Elderberry juice has a very high content of phenolic compounds. These phenolic constituents of the elderberry have been the focus of attention in recent studies. By a very delicate process the constituents of the elderberry can be concentrated. In the liquid product the anthocyanins are concentrated eleven- and nine-fold respectively containing 130 000 mg/l of anthocyanines and 30 000 mg/l of catechins. The capsule formula (400 mg dry powder per capsule) contains 140 mg of anthocyanins and 34 mp of catechins each. We investigated the impact of a daily intake of 7 000 mg of anthocyanins and 1 700 mg of catechins on 15 human probands. Their reaction to a standardized bicycle ergometry before and after six days of elderberry concentrate treatment was tested by determination of blood gases, ionized electrolytes, lactate and blood glucose. Basal values before ergometric workload showed significant differences after the elderberry concentrate treatment: pH from 7,372 to 7,428 (p = 0.00003), pCO(2) from 40,2 to 33,2 (p = 0.000006), HCO3 from 22,74 to 21,24 (p = 0.0014), pO(2) from 79 to 65 mmHg (p = 0.0004), O-2 saturation from 94.8 to 92,7 (p = 0.01). Lactate. blood sugar, calcium and sodium were not significantly different before and after elderberry treatment. However, ionized magnesium was significantly lower after treatment (iMg from 0,54 to 0,46 mmol/L, p = 0.0001). The impact of the standardized ergometric workload before and after treatment also resulted in various alterations of the parameters measured: after elderberry treatment O2 sat significantly increased after ergometry (p = 0,002), magnesium and blood glucose significantly decreased (p = 0.0004 and p = 0,04, resp.). Lactate delta values were significantly increased after treatment (D = 0,04). Treatment with elderberry concentrate seems to lead to a considerable increase of metabolism, shown by decreased basal values of pCO(2), increased pH and - interestingly - at the same time decreased pO(2) accompanied by decreased magnesium levels. Thus, tissue seems to take up more oxygen (n spite of increased pH) due to and resulting in increased breathing frequency. This and a more pronounced blood glucose and lactate alteration after ergometry along with a drastic fall in ionized serum magnesium are indicators of a boosted metabolism. We suggest that treatment with anthocyanines and polphenoles is increasing metabolic turnover leading to a magnesium deficient status in the long run. In further investigations the feasibility of an accompanying magnesium substitution to stabilize metabolic effects should be undertaken.
English is worldwide accepted as the language of researchers, congresses. scientific literature and data bases rendering the exchange of ideas easy and efficacious. If interesting data, published formerly in other languages, shall not be lost they must be summarized in English. In this paper it is tried to present important data on magnesium mainly of the 19(th) century with Rudolf Bucheim (1820-1879) as the first pharmacologist in medical history and magnesium pioneer.
Objectivation of a so called school stress was tried to be achieved by measuring blood gas, electrolyte, lactate and blood glucose alterations after standardized cycle ergometry (post stress provocation test, Porta et al. 1993) out of different basal situations and with two different groups of probands. Since catecholamines and many of their effects are additive, reaction to cycle ergometry depends upon basal values and personal circumstances. Basal values have been altered by applying one and the same test once during relative school stress free autumn and once during busy examination time in January. Personal circumstances were taken into consideration by testing a group of more sedentary female Language majors against a group of nearly professionally managed soccer players from the same school and the same average age of about 17. It turned out that already basal values in autumn and January were significantly different in many cases. Reaction to exercise was also much more pronounced in January in both groups. However. the sport group obviously could take higher stress levels at examination time significantly better than the language majors, a fact deducible by significantly different basal values of higher pH and lower pCO(2) and much lower exercise induced alterations in lactate (ca.50 %), much less decrease in base excess, higher pH and many other parameters. Physical training seems to diminish psychologically induced catecholamine effects significantly. Of special importance seems to be the low magnesium status of the female probands and the much better situation in sportsmen, in spilt of intensive training. Instructions by trainers could be the reason. The more so, as the satisfactory Mg status of autumn deteriorates in the winter off season rime. Thus, impact of school stress is measurable not only by psychological but also by serological methods, which may even be of mutual support. The upsetting magnesium situation. especially of our female probands should be carefully followed up concerning a possible general deficiency.
