Momordica charantia Linn . (Karela) commonly known as bitter melon or bitter guard is tropical and subtropical climber of family cucurbitaceae. Traditionally it possesses many uses as Antidiabetic, Carminative, Anthelmintic Antimalarial and Antimicrobial, Antiviral, Anti-carcinogenous, Contraceptives, Immmunostimulant, and Laxative, Antioxidant and Insecticidal. It indicates in skin treatment (eczema, acne, mycoses, scabies and hexoroid). In the present study we carried out phytochemical screening to identify phytoconstituents present in plant. Along with its antimicrobial activity against E. Coli by Cup plate method. Phytochemical screening reveals that presents of various phytoconstituents such as Alkaloids, Saponin, Cardiac Glycosides, Tannins, Protein and Flavonoids. Momordica charantia shows significant antimicrobial activity agains t E.Coli.
Poliovirus (PV),an enterovirus of the Picornaviridae family, is the agent of poliomyelitis, a devastating neurologic disease that may result in paralysis and even death.Mangiferin is the major constituent of Mangifera indica and has multiple pharmacological activities, including antiviral. This study evaluated the activity of mangiferin against poliovirus type-1 (PV-1). The compound exhibited the 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) > 2000 μg/mL in HEp-2 cell cultures, by the dimethylthiazolyl-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method (MTT). The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was of 53.5 μg/mL, determined by the plaque reduction assay (PRA) with selectivity index (SI) > 37.4. We investigate the possible mechanism of action of mangiferin and a maximum inhibition of PV was found for virucidal and inhibition of adsorption assays, at all tested concentrations. The inhibition of viral protein synthesis was also demonstrated by immunofluorescence assay (IFA).These results suggested that mangiferin is an attractive candidate for the control of PV infection.
Good practice of prophylactic antibiotics is one of the safest ways to avoid post operative infection in class III and class IV Operative Wounds. This has been proven a safest method as chances of any adverse effect of the antibiotics in post operative phase is very less. In caesarean delivery, the use of antibiotics like cephalosporins is very common. Research shows, documented efficacy of cephalosporins in reducing occurrence of endometritis or wound infection to a significant extent. The practice doesn’t cause any adverse effect in neonates as well. At the same time, use of prophylactic antibiotics also reduces hospital stay after operation. This review emphasizes on the time and type of prophylactic antibiotics use. From the analysis, efficacy of the drugs can be well established in cesarean delivery.
Fluindione an oral vitamin K antagonist is associated with various hemorrhagic and immunoallergic effects. This drug is also prone to produce various drug interactions, which if not taken into consideration while prescribing, might lead to increased incidence of adverse drug reactions for the patients. We report a case of drug interaction between fluindione and cefixime leading to cutaneous bleeding manifestations and raised PT-INR. Our patient was a 59 year old lady, a known case of rheumatic heart disease and mitral valve replacement, on tablet fluindione 20 mg for past 11 years. She was prescribed tablet cefixime 200 mg two times a day for three days for treatment of upper respiratory tract infection, following which she developed cutaneous bleeding manifestations like ecchymosis and purpura in left upper and lower limbs. She also had a rise in PT-INR level to 4.2, predisposing the patient to life threatening bleeding manifestations. Hence, caution is warranted while prescribing antibiotics to patients on oral anticoagulant therapy. Antibiotics that do not cause drug interaction with the anticoagulants must be selected in these patients. Also, periodic monitoring of PT INR in patients on anticoagulants especially when a new drug is co-prescribed is essential to curb the hazards of potential adverse drug interaction.
Major depression is a mood disorder characterized by a sense of inadequacy, despondency, decreased activity, pessimism, and sadness where these symptoms severely disrupt and adversely affect the person’s life, sometimes to such an extent that suicide is attempted or results. The search for an extended understanding of the causes of depression, and for the development of additional effective treatments is highly significant. Clinical and pre-clinical studies suggest stress is a key mediator in the pathophysiology of depression.
