In 25 BC, Amyntas the king of Galatians bequathed his kingdom to the Roman Empire. Galatia became the new province of the Roman Empire and Ancyra served as the capital. Situated at the crossroads of major routes, Ankyra soon developed into an important logistical center behind the eastern frontier and played a crucial role in the empire's frontier policies. This transformation led to increased military activity in the region, as evidenced by the discovery of soldiers' grave steles and statuettes. In this context, the relief of a male figure on the front of a lion statuette provides further evidence of the military presence. The lion is depicted seated on its haunches with its forelegs extended, while between its forelegs stands a male figure wearing a pteryges around his waist. The closest parallels to this lion statuette are found in the Konya Archaeological Museum. In addition to similar seated lion statuettes, the Çumra sarcophagus in the same museum and several tomb steles discovered in Ankara's Haymana district display comparable workmanship. This study aims to conduct a typological and stylistic comparison of these works. Although the precise find spot of the statuette remains unknown, based on the Haymana examples it is suggested that the piece may have originated from Late Roman rural settlements in and around the present-day Haymana district. Consequently, it is also proposed that the lion statuette now exhibited in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations can be dated to the late 3rd - early 4th century AD.
This study aims to quantitatively investigate the formal differences in traditional residential façades of two communities—Turkish and Jewish—who, while sharing the same geographical context, possess distinct cultural and religious backgrounds. The research is premised on the assumption that architectural façades constitute not merely physical surfaces, but also tangible manifestations of social identities, cultural values, and modes of life. Four principal parametric criteria were employed in the analysis: fractal dimension, solid–void ratio, aperture ratio, and degree of symmetry. The sample comprises twenty traditional dwellings, selected from the historic Jewish and Turkish quarters of Ankara, which have preserved their architectural authenticity. Visual data were processed using ImageJ software; the FracLac plugin was applied for fractal analysis, while thresholding and computational tools were employed for symmetry and void ratio analyses. The resulting data were subjected to statistical evaluation in SPSS. Findings indicate that Jewish houses exhibit higher fractal dimensions and aperture ratios, whereas Turkish houses display more symmetrical and privacy-oriented façade configurations. These differences are directly correlated with culturally grounded formal preferences informed by normative values and lifestyle practices. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that fractal analysis and parametric methodologies provide effective tools for the quantitative identification of cultural architectural distinctions, offering a scientific foundation for conservation and reconstruction processes.
This study investigates the dynamic relationship between the digital reproduction of Ankara Apartmanları on Instagram and their position within architectural discourse, architectural heritage, and urban memory. These apartment buildings, part of Ankara's modernization process, are reinterpreted aesthetically and culturally by Instagram users, extending their presence beyond the physical realm into digital space. Adopting a mixed-methods approach that combines qualitative content analysis with social network analysis, the research aims to examine how Ankara Apartmanları are reproduced, circulated, and recontextualized on Instagram. First, the study analyzes the dynamics of their reproduction on Instagram; second, it maps the relational ecosystem surrounding these accounts to reveal the broader structure of digital engagement with Ankara's architectural heritage. Ultimately, this study demonstrates that digitalization poses both opportunities and limitations for the perception and reproduction of architecture; by discussing the potential of social media platforms like Instagram to support more inclusive and sustainable approaches to modern architectural heritage through responsible use and academic collaboration.
From the War of Independence to the 1930s, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk resided at the Ankara Agricultural School, the Direksiyon Building within the railway station area and the Bağ Evi (Vineyard House) in Çankaya. Due to his ever-increasing workload and administrative as well as domestic responsibilities, the need for a residence that 'housed' the Republic and its ideologies naturally arose over time. Clemens Holzmeister, the chief architect of Ankara's Ministries District (Vekaletler Mahallesi), was also the architect selected to design Atatürk's Presidential Residence. Holzmeister approached the desired 'Presidential Residence' typology in a holistic manner, considering the transition of urban planning from 'Old Ankara' to the 'new capital' and aligning it with the architectural language of government buildings. Holzmeister's spatial problem-solving methods in designing Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's private residence can be seen as an extension of the representation of the Republic of Türkiye. This study evaluates Atatürk's ideas of modernization and Westernization within the framework of 'ideal' (interior) spaces, examining the interventions made by Holzmeister and his team of Austrian craftsmen in the residence's interiors in the context of Westernization and the legacy of the Republic. Consequently, Atatürk's Presidential Residence is presented as a significant element of Ankara's modern architectural production, itself a pure representation of the Republic.