In 1980, the relationship between diabetes mellitus and low serum magnesium levels was reported for the first time in this journal. Today, there is an increasing body of experimental and clinical data covering this topic. In addition, there are epidemiological data showing the negative impact of serum magnesium values in the lower range of the reference interval upon e.g. atherosclerosis and osteoporosis. And there are experimental data giving evidence to the hypothesis that magnesium supplementation may protect from diabetes late complications. The paper will review the aforementioned informations and will present original data obtained from diabetic inpatients with a bad metabolic control. Our findings confirm that there is hypomagnesemia in diabetics, but we have found magnesium deficiency, too. This may be related not only to the insufficient magnesium intake, but also to an inadaequate hypermagnesuria, which significantly was related to urinary osmolality and glucosuria. Based on the given findings, the authors recommend an oral magnesium supplementation in all diabetics with an underoptimal metabolic control, even in case of low normal serum magnesium values.
Hypomagnesemia is defined as serum/plasma-Mg less than or equal to 0.75 mmol Mg/L, suboptimal concentrations are < 0.80 mmol Mg/L. In the first part of the present study the relevant literature was analyzed for the frequency at which disturbed magnesium status has been observed in diabetes mellitus. The arithmetic mean of serum/plasma-Mg served as parameter. Of totally 23 papers on type-1 diabetes 61% reported on hypomagnesemia and 28% of suboptimal levels; of 22 papers on type-2 diabetes 50 % reported on hypomagnesemia and 35 % on suboptimal Mg levels. There were only 10 supplementation studies on totally 335 patients. In a general practice specialized for diabetes 17.2 % of 116 diabetics exhibited hypomagnesemia and 31 % suboptimal levels. There were significant correlations between hyperglycemia, resp. HbA(1c) levels, and hypomagnesemia and also between hypomagnesemia and hypertension Hence hypomagnesemia is a risk factor for diabetic complications. The EASD-recommendation 2000 for the nutritional mangement of patients with diabetes mellitus recommends Mg rich food or Mg supplements for Mg-deficient diabetics caused by insuffient metabolic control or by pregnancy. This points to the necessity to conduct controlled supplementation studies.
Changes in Mg++ handling seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of primary hypertension. Some antihypertensive drugs (e.g. some diuretics) can additionally decrease plasma or intracellular Mg++ stores. In this context the role of the new antihypertensive angiotensin II antagonists has not been studied in detail, yet. In the study, presented here, 60 essential hypertensive patients were mono-treated with angiotensin II antagonists (eprosartan, Irbesartan, lorsatan, valsartan, candesartan). In each patient plasma Mg++ concentrations were studied before and after therapy. The results showed no significant difference in plasma Mg++ concentrations in essential hypertensives before and under a 4-6 weeks mono-therapy with various angiotensin II antagonists. Concerning hypomagnesemia therapy with angiotensin II antagonists is safe.
This study examined the effects of magnesium, insulin and insulin-like growth factor I and II(IGF-I and IGF-II) on glucose uptake in juvenile rat skeletal muscle organ culture. Glucose uptake and DNA concentration were stimulated in the absence of magnesium in this study and high magnesium concentration suppressed glucose uptake and DNA concentration but media magnesium concentration did not affect protein concentration. In addition. glucose uptake and DNA concentration continued to be suppressed whilst protein concentration was unaffected as the time in culture was increased in cells maintained in high magnesium media. Low concentrations of IGF-1, IGF-II and high concentrations of insulin increased muscle glucose uptake when cultures were maintained in high magnesium media. Simultaneous administration of IGF-I and ICF-II stimulated protein and DNA concentration compared to controls, but exogenous insulin did not significantly affect DNA and protein concentration in cells cultured in high magnesium media. These results indicate that magnesium ion and IGF-I and IGF-II may regulate DNA and protein concentration and may influence glucose uptake in juvenile rat skeletal muscle cells in vitro.
15 female students of a rural agricultural school have been subjected to a standardized cycle ergometry, whereby blood gases, electrolytes, lactate and blood glucose were measured before and after exercise. During the following 10 days a calcium and magnesium enriched diet was provided and afterwards the same blood sampling and ergometry exercise was carried out once mole. It turned out, that a magnesium enriched diet was just able to increase the average, hypomagnesemic ionised serum levels (from 0.44 +/- 0.01 SEM mM/l to 0.46 +/- 0.01 SEM mM/l). Even that would have been to no avail, unless a magnesium rich mineral water (206 mg of magnesium/l) would have been offered at the same time. Obviously, the most important prohibiting factor for a sufficient magnesium intake in the female age group of about 16 is a general avoidance of food in order to reach or keep up slenderness. Although there were no diet induced alterations of the averages of blood gas reactions to ergometry to be seen, ensuing proportionalities of individual base excess and pH, base excess and lactate, but not lactate - pH values suggest a decreased lipolysis after increased magnesium diet in those participants with sufficient uptake [1, 2]. A low calory magnesium supplement has been recommended.