Progeria is also known as Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome. It is described by Jonathan Hutchinson and Hasting Gilford. The word Progeria obtained from the Greek word “pro” means “before” and “geras” means “agedness”. It is a genetic disorder, not inherited. It is identify by facial appearance containing prominent eye, thin nose, small chin and thin lip. The symptoms of progeria may include alopecia (hair loss), low body weight, decrease joint motility, facial appearance that are similar to old age person and accelerated cardiovascular disease. It is caused due to mutation in LMNA gene in which cysteine is replaced by thymine. This gene is important for producing Lamin A and Lamin C proteins. Treatment includes aspirin may helps to prevent antithrombotic events and cardiovascular disease. Hydrotherapy may be used to improve joint mobility and sign and symptoms of arthritis. FTIs (farnesyl transferase inhibitors) are used to decrease the severity of disease. FTIs are effective by blocking the farnesylation of progerin. Fluoride and vitamin supplements are recommend for progeria patients.
Mandibular condylar fractures are the most commonly encountered mandibular fractures, being 17.5–52% of all mandibular fractures. The most common unilateral fracture is subcondylar, and the most common bilateral fracture is of the condylar heads, mostly caused by direct trauma, but may also be due to indirect forces. Treatment of condylar fractures depends on physical and imaging evidence of the fracture, extent of injury (whether unilateral or bilateral), the level of fracture, the degree of displacement and dislocation, the size and position of the fractured condylar segment, and the dental malocclusion.
Endophytes are a suite of microorganisms that grow in the tissues of higher plants. Endophytes constitute a valuable source of secondary metabolites for the discovery of new potential therapeutic drugs. Endophytes can have many effects on their host such as enhancement of stress, insect and disease resistance, and herbicide activities when in association with their host plant. The present study was to examine the antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of endophytic fungi (both extra and intracellular) and actinomycete from the stem and root of Datura metel L. The crude extract of these endophytic isolates were screened for their antimicrobial potential. Among the endophytes, the extracellular fungal extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity when compared to intracellular fungi and actinomycetes. The studies and isolation of these compounds can be used as a good approach to search of novel products.
Background: Plants are frequently used by traditional healer for the care of the hepatic pathologies.Objective: This study is part of the valorization of the hepatoprotective potential of some plants used in traditional medicine for the care of hepatitis in the Hauts-Bassins region of Burkina Faso.Materials and methods: A survey realized in this region allowed retaining 5 species, after the classification according to the frequency of quotation and the bibliographic review, among the 44 species recorded: Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. & Perr (Combretaceae), Balanites aegyptiaca Delie. (Balanitaceae), Cassia alata L. (Ceasalpiniaceae), Opilia celtidifolia (Guill. & Perr.) Endl. (Opiliaceae) and Ziziphus mauritiana L. (Rhamnaceae). The content in phenolic compounds of the aqueous extracts of these plants was determined. Their antioxidant activity was evaluated by two methods: discoloration of radical cation ABTS and iron reduction (FRAP).Results: Anogeissus leiocarpus and Ziziphu smauritiana gave the strongest antioxidant activities and high phenolic compounds (total phenolics, total flavonoids, total tannins and flavonols). The antioxidant activity (FRAP, ABTS) was associated with the total phenolic content of the extracts expressed in tannic acid equivalent per 100 grams of dry matter with R2 of 0.8148 and 0.7966.Conclusion: The antioxidant activity and the content phenolic compounds observed during this study with Anogeissus leiocarpus and Ziziphus mauritiana indicates that these two plants have a high hépato protective potential which can justify their use by the Traditional healer in the care of hepatitis.
Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system. The drugs used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS are known to cause adverse effects, therefore this study was carried out for the monitoring and evaluation of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) caused by the use of antiretroviral drugs in patients of HIV/AIDS. Methods: A prospective, observational, cross sectional study was done in Andaman & Nicobar Islands institute of medical sciences, to monitor ADRs caused by Antiretroviral therapy (ART) over a period of 10 months in 120 patients of HIV/AIDS. Out of 120 patients, 84 had ADR’s. The data collected was filled in the spontaneous ADR reporting forms and Causality assessment was done using the WHO-UMC and Naranjo scale, seriousness was considered as per the ADR reporting form. Results: The study shows that out of 84 patients with ADR’s, 52 patients (61.9%) reported at least one ADR. 68 ADR’s (80.9%) were attributed to the tenofovir + lamivudine + efavirenz regimen. Most of the ADRs were from the system organ class of neurological disorders as 55 patients (65.4%) and 16 patients (19%) were having gastrointestinal ADR’s (19.44%) followed by Cutaneous ADR’s in 5 patients (5.9%). Causality assessment by WHO-UMC scale revealed most of the reactions as ‘possible’ (99.2%) while Naranjo scale assessed most of them as ‘probable’ (69.8%). Conclusion: Antiretroviral drugs have a huge potential for causing ADRs specially neurological and gastrointestinal. Active Pharmacovigilance is vital in recognizing such reactions to ensure timely management and optimal therapeutic outcomes.