Forced migration not only entails the search for a new place of residence but also compels migrants to produce spaces in which they reconstruct their identities, cultural belongings, and social networks. In this regard, space emerges as a decisive dimension in migrants' participation in urban life and in processes of social cohesion, playing a critical role in the reconstruction of identity and belonging (Lefebvre, 1991; Massey, 2005). This study examines the practices of spatial production and appropriation among Syrians residing in Altındağ, Ankara, and analyzes how these practices influence social cohesion, spatial encounters, and the dynamics of coexistence with the local population. Particular attention is given to the ways in which commercial, cultural, and religious spaces established by Syrians function in reinforcing urban belonging and strengthening solidarity practices. The research adopts an explanatory sequential mixed-methods approach. In the quantitative phase, surveys with 170 Syrian individuals provided measurable data on spatial practices, feelings of belonging, and levels of social cohesion. In the qualitative phase, 50 semi-structured interviews, non-participant observations, and document analysis of municipal reports and strategic plans were conducted. This methodological design enabled a multilayered evaluation of both Syrians' everyday spatial experiences and local actors' perceptions of cohesion. Findings reveal that Syrians anchor themselves in the city through everyday spatial practices, make their identities visible, and develop strong forms of cohesion and belonging at the neighborhood scale. However, increasing social tensions, security concerns, exclusionary discourses, and urban renewal projects complicate and undermine their spatial integration. The study demonstrates that urban spaces serve not merely as sites of shelter but as critical arenas where identity expression, belonging, and social cohesion are continuously redefined. Ultimately, the research argues that dignified, just, and sustainable coexistence requires the recognition of Syrians as urban actors and the support of the spaces they produce. Developing inclusive, participatory, and rights-based urban policies is thus essential for ensuring spatial justice and fostering peaceful shared living for both Syrians and the local communities..
Nowadays,local cuisines have become an important marketing tool in cities' identity-creation efforts. Within this context, the promotion, preservation, and marketing of Ankara's local culinary heritage hold strategic importance.. The primary aim of this study is to explore how Ankara's local cuisine is promoted and to what extent it is marketed, as well as to identify the challenges encountered in this process. The research seeks to understand how elements of local cuisine are conceptualized as cultural heritage and how they are integrated into marketing strategies. The sample group consists of individuals employed in local administrations in Ankara who are experienced in gastronomy and promotion. The study employs a qualitative research design, utilizing semi-structured interviews as the main data collection method. Data were collected through audio-recorded interviews conducted between January and February 2025, during which participants responded to the research questions. A purposive sampling method was adopted, focusing on participants who could contribute the most relevant and in-depth insights. The study used the phenomenological design the voice recordings were transcribed and coded. These codes were collected under categories and themes with unquestionable semantic integrity and analyzed. The data obtained were examined under four themes: Ankara and local products, strategy and institutional capacity, culture and heritage and promotion. As a result of the study, it was determined that despite Ankara's rich local culture, promotional activities remain limited; local governments had deficiencies in strategic planning and promotion; migration and urbanization problems, culinary heritage was weakened by cultural transitionsve social media and digital platforms were not used effectively. Accordingly, it is suggested that local administrations in Ankara should adopt a more proactive approach to preserving and promoting culinary culture through digital media, festivals, gastronomic routes, and education-based initiatives.