The concentration of magnesium was determined in the plasma of 20 healthy control patients and 16 hyperthyreotic patients (TSH basic 0.11 +/- 0.10 mu U/ml, mean +/- SD). Plasma magnesium concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Plasma magnesium was 1.01 +/- 0.09 mmol/l in controls vs. 0.74 +/- 0.08 mmol/l in hyperthyreotic patients. In the hyperthyreotic group plasma magnesium was found to be significantly decreased as compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The normal range of plasma with preeclampsia [6]. An inadequate renal Mg loss which correlates with the amount of glucosuria is postulated in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus with bad metabolic control leads to a Mg deficiency [7]. In a sample of young, nondiabetic black Americans low dietary magnesium is associated with insulin resistance [8]. Hypomagnesemia, probably related to increased urine magnesium excretion, is an essential feature of heart failure associated with complex ventricular arrhythmias. These arrhythmias can be abolished by magnesium supplementation [9]. Torsades-De-Pointes episodes can be due to a magnesium deficiency [10]. Side-effect of diuretics, aminoglycosides, cisplatin, pentamidine and foscarnet are disturbances of the electrolyte homeostasis, specially in form of hypomagnesemia[ll, 12]. Furthermore hypomagnesemia is frequently encountered in hospitalized patients and is seen most often in patients admitted to intensive care units [12]. There are many diseases associated with alterated magnesium metabolism but only sparse data exist concerning patients with dysfunction of the thyroid and magnesium status. For these reasons, we were interested in the relation between plasma magnesium levels and hyperthyreosis.
In the laboratory experiment natural soil monoliths were treated by systematic artificial precipitation (pH 2.0, 3.0, 5.6). The chemical characteristics of soils before and after the experiment, exchangeable and soluble forms of magnesium in soils and magnesium in the percolates were investigated. In the sandy and loamy monoliths the concentrations of soluble forms of magnesium increase upon sprinkling quite significantly, particularly in the surface layer. Exchangeable forms decrease over the whole profile in loamy cores. The total amount of magnesium leached out during the experiment proved the chemical degradation of soils.
In MgATP solutions, in erythrocytes from rats, pigs and cattles, in human and rat brains, and in human muscles the concentration of free Mg2+ ([Mg2+](i)) was determined from the P-31-NMR spectra of ATP. Various methods were used to calculate the concentration of free Mg2+. The alpha beta and p beta gamma shift differences according to the equations given by Gupta and Moore (J. Biol. Chem. 255 (1980) 3987-3993) and by Golding and Golding (Mag. Res. Med. 33 (1995) 467-474) yielded conclusive results. Calculation of [Mg2+](i) from the phosphocreatine and beta ATP chemical shift differences yielded higher values and calculation of [Mg2+](i) from the beta/alpha and gamma/alpha peak height ratios revealed extremely lower values than the calculations using Gupta's and Golding's equations. Because of the uncertainty of K-D(MgATP) under intracellular conditions and compartmentation of intracellular free Mg2+, measurement of [Mg2+](i) by P-31-NMR can only give spatial integral and nor absolute values of[Mg2+](i).
This study examined the effect of time in culture or magnesium concentration and exogenous hormone and fatty acid supplementation on protein, DNA and surfactant lipid concentration in rat lung in organ culture. Cellular protein and phosphatidylcholine (PC) concentrations increased with rime in culture, whilst DNA concentration remained relatively stable. In addition, total cellular protein, DNA and PC concentrations increased in a dose dependent manner with increasing media magnesium concentration in the order: free magnesium < normal magnesium < high magnesium media. Thus, magnesium restriction or undernutrition suppress total cellular protein, DNA and PC concentrations in-vitro. Dexamethasone and triiodothyronine administration enhanced protein, DNA and phosphatidylcholine concentration. Further incubations with either palmitate or oleate in combination with dexamethasone and triiodothyronine enhanced cellular protein, DNA and PC content. The addition of insulin to cultures however, abolished the hormonal and fatty acid effects on phosphatidylcholine and protein concentration. These results indicate that magnesium ion concentration may regulate DNA, protein and surfactant lipid synthesis. In addition, dexamethasone, triiodothyronine and fatty acids can enhance DNA, protein and surfactant lipid concentration whilst insulin abolishes this modulation effect.
