Text in PDF www.elis.sk
Slovakia, in accordance with a global trend, is experiencing an increasing cancer burden. Development and assessment of preventive and healthcare interventions are informed by cancer epidemiology.This study presents the current epidemiological situation and trends for three prevalent malignancies: breast, colorectal, and cervical cancer in the Slovakia. Population-based screening programs for these cancers have recently been reinforced.Breast cancer is the most common newly diagnosed cancer and also the most common cause of death of all cancer in women. Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women with decreasing mortality. Colorectal cancer belongs to the cancer diseases with highest incidence and mortality in both the male and female populations, with the majority of cases diagnosed in later stages. Despite progress in specific areas of cancer care, Slovakia acknowledges the need for further improvements. Enhancing cancer screening uptake presents a crucial area for advancement
Patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have long been considered unsuitable candidates for solid organ transplantation due to their poor prognosis. After the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy, the survival of this group of patients improved significantly. HIV positive patients had been successfully transplanted for the last 18 years. HIV positive patients encounter very specific issues after transplantation, specifically related to drug interactions and higher rejection rates. Despite that, HIV positive patients have similar results to HIV negative patients post transplantation. We present the case of the first kidney transplantation in an HIV positive patient in Slovakia. The procedure was possible due to a change in legislation, as HIV positivity was an absolute contraindication for transplantation in Slovakia until October 2023. The aim of our case report is to draw attention to the possibility of kidney transplantation in an HIV positive patient and to the specific problems related to the preparation of an HIV positive patient for transplantation, post-transplant complications and the possibilities of their management (Fig. 6, Ref. 37). Keywords: kidney transplantation, HIV, human immunodeficiency virus, acute rejection, HAART, drug interaction.
OBJECTIVES:Computational neuroscience uses a neuron model to investigate the behavior of a neuron under different stimuli e.g. magnetic field. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of conductivity change of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ion channels on the generation and course of action potential, excitability and firing rate of neuron. METHODS:HHSim (Hodgkin-Huxley) graphical simulator was used for investigation of generation and firing rate of action potential (AP) and investigation of neuronal excitability. RESULTS:Na+ channel downregulation of conductance reveals a decrease of AP amplitude, and upregulation an increase of amplitude. Higher conductance of Na+ channel leads to higher firing rate from the value 53 HZ to 66 Hz. K+ channel downregulation of conductance reveals an increase of AP amplitude. Lower conductance of K+ channel leads to higher firing rate from the value 62 HZ to 68 Hz. K+ channel upregulation of conductance shows a decrease of AP amplitude. CONCLUSION:From the results it can be drawn that effect of conductivity change as a result of magnetic field is significant and can leads to change of neurons. uman brain cultures, often termed "glia-like" cells (Tab. 4, Fig. 6, Ref. 21).
BACKGROUND: The Roma population is a genetically isolated population with a shared origin, totaling between 10 to 14 million individuals worldwide, stemming from a limited number of "genetic founders". Roma individuals exhibit specific hereditary diseases, often stemming from recessive genetic variants due to a higher degree of consanguinity, with recent molecular-genetic investigations shedding light on several conditions prevalent within the Czech Roma population. However, an overview of stomatological issues in diagnosing such diseases proves challenging, leading to frequent underdiagnosis or misdiagnosis. METHODS: The contribution monitors the clinical description, typical symptoms and treatment options including dental abnormalities in rare genetic diseases in the Roma population which are treated in ERN CRANIO centre at Motol University Hospital in Prague. RESULTS: Our research provides examples of autosomal recessive diseases, which can be molecularly confirmed, and prevalent within the Roma community. These include congenital cataract syndrome, facial dysmorphism and demyelinating neuropathy, non-syndromic prelingual e.g. deafness with GJB2 gene impairment, and myasthenic syndrome. CONCLUSION: Our report aimed to provide a systematic review of dental phenotypes which can relate to CzechRoma's rare genetic disorders therapy including dental treatment. Understanding is important for preventing unterdiagnosis or treatment for the patients affected review of observed (Fig. 6, Ref. 27). Text in PDF www.elis.sk