Objectives : root bark of Dichrostachys cinerea is used in Ivorian folk for the treatment of asthma. This study aimed to evaluate anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of this plant. Methods : an aqueous-alcoholic extract was obtained from the root bark. Two tests i.e. rat's paw irritation with formalin and rat's paw oedema induced by carrageenan were used to appreciate the anti-inflammatory activity. The antioxidant activity was performed using ABTS (2.2-azinobis 3 ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), DPPH (1.1 diphenyl 1-2-picrylhydrazyl), and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) tests. Results : the extract, only at 1000 mg/kg b.wt, reduced significantly the licking time (22.03 1.08 s) in the second period of formalin-induced irritation test. Concerning the carrageenan-induced oedema test, oedema was weakly reduced 1, 2, and 3 hours after injection of carrageenan. Indeed, levels of inhibition were respectively 1.71 0.56 %, 1.45 0.70%, 4.5 1.91% for the extract at 10 mg/kg b.wt; 3.71 0.33%, 6.50 0.10%, 10.75 0.42% for the extract at 100 mg/kg b.wt. and 3.47 0.40%, 10.54 0.48%, 13.50 0.93 for the extract at 1000 mg/kg b.wt. The extract did not exert any antioxidant activity through both ABTS and DPPH methods, but with FRAP one, low doses showed a high antioxidant activity (86.33 1.78%) similar to that of Trolox (90.99 6.47%) used as reference. Conclusion : the herbal lacks anti-inflammatory activity. However, it induced an antioxidant activity which could be recommended to neutralize the free radicals involved in the bronchial hyperactivity phenomena during acute asthma.
Introduction : Unsafe abortions contribute to 8% of maternal mortality. Easy availability and rampant use of medical methods of abortion lead to upsurge in self induced abortion related complications. Present study was conducted to assess the profile, knowledge, attitude and reasons of preference of self induced abortion in women visiting our centre after complication or failure of medical abortion. We also tried to evaluate the burden of different complications and factors behind failure of self induced medical abortion. Material and Methods: It was a prospective mixed methods study performed in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology at a tertiary care centre. These women were interviewed by two doctors with the help of pre structured questionainare and their diagnosis, course of management and duration of stay in the hospital was noted down from hospital records. Results: We recruited 216 women visiting our facility after some complication of self induced medical abortion. 92 women used Mifepristone and misoprostol regimen and rest used misoprostol. 165 women have purchased drugs over the counter from pharmacists. Major source of information is husband or friends. Most of the patients [n= 87.9%] consider it low risk.97% patients follow incorrect drug schedule and misoprostol was taken by oral route only. Ruptured ectopic pregnancy, anaemia, Sepsis, Incomplete abortion, Missed abortion and continuation of pregnancy was observed in 1.8%, 69.44%, 8.3%, 68.5 %, 9.7% and 23.14%. Conclusion: Neglect of eligibility criteria and faulty drug regimens are the most common reasons for failure on self induced medical abortions. Low perceived risk and reluctance to hospital visit and interventions are most common reasons of preference of self induced abortions.
Liver cancer is the most common type of solid tumor with poor prognosis. Various environmental, genetic and epigenetic factors including aberrant molecular signaling pathways play a significant role in pathogenesis of liver cancer. Targeting these molecular pathways has paved the way for evolution of molecular targeted drugs. Liver being less immunogenic strategies to improve immunosurveillance evasion by cancer cells has been addressed using immunotherapy. Research on novel therapeutic strategies such as immunotherapy, molecular targeted therapy, gene therapy is ongoing. This review aims to discuss current trends and recent developments in the field of liver cancer therapy.