The concentration of magnesium was determined in plasma, cytosol (lymphocytes) and cell membrane (erythrocytes) of 15 control persons with normal renal function and of 12 patients with a renal insufficiency due to chronic glomerulonephritis (serum creatinine 2.5 +/- 0.8 mg%, mean +/- SD). Plasma magnesium concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy, free magnesium of the cytosol was determined by photometry using the fluorescence indicator mag-fura-2. Membrane magnesium was measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy, too, and was referred to the membrane protein content, that was measured according to Bradford's method. Plasma magnesium concentration was 0.91 +/- 0.08 mmol/l in controls versus 0.95 +/- 0.09 mmol/l in renal insufficient patients. Free intracellular magnesium content was 2.38 +/- 0.75 mmol/l in healthy persons and 2.61 +/- 0.35 mmol/l in patients, membrane magnesium concentrations were found significantly higher in renal insufficient patients as compared to the control persons (2.85 +/- 0.62 versus 0.53 +/- 0.22 mmol/g membrane protein, mean +/- SD, p < 0.01). These results show that cell membranes are of special importance in renal insufficiency to avoid a magnesium overload of the cytosol and to keep constant the intracellular concentration of free magnesium. In addition, cell membrane magnesium content is a better tool to discover alterations in the magnesium status than measurements of serum or intracellular free magnesium concentrations.
Availability and tolerance of magnesium-L-aspartate hydrochloride (MAH) was studied in 24 pregnant sows (largewhite, landred, duroc, and crossbred) in comparison to 24 pregnant controls. At time 0, body weight amounted to (rounded) 150 Kg and daily food consumption to 2.4 Kg. MAH was added once daily to the food at a dose of 13 mg Mg/Kg BW, starting 0 to 4 days before mating. Blood was taken at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12 during gestation and 4 days after parturition. Pregnancy parameters were not adversely affected by MAH, no diarrhoea occurred. In the MAH-group, pregnant period was 117 +/- 2 days, litter size 10.3 +/- 2.1 and litter weight 1.6 Kg versus 116 +/- 3 days of pregnancy, liner size of 10.2 +/- 2.2 and litter weight of 1.5 Kg in the control group. At the 5 time points of blood analysis, plasma Mg (mmol/L) amounted in the MAH-group to 0.87, 0.71, 0.77, 0.81, 0.90 and in the controls to 0.84, 0.62, 0.65, 0.74, 0.85. Pseudohypomagnesemia was excluded. There was a trend to increased Mg tissue concentrations in the MAH-group. These data suggest that hypomagnesemia develops during pregnancy as well as the safety and good availability of MAH in pregnant sows with a tendency towards positive effects on pregnancy outcome and normalization of plasma Mg.
HL 60 cells were loaded with Mg2+ by incubation with A23187 at increased MgCl2 concentration in the loading medium. HL 60 cells were additionally loaded with Na+ or K+ by means of nystatin. Other HL 60 cells were only loaded with Na+ or K+. After reincubation, Mg2+ transport was measured by the alteration of cellular Mg2+ content. Mg2+-loaded and non Mg2+-loaded HL 60 cells took up extracellular Mg2+ when they were loaded with Na+. Driving forces For Mg2+ influx were the reversed [Na+](i)/[Na+](o) gradient (by Na+ loading and reincubation of the cells at low [Na+](o)) and the [Mg2+](o)/[Mg2+](i) gradient (reincubation at increased [Mg2+](o)). Mg2+ loading of HL 60 cells caused only a small activation of Mg2+ influx. Mg2+ uptake by HL 60 cells was inhibited by amiloride. imipramine and quinidine. The results indicate Mg2+ uptake by reversible Na+/Mg2+ antiport in HL 60 cells similar to Na+/Mg2+ antiport in rat erythrocytes.
The Russian experimental animal studies have demonstrated with prolonged space flights, cardiac muscsle injuries with impaired microcirculation, and high cardiac concentrations of catecholamines. Elevation of the latter and significant losses of body magnesium, have been shown with manned orbital space flights. Both of these alterations could be aggravated by the necessity of unremitting endurance exercise with magnesium ion deficiency partly due to the removal of Free magnesium ions from the circulation by chelation with catecholamine-induced free fatty acids. There is the potential for 4 vicious cycles; 1. The inverse relationship between high catecholamines and low magnesium ions. 2. Coronary vasospasm induced by both the latter with the potential for injury to the endothelium and reduction in endothelium-derived relaxing factors (nitric oxide). 3. Reduction in myocardial oxygen supply secondary to coronary vasospasm and local and systemic thrombogenesis and with increased oxygen demand with the potential for severe ischemia conducive to further catecholamine release. 4. Magnesium ion deficiency enhancing angiotensin 2 action, resulting in increased aldosterone and in turn increased magnesium excretion. Both magnesium deficiency and high catecholamines may injure the heart through increased free radical formation, which in turn may aggravate radiation-induced injury by similar mechanisms. Because of space-related potential malabsorption, it is tempting to speculate, that some day astronauts might receive magnesium by a subcutaneous microchip drug delivery device.