OBJECTIVE: Traditionally, astrocytes are categorized into fibrous and protoplasmic types based on their morphological appearance. BACKGROUND. For a long time, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) has been considered the best astroglial marker. However, protoplasmic astrocytes stain negatively for GFAP using immunohistochemical methods. METHODS: Immunohistochemical methods with antibodies to GFAP were used to identify astrocytes. Paraffin sections were prepared from brain biopsy samples of adult patients diagnosed with aneurysm, traumatic contusion, subdural hematoma, gliomas or brain metastases. RESULTS: In all samples, the GFAP-positive fibrous astrocytes were located in the subpial area and in the white matter. Several GFAP-positive protoplasmic astrocytes were found only in one brain sample from a patient with ruptured aneurysma, Convassaly, RAP positive astrocytes of intermediate shape were rarely- observed in the cortical gray matter from patients with tumoral diagnoses. CONCLUSION: Our immunohistochemical study demonstrates that GFAP-positive cells with morphology similar to protoplasmic astrocytes rarely occur in injured brain cortex. We conclude that brain tissue contains GFAP- negative glial precursor cells, which can differentiate into GFAP-positive cells under pathological conditions and sometimes exhibit protoplasmic or intermediate morphology. Similarly, GFAP staining is increased in fibrous astrocytes, typically described as reactive to brain noxa. These results raise many questions about astrocytes identification and classification. In addition, these findings may explain the absence of GFAP-positive cells in adult human brain cultures, often termed "glia-like" cells (Fig. 3, Ref. 18). Text in PDF www.elis.sk
INTRODUCTION: The sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) represent the first-line treatment for chronic kidney disease. The question remains of their benefit and safety for patients after kidney transplantation. The study aimed to show the renoprotective effect and safety of use in patients with chronic kidney disease with or without kidney transplantation. MATERIAL: This is a prospective monocentric study of the Transplant-Nephrology Department in Martin in which patients with chronic kidney disease with or without kidney transplant in therapy withdapagliflozinwere included (n=79). The changes in glomerular filtration rate, albuminuria and side effects associated with SGLT2i were studied in patients with chronic kidney disease with or without kidney transplantation and in patients with or without diabetes mellitus. RESULTS:Patients without diabetes mellitus achieved a significantly higher decrease in albuminuria at the time of the third month of follow-up (p=0.0396), with the continuation of the decrease until the average follow-up (10.9 months) (p=0.7866) than patients with diabetes mellitus. During the observed period, we recorded the cessation of the primary decrease in glomerular filtration with a return to the baseline values. In our group, we did not confirm a significant occurrence of adverse effects associated with dapagliflozin. CONCLUSION: SGLT2i significantly reduces albuminuria and stabilizes glomerular filtration in patients with chronic kidney disease. Based on our analysis, treatment with gliflozins is effective and safe for patients after kidney transplantation (Tab. 4, Fig. 6, Ref. 16). Text in PDF www.elis.sk
Vestibular neuropathy represents the third most common cause of peripheral vestibular disorders. The clinical picture of the disease is characterized by acute vertigo with vegetative accompaniment. A typical course is monophasic with the resolution of symptoms within a few days to complete adjustment. In some patients, secondary complications may occur, which we define into three groups: organic, cognitive, and functional. The occurrence of complications and their persistence is often an overlooked issue, which does not receive sufficient attention and can lead to a significant deterioration in quality of life. Therefore, the management of these patients requires a comprehensive approach and interdisciplinary cooperation between neurologists, physiotherapists, psychologists, and psychiatrists. In the following text, the authors attempt to elucidate this issue further (Fig. 1, Ref. 49). Text in PDF www.elis.sk
OBJECTIVES: The study aims to investigate how changes in the conductance of axonal (Na+) and calcium (Ca2+) ion channels affect the generation, course, excitability and firing rate of action potentials in a model of Purkinje cell neurons. METHODS: The NEURON Simulator was utilized with a Purkinje cell model to investigate generation, time to first spike, firing rate and pattern of action potential (AP) as well as neuronal excitability in relation to the influence of magnetic field on axonal ion channels. RESULTS: The downregulation of axonal Na+ and Ca2+ conductance led to a significant delay in thegeneration of the first spike, with completely blocked action potential generation when downregulated by75%. Conversely, upregulation of axonal Na+ and Ca2+ conductance accelerated the emergence of the firstspike. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that alterations in ion channel conductance influence the timing and generation of action potentials, suggesting that magnetic fields can modulate neuronal behaviour (Tab. 4, Fig. 12, Ref. 34). Text in PDF www.elis.sk