This study aims to examine the administrative, socio-economic, and demographic structure of the city of Ankara within the context of provincial governance in the late 19th century Ottoman Empire. The primary source of the research is the Ankara Province Report (Vilayet Lâyihası) dated 1880. Conducted using the historical document analysis method, one of the qualitative research techniques, the study provides a detailed assessment of Ankara's administrative organization, population structure, economic activities, educational institutions, transportation infrastructure, and security conditions. The findings of the study indicate that although Ankara held a significant position among the provincial cities of the Ottoman Empire, it suffered from substantial deficiencies in infrastructure and public services. The Vilayet Lâyihası particularly emphasizes the inadequacy of transportation infrastructure, noting that the absence of macadam roads and railway projects severely limited commercial activity. In the field of education, the report highlights the necessity of increasing the number of rüşdiye (secondary) schools and promoting the establishment of sıbyan (primary) schools in rural areas. From a security perspective, the document draws attention to the growing incidence of banditry in rural areas and the insufficiency of the gendarmerie organization in addressing these issues. Demographically, Ankara is depicted as a multi-ethnic city inhabited by both Muslim and non-Muslim communities, with the latter playing a prominent role in commercial life. Economically, agriculture, animal husbandry, and trade constituted the main sources of livelihood; however, the lack of adequate infrastructure is identified as a major constraint on economic development. In conclusion, although Ankara was an important center among Ottoman provincial cities, it could not complete its full development due to deficiencies in infrastructure and public services. The Ottoman administration attempted various reforms to ensure the economic and social development of the city, but faced various obstacles in this process due to territorial and financial constraints. In this context, the Ankara Provincial Report (Lâyiha) is an important document on the reform process of the Ottoman provincial administration.
The aim of article is to present the murals in the General Directorate building in Ankara of Sugar Factories in Türkiye, which has significant examples of Republican Period mural painting, and to examine the production process of these works. The murals in question were created by Ayetullah Sumer (1905-1979) and Semiha Sumer (1919-2006), prominent figures in Republican Period mural art. Dating back to 1957, these murals illuminate key aspects of the relationship between painting and architecture, while also providing insight into the collaborative artistic practices of the couple. While the research on the murals by Ayetullah Sumer and Semiha Sumer remains limited, these two artists, both through their individual and collaborative work, have played a crucial role in the development of mural paintings during the Republican Period. The field research process for the mural paintings in study was carried out through an on-site examination of the works. Visual materials obtained from the institution facilitated the acquisition of the photographs used in this article. Furthermore, the Sumer Family Archive constitutes one of the most significant primary sources of this research. The sketches, photographs, invoices, and contracts found within the family archive were meticulously analyzed to provide reliable and verifiable data for the article.
District associations can be defined as non-governmental groups that, by acting as a form of service-providing NGO, aim to improve the quality of life and/or property values in a residential area. The aim of this study is to analyse the organizational capacities and limitations of neighbourhood associations in the building of local democracy. The study is based on semi-structured interviews with representatives of five neighbourhood associations in the Çankaya district of Ankara province, and draws on three key institutional parameters, as determined by Catherine Herrold and Khaldoun AbouAssi (2023), for service-oriented NGOs. These parameters are organisational readiness, a NGO's cooperation with other NGOs and the local government, and financial sustainability. According to these three criteria, it can be said that MDs serve as important mediators between the community and the local administration. However, financial inadequacies, the lack of a strong culture of co-operation, and the reluctance of young people to take part in these associations, are limiting the effective functioning of MDs and the contribution they can make to local democracy.
This study examines cases of suicide that occurred in Türkiye and Ankara between 2012 and 2023, through the integration of quantitative data and qualitative findings. The quantitative analysis reveals that crude suicide rates vary significantly based on settlement type, gender, age, marital status, and level of education. District-level analyses within Ankara indicate that suicide rates are relatively higher in the districts of Altındağ and Çankaya, compared to other districts. Suicide rates are seen to be particularly high among men aged 25–44, divorced individuals, and those who have lower levels of education. In-depth interviews conducted with Ankara police officers, along with focus group discussions with social workers and psychologists, provide insights into the primary causes of suicides, the institutional deficiencies that are present relating to suicide intervention, and the experiences of at-risk groups. The study highlights deficiencies in suicide recording systems and insufficient inter-institutional coordination, emphasizing the need for updated standardized categories and enhanced inter-institutional coordination.Qualitative findings underscore the multifaceted impact of modern urban life on suicide cases in Ankara, identifying key contributing factors such as economic instability, the crisis in masculinity, domestic violence, conflicts in close relationships, family pressure, intergenerational tensions, challenges related to social integration, and social isolation. This research contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the complex interplay between the social, economic, and psychological factors influencing suicide by offering the most extensive quantitative analysis of suicide cases in Ankara to date, and then considering that data qualitatively.