Objective: To monitor and evaluate adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to antiretroviral drugs in patients of HIV/AIDS by active and spontaneous/solicited ADR monitoring. Methods: A prospective observational study to monitor ADRs was carried out over 12 months in 187 patients of HIV/AIDS taking antiretroviral treatment. The ADRs reported were evaluated for incidence, frequency, causality, severity, seriousness and preventability. Causality assessment was done using the WHO-UMC and Naranjo scale, seriousness was considered as per the ADR reporting form, severity and preventability assessment were done as per the Hartwig severity scale and the modified Schumock and Thornton criteria respectively. Results: 103 patients (55.1%) reported at least one ADR and 108 ADR reports were collected. Mostly the ADRs came from the tenofovir + lamivudine + efavirenz regimen with efavirenz related to most number of ADRs (52.5%). Maximum ADRs belonged to the system organ class of neurological disorders (64.81%) followed by gastrointestinal (19.44%) and skin and appendages disorders (7.40%). Causality assessment by WHO-UMC scale revealed most of the reactions as possible (99.2%) while Naranjo scale assessed most of them as probable (69.8%). Most of the reactions (96.1%) were mild in nature and no serious reactions were reported. Preventability assessment determined most reactions (94.6%) as not preventable. Conclusion: Antiretroviral drugs have a huge potential for causing ADRs specially neurological and gastrointestinal. Active pharmacovigilance is vital in recognizing such reactions to ensure timely management and optimal therapeutic outcomes.
Objectives: a) To analyze the pattern of drug prescription for chronic kidney disease and its co-morbid conditions, if exist. b) To study the rationality of drug therapy.Methodology: Over a period of 1 year, the discharge-summary records of 188 patients with CKD, admitted to nephrology wards of Justice K. S. Hegde Charitable Hospital, Mangaluru, were scrutinized and the data collected in a specially designed proforma. Descriptive analysis of the data was done.Results: Of the total 188 patients, 101(53.7%) were males and 87 (46.3%) females. Highest numbers of patients were in the age group of 58-67 years (29.3%). Hypertension was the most common co-morbidity (82%) observed, followed by anaemia (54.8%) and type 2 diabetes (43%). A total of 1436 drugs were prescribed to 188 CKD patients. Each patient received an average of 7.6 drugs. Polypharmacy was seen in all patients. Drugs acting on the cardiovascular system constituted the bulk of the prescriptions (31%) followed by nutritional Supplements (15.3%), haematinics (10.7%) and the drugs acting on gastrointestinal system (10.3%). Other important categories of drugs prescribed included antimicrobials (5.8%), antiplatelets and hypolipidaemic agents (5%), antidiabetic drugs (4.7%) and phosphate binders (4%).Conclusion: This study shows that the management of chronic kidney disease in the nephrology department of Justice K. S. Hegde Charitable Hospital, is in congruity with the rational utilization of medicines which is based on the clinical knowledge, expertise and the guidelines accessible in the field of nephrology practice.
Acanthospermum hispidum (Asteraceae) is plant widely used in South Eastern Nigeria to treat cough. This study investigated the antitussive properties of the root extract and fractions of A. hispidum . The antitussive effects of oral administration of 400 and 800 mg/kg of A. hispidum root methanol extract (ME), hexane (HF), ethyl acetate (EF) and methanol fractions (MF) were evaluated using sulphur (iv) oxide and ammonia induced cough models in mice. The extract and fractions were subjected to acute toxicity test, phytochemical analysis and HPLC finger printing. The extract and fractions of A. hispidum exhibited strong and significant antitussive effects in both cough models. The MF and EF exhibited significant ( p 5000 mg/kg in mice was established for the extract. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of saponins and flavonoids which may be responsible for its antitussive effects. Results revealed the antitussive property of A. hispidum and root which correlate to its ethnomedicinal use to relieve cough.
OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to evaluate the antiproliferative properties of hydroalchoholic extract of Hopea ponga leaves. METHODS: The antiproliferative capacity of extract was assessed by employing different assays such as by brine shrimp lethality assay, MTT assay and trypan blue assay in HeLa cells. Results were compared with standard vincristine. RESULTS: In vitro antiproliferative study of the hydroalcoholic extract of H.ponga was evaluated by brine shrimp lethality assay, MTT assay and trypan blue assay in HeLa cells. The results indicated that the hydroalcoholic extract of H. ponga possessed good antiproliferative property when compared to the standard drug vincristine. CONCLUSION: The result suggests that the hydroalochoholic extracts of H. ponga plays an important role in antiproliferative activity.The activity may be due to the presence of flavonoids. It is further suggested that in vivo studies and characterisation of fractionated extracts May be conducted in this extract, to establish its effect. Hopea ponga ( Dennst.)Mabberly. H. ponga has been used as a source of timbre for construction and agricultural implements shows its potential as being used as antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, so it can be concluded that this species should be conserved and explored further.