The number of patients on the waiting list for a kidney retransplant has increased. Patients who are candidates for a second kidney transplant often have higher levels of PRA (Panel of Reactive Antibodies). The previous failed kidney transplant is one of the main factors that leads to the production of antibodies against human leukocyte antigens - HLA. The consequences of sensitisation are a long waiting time for repeated kidney transplantation and a negative effect on graft survival after retransplantation. The aim of our analysis was to evaluate the immunological parameters of patients undergoing renal retransplantation at the Kosice Transplant Centre, their influence on graft function, the occurrence of rejection episodes and to analyse the sensitisation status of recipients on the waiting list for renal retransplantation at the Kosice Transplant Centre. We retrospectively analysed 46 adult patients who underwent secondary renal transplantation. In the group of retransplanted patients, we found a higher immunological risk and PRA values (p<0.001) and a higher need for induction therapy to reduce the lymphocyte count (p<0.001). Retransplant patients with DGF were 48% more likely to experience acute rejection. In the context of the published literature, we have observed increased sensitisation in retransplanted patients, which is a major challenge to overcome the immunological barrier in transplantation medicine (Tab. 4, Fig. 1, Ref. 24). Text in PDF www.elis.sk
The poison ivy does not normally occur in Slovakia, like in the Czech Republic, but it can be introduced. The venom of the black widow spider is an effective weapon for capturing prey. It is a mixture of various active substances containing a protein neurotoxin called alpha-latrotoxin (alpha-LTX). Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a rapidly progressive soft tissue infection caused by fulminant tissue destruction with severe systemic toxicity and high mortality
BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer is a significant health issue worldwide, with varying incidence and mortality rates across different regions. This study focuses on Slovakia, a country with an increasing trend in number of prostate cancer cases. The manuscript aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the burden of prostate cancer in Slovakia, encompassing epidemiological trends, economic impact, diagnostic approaches, and treatment modalities. The study emphasizes the need for effective management strategies and healthcare policies to address the increasing burden of this disease in the Slovak population. METHODS: This retrospective study utilized data from various Slovak health databases, including the National Cancer Registry, hospital records, and insurance claims from 2009 to 2022. We employed epidemiological measures such as incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates to evaluate the burden of prostate cancer. Economic analysis involved assessing direct costs (hospitalizations, treatments, diagnostics) and indirect costs (lost productivity, disability). Additionally, the study reviewed cost of current diagnostic methods in Slovakia. RESULTS: The study revealed a steady increase in prostate cancer incidence in Slovakia, with a notable rise in cases among men aged 50 and above. Mortality rates showed a moderate increase, highlighting the disease's impact on the healthcare system. The economic analysis indicated substantial direct and indirect costs, with a significant portion allocated to advanced treatments and productivity loss. Diagnostic methods showed improvements over time, with increased utilization of advanced imaging techniques. CONCLUSIONS: The burden of prostate cancer in Slovakia is significant and growing, with rising incidence and economic costs posing challenges to the healthcare system. The study underscores the need for improved and early access to effective diagnostic and treatment options, and robust health policies to manage the rising burden. Additionally, public health initiatives focusing on awareness and early detection could play a crucial role in reducing the impact of prostate cancer in Slovakia. The findings of this study contribute valuable insights for policymakers and healthcare providers in developing targeted strategies to mitigate the burden of prostate cancer in the Slovak population (Tab. 7, Ref. 53). Text in PDF www.elis.sk
BACKGROUND: Pancreatic carcinoma is one of the most severe oncological diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. At the time of diagnosis, up to 28% of patients have metastatic liver damage, and only 5% of patients survive five years. Scientific research focuses on non-invasive markers that could help screen for the disease and identify patients more quickly. Potential biomarkers also include matrix metalloproteinases, which play a role in oncogenesis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We prospectively followed 46 patients with pancreatic cancer and benign pancreatic diseases from September 2022 to March 2023. We determined the level of MMP9 in serum and tissue biopsied during surgeries. RESULT: As a result, MMP9 levels were elevated from the T2 stage. The correlation between disease stage and MMP9 level was not confirmed in lower stages, possibly due to the small group of patients. CONCLUSION: MMP9 seems suitable for detecting late stages of pancreatic cancer, possibly for secondary prevention. We could not confirm a correlation between MMP9 levels and the initial stages of the disease