This research aims to interpret glass mosaics—a fairly unknown material—as an urban element of historical significance in the modern façades of Ankara apartment buildings. Glass mosaics emerged as a cladding material through an Italian partnership as part of the developments in construction technologies following the liberalisation policies implemented in Türkiye after 1950. The technique soon became closely associated with Betebe, the company which first used the technique, and is still commonly referred to by that name. Glass mosaics appeared in Ankara, especially during the 1950s and 1960s, as an innovative and modern technique. In this study, apartment buildings which feature glass mosaics were first identified from the literature, the VEKAM Civil Architectural Memory Ankara 1930–1980 inventory, and site visits. Samples from accessible residential buildings were documented, catalogued and mapped. The second stage focused on the façades of buildings constructed before the 1970s, where the first generation of glass mosaics—produced using the smalti technique—were applied. These façades reflect the aesthetics of a modern residential culture. The use of glass mosaic was analyzed in terms of its placement on façade components and the visual and tactile effects created. The study concludes that the glass mosaic technique contributes to the tectonic articulation of façades, while also emphasizing their modern identity. The use of this technique offers insights into the architectural language of the period and relationships with urban form. The findings may support future cross-readings of materials and periods, while also contributing to broader discussions on the conservation of modern architectural heritage.
The aim of this article is to project the appearance of Ankara in the 19th century by considering the image created by examples of classical poetry of the period, and then interpret them onto the axis of city-space-memory. Poetry has certain properties which make it an extremely important source for use in interdisciplinary cultural history studies. The aim of this study was to shed light on the contribution of the literary world of the age to the detailed historiography of Ankara in the late Ottoman period. As part of the research, one hundred and fifteen divans were scanned, with the material in twelve divans being taken as a basis. Every poem about Ankara located during this process has been included in the object of the research, and with the new maps of meaning that emerged, a universe of texts open to plural reading was established. The images depicting the landscape of Ankara during the 19th century through the poetry of the period are as follows: construction and reconstruction (repair, expansion, renewal) activities in various types of architecture; governor appointments to the province of Ankara; some townships and districts of Ankara; public works, order and security of the city; janissary tracking and investigation; rain after a long drought and famine; solving the water problem by improving the city's waterways; the construction of the Ankara railway and the arrival of the first train; settlement of Bosnian immigrants in the city; divan publication and mesnevi commentary; name etymology, geographical and cultural symbol representations of the city.
This study aims to both suggest a comprehensive approach for the sustainable remediation of the Mamak landfill in Ankara, while also addressing the issue of waste management in rapidly urbanizing areas. In this context, the transformation of a historically problematic area into a recreational public space is intended to foster environmental restoration and improve the living conditions of surrounding communities. The project proposes various amenities, such as therapy gardens, greenhouses, playgrounds, and learning centers, to strengthen social bonds. Additionally, educational programs, such as the Recycling Art and Education Center, and the Constructed Wetland Discovery Center, are suggested as ways to encourage public engagement in environmental care and sustainable practices as such programs play a crucial role in the teaching of responsible resource use and waste management to future generations. The conversion of the Mamak landfill into a public park and educational space is a useful model for other cities facing similar challenges related to waste management strategies and urban development. This study contributes to the discourse on sustainable urban development and innovative waste management by demonstrating that neglected areas can be transformed into valuable community resources, while highlighting the role of such projects in the achievement of sustainability goals.
This study evaluates the spatial characteristics of Hacettepe University Kindergarten, as well as the intended design decisions to make the kindergartens safer, healthier, and more comfortable for both children and teachers. The purpose of this study is to gauge the viewpoints of kindergarten teachers, identify actual workspace problems based on the results of the survey, and make suggestions by using Hacettepe University Kindergarten as a case study. This research has been planned as a qualitative study, though some findings are based on quantitative data. Data was collected in two different ways. The first phase involved observation while, in the second phase, the satisfaction of the teachers of Hacettepe University Kindergarten with the space provided was analyzed using the Place Satisfaction Scale as a data collection tool. The findings are presented in two parts. In the observation and space analysis, it was found that the kindergarten buildings studied were generally felt to be satisfactory. However, participants also suggested that some elements should be evaluated and improved to optimize the space. In the second part, which involves the scale analysis, 42 questions scored above 4 out of 5 points on the Likert Scale, which corresponded to profound levels of satisfaction with the space. It is also noteworthy that no item of data was scored below 3 and that only 5 of the questions scored below 4 points; in these responses, teachers underlined important problems related to interior design.