Background: Cyclophosphamide is widely used in the treatment of various neoplastic diseases and diseases associated with altered immunity. Higher doses used for longer duration effects many organs like urinary bladder, lungs, liver, heart and male reproductive organs. Methods: To study the effect of cyclophosphamide on the micro anatomy of epididymis, sixty eight Albino rats were taken and divided into three groups, group A (control group) of 20 animals, were fed with routine diet, group B (low dose group) of 24 animals, were given cyclophosphamide at the dose of 0.5 mg/100 gms in addition to the routine diet and group C (high dose group) of 24 animals, were given high dose of cyclophosphamide at the dose of 0.7 mg/100 gms of weight of animal in addition to the routine diet. The animals were sacrificed at intervals of 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks, sections of the tissue from the epididymis were prepared and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin stain. Results: In both low dose and high dose groups there was no apparent histological change at 3 weeks of drug administration, however there were absent sperm whorls in some of the tubules of the epididymis of both low dose and high dose groups at this stage. At 6 weeks there was increase in the number of clear cells in the tubules of epididymis of both the groups. While as at 9 weeks there were some atrophic changes in the tubules of group C rats. Conclusion: In present study we observed certain histological changes in the epididymis of cyclophosphamide treated albino rats. These were in the form of absent sperms, increase in number of clear cells, increase in peritubular space and atrophic changes.
Objective : The objective of the present study was to evaluate the Anti-obesity activity of Garuga pinnata Roxb in high fat diet induced rats. Materials and Methods: Gall part of leaves of Garuga pinnata were collected, dried, powdered and extracted with ethanol (70%) to get Ethanolic extract of Garuga pinnata (EGP). Rats were divided into 5 groups in high fat diet induced model. Normal control animals were fed with the rat chow diet and all other grouped rats were fed with high fat diet, Standard group was treated with Orlistat (10 mg/kg, p.o.) and rats of test groups were treated with the EGP (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) for 4 weeks. Anthropometric parameters were measured once in a week and lipid profile and antioxidant parameters were measured on the 29 th day. Histopathology of kidney and liver was studied. Results: Body weight and BMI was significantly reduced in the test groups (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.). TG, TC, LDL-C, VLDL-C, LPO levels were reduced and HDL-C and anti-oxidants were elevated in both test groups as compare to disease control animals. Histopathology of liver showed protection against fat accumulation in Ethanolic extract of Garuga pinnata (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.). Conclusion: In the light of finding and discussion, it was concluded that Ethanolic extract of Garuga pinnata (100 and 200 mg/kg) may have anti-obesity in high fat diet induced rats and showed preventive effect against fat accumulation in liver.
Background: Ovulatory failure in females being the cause in 20-30% of infertility, the inability to conceive naturally or to carry out a pregnancy to full term or to deliver a healthy baby after trying for 1 year. Availability of ovulation inducing medicines and assisted reproductive technologies does not answer enough solution leading to search for new avenues in alternative therapies. Ovulatory effects of the Aloe Vera Gel extract (AVG) from Aloe Barbadensis Mill have been demonstrated in Letrozole induced PCOD rat models. Hence this study to assess the ovulatory effect of AVG extract using increase in parabasal cells in vaginal smear as the indirect indicator using mature female rabbits is planned.Methodology: With the approval of Institutional Research and Animal ethics committee six mature non pregnant rabbit does weighing 2-2.5 kg showing ovulatory failure in each group received saline as control or AVG extract only 150mg/kg orally for 28 days or followed by hCG 120 I.U I.V on 29th day or only hCG. Leishman stained vaginal smears taken on 0day, 1st week, 4th week and 6th week for first 3 groups and 48, 72 and 120 Hours after hCG for IVth group were examined for superficial and parabasal cells under 100x magnification. The data was analyzed with two way ANOVA and Bon-ferrani tests for statistical significance of p value <0.05.Results: Statistically significant decrease in superficial cells percentage (p-<0.001) and proportionate increase in parabasal cells percentages (p-<0.001) were observed in does received aloe vera alone and also hCG on 4th & 6th week and 72 Hours after receiving only HCG.(P-value of < 0.01).Conclusion: AVG of 150mg/kg /day for 28 days has shown ovulatory effect like HCG. Further studies supported by hormonal assays and HPE or USG for confirmation is suggested.