BACKGROUND: This prospective study aims to evaluate the demographic and histopathological characteristics of patients who underwent resection of malignant skin tumors of the lower eyelid. It also seeks to assess the size of the defect and outline the management strategies for reconstructing anterior and posterior lamellae. METHODS: The study enrolled 87 patients treated between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2022. The article outlines a reconstructive strategy based on the defect characteristics. RESULTS: The most prevalent type of tumor was basal cell carcinoma (86%), followed by squamous cell carcinoma (8%), malignant melanoma (5%), and Merkel cell carcinoma (1%). There was a slight male preponderance (52%). No significant difference was found in the incidence of lower eyelid malignant tumor between the sex subgroups (p=0.97). The mean age of the patients was 73.52 years (SD=10.582; range 37-92 years). No statistically significant difference in laterality (p=0.108) was observed. A larger tumor size was significantly associated with a higher tumor grade (p=0.008; r=0.926). A significant correlation was identified between the tumor location and the size of the excision (p<0.001). Furthermore, a significant correlation was identified between the histopathological types of tumors and the excision area (p=0.016). Reconstruction of the anterior lamella in small- and medium-sized defects was achieved by using local randomized flaps (61%), primary closure (29%), and skin grafts (10%). For large-sized defects, the anterior lamella was reconstructed by flap (88%) or skin graft (22%). Altogether, posterior lamella was replaced in 25 cases (29%) of all defects using nasal chondromucosa (40%), conchal cartilage (28%), buccal mucosa (8%), periosteal flap (12%), Hewes flap (8%) and Hughes flap (4%). CONCLUSION: Advanced techniques are necessary when reconstructing a larger lower lid area. In such cases, various subunits must be reconstructed separately to achieve optimal functional and aesthetic outcomes. However, the choice of reconstructive technique mainly depends on the extent of the lid resection (Fig. 9, Ref. 44). Text in PDF www.elis.sk
BACKGROUND:Human papillomavirus is known to be the main cause of cervical cancer. Given that cervical cancer is still one of the leading causes of death in women of reproductive age, it is very important to prevent HPV infection and its persistence. OBJECTIVE:The aim of our study was to explore the quality of the diet in the spontaneous clearance of cervical HPV infection and its persistence. Furthermore, we have assessed the associations of overall diet quality and dietary components with HPV occurrence and clinical resolution of HPV over time. METHODS:200 women of age between 20 and 68 years were included in this prospective study. Patients were tested for the presence of HPV subtypes, and were given questionnaires about their dietary habits. RESULTS:43 patients were positive for HPV virus, and 157 patients were negative. Among the positive HPV patients, the mean value (±SEM) of the score was 12.88±0.6822 (min=7, max=21) with upper CI of mean 14.26 and coefficient of variation of 34.72%. CONCLUSION:Various antioxidants have different abilities to influence the course of HPV-mediated cervical cancer. This study showed that women who did not consume fruits, and dark-green vegetables had a higher risk of HPV infection (Tab. 2, Fig. 3, Ref. 40): Text in PDF www.elis.sk Keywords: cervical cancer, human papillomavirus, folate, vitamin D3, dietary intake.
BACKGROUND:Advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a disease with a dismal prognosis, significantly limited therapeutic options, and few innovative drugs. Inflammation plays a significant role in the development and progression of PDAC. Systemic inflammatory indexes reflect the anti-tumor inflammatory capacity of and are of prognostic and predictive value in the treatment of patients with PDAC. METHODS:In our retrospective study, we investigated the prognostic and predictive significance of inflammatory markers in chemonaive patients with locally advanced unresectable pancreatic cancer (LAPC) and metastatic pancreatic cancer (mPDAC), in relation to progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Survival analysis was conducted using the Kaplan-Meier method with log-rank tests in univariate analysis. We used multivariate Cox regression analysis to determine the impact of inflammatory markers on survival time. RESULTS:The present clinical study included 46 patients with LAPC and mPDAC treated with FOLFIRINOX (folinic acid, fluorouracil, irinotecan, oxaliplatin) or GEM/Nab-P (gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel) as first-line chemotherapy regimens. Performance status (PS) ECOG 0-1, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR)≤2.09 and the prognostic nutritional index (PNI)≥49.09 were associated with significantly longer OS in the analyzed patient cohort, Multivariate analysis confirmed PS, NLR and PNI as independent prognostic factors for OS. CONCLUSION:In our cohort of patients with advanced PDAC, PS, NLR and PNI were confirmed as independent prognostic factors for OS (Tab. 9, Fig. 2, Ref. 82). Text in PDF www.elis.sk Keywords: pancreatic cancer, inflammatory markers, tumor microenvironment, chemotherapy.
INTRODUCTION: External ventricular drainage (EVD) is frequently used in neurosurgical interventions to drain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Nevertheless, it carries a high incidence of infectious complications, notably secondary meningitis and ventriculitis. In light of the previous rates of these EVD-related infections, we introduced a set of guidelines to lower the infection rate. This study aimed to assess the influence of the hospital-wide adoption of the EVD handling protocol on secondary infections related to EVD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We enrolled 171 patients scheduled for EVD placement for reasons other than infectious meningitis or ventriculitis from January 2021 to March 2024. A matched cohort of patients underwent logistic regression to adjust for and analyze regression discontinuity. RESULTS: Infections were more prevalent in the group before the protocol's implementation (18.27% compared to 7.46%, p<0.0001). Regression analysis within the matched score cohort (n=104 in pre-protocol groups and n=67 in post-protocol groups) indicated that the period before the protocol was independently linked to a higher incidence of infections. CONCLUSION: Implementing a stringent hospital-wide protocol for EVD handling can significantly diminish the rate of secondary infections associated with EVD (Tab. 3, Fig. 1, Ref. 15). Text in PDF www.elis.sk
BACKGROUND: Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a rare autoimmune blistering disease predominantly affecting the elderly population. OBJECTIVES: The present study aims to identify clinical factors that may influence outcomes of BP, including skin phenotype, serology, mucosal involvement, pruritus, and triggers. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 70 cases with BP registered from January 2019 to December 2022. The Bullous Pemphigoid Disease Activity Index (BPDAI) score was used to assess disease intensity. The BPDAI-Pruritus score and a modified Brest questionnaire were used to document pruritus. Anti-BP180 and anti-BP230 autoantibodies were regularly recorded. Peripheral blood eosinophil counts were documented during flare-up and remission phases of BP. RESULTS. Of the cases, 81.4% were identified with bullous BP, 12.9% with nonbullous BP and 5.7% with localized BP. Oral involvement was documented in 17.1% of cases. Increased peripheral eosinophilia was prominent in the nonbullous phenotype and returned to normal level during remission in both phenotypes. CONCLUSION: The outcomes of BP depended on the disease phenotype and trigger types. Bullous BP showed more intense disease activity, while nonbullous BP demonstrated more intense pruritus. BP associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) or psoriasis manifested as a more severe disease, predominantly with the bullous phenotype and pruritus, compared to cases without comorbidities. New triggers, including SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, were documented (Tab. 6, Ref. 43). Text in PDF www.elis.sk
INTRODUCTION:This study examines triage judgments in emergency settings and compares the outcomes of artificial intelligence models for healthcare professionals. It discusses the disparities in precision rates between subjective evaluations by health professionals with objective assessments of AI systems. MATERIAL AND METHOD:For the analysis of the efficacy of emergency triage; 50 virtual patient scenarios had been created. Emergency medicine residents and other healthcare providers who had triage education were tasked with categorizing triage levels for virtual patient scenarios. Also artificial intelligence systems, tasked for resolving the same scenarios. All of them were asked to use three color-coded triage of the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health. The answer keys were created by consensus of the researchers. In addition, Emergency medicine specialists were asked to evaluate the acuity level of each scenario in order to perform sub-analyses. RESULTS:The study consisted of 86 healthcare professionals, comprising 31 Emergency medicine residents (26.5%), 1 paramedic (0.9%), 5 emergency health technicians (4.3%), and 80 nurses (68.4%). Google Bard AI and OpenAI Chat GPT v.3.5 were used as artificial intelligence systems. The responses compared with the answer key to determine each groups efficacy. As planned the responses from healthcare professionals were analyzed individually for acuity level of scenarios. Emergency medicine residents and other groups of healthcare providers had significantly higher numbers of correct answers compared to Google Bard and Chat GPT (n=30.7 vs n=25.5). There was no significant difference between ChatGPT and Bard for low and high acuity scenarios (p=0.821)CONCLUSION: AI models can examine extensive data sets and make more accurate and quicker triage judgments with sophisticated algorithms. However, in this study, we found that the triage ability of artificial intelligence is not as sufficient as humans. A more efficient triage system can be developed by integrating artificial intelligence with human input, rather than solely relying on technology (Tab. 4, Ref. 41). Text in PDF www.elis.sk Keywords: emergency triage, AI applications, health technology, artificial intelligence, emergency management.
