Background: Bovine babesiosis is a protozoan disease that is transmitted by ticks and has significant veterinary and economic impacts on tropical livestock systems. Prior to this study, no epidemiological data was available of Sindh, Pakistan. Purpose: To estimate the Babesia spp. prevalence and estimate the risk factors with respect to cattle and buffaloes in five tehsils of District Naushahro Feroze, Sindh, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using 200 blood samples (100 Thari cattle; 100 Kundhi buffaloes; both sexes) in five tehsils (Kandiaro, Moro, Mehrabpur, Bhiria and Naushahro Feroze). Thin blood smears under Giemsa stain were viewed under oil-immersion microscopy. Systematic recording of clinical signs. Chi-square analysis and binary odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to assess risk factors. Results: Overall prevalence was 26.0% (52/200). Cattle (32.0%) had higher observed prevalence than buffaloes (20.0%; χ²=3.74; df=1; P=0.053). Females (27.5%) showed higher prevalence than males (20.0%; χ²=0.94; df=1; P=0.333). The highest tehsil prevalence was in Bhiria (17.5%). Cattle versus buffalo: OR=1.88 (95% CI: 0.99–3.59); female versus male: OR=1.52 (95% CI: 0.65–3.55). The most common clinical signs were fever (≥40 °C), anaemia, and hemoglobinuria. Conclusions: Bovine babesiosis is common and costly in District Naushahro Feroze. There is an urgent need to implement integrated tick control, strategic chemoprophylaxis, and educate farmers. Molecular characterization studies should be undertaken to determine the circulating species of Babesia.
Present study was conducted to evaluate the various liver enzymes in experimentally induced enterotoxemic goat inorder to ensure the therapeutic potential of probiotics and antibiotics. Experiment was conducted at Department of Veterinary Medicine, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam in which 35 non-descriptive goats were housed and experimenatally induced with enterotoxemia by inoculation of Clostridium perfringens culture surgically by performing laparotomy into intestine. After apperence of positive clinical signs of infection, goats were randomly divided into 5 treatment groups i.e. Group 1 (negative control), Group 2 (positive control), Group 3 (yogurt, 5 % solution, 50 mL/time), Group 4 (Yeast, 5 % solution, 50 mL/time), Group 5 (Filorphinocol, 50 mg/kg), Group 6 (Sulphadiazine/Trimethoprim + Yogurt), and Group 7 (Enrofloxacin + Yeast). Goats were monitored for 5 days post-induction of enterotoxemia and provided with specific treatments. Blood sample were taken after every 24 hours for performing liver function tests. The results showed significant hepatocellular damage in serum biochemical and liver function analysis in the positive control group, as indicated by markedly elevated enzyme levels (ALT: ~95 U/L, AST: ~150 U/L, ALP: ~220 U/L) at the onset of the study. Despite the decrease in enzymes gradually over the course of the experiment (ALT = 75 U/L, AST = 120 U/L, ALP = 180 U/L on Day 5), the findings indicated that the elevated values remained higher than the control values, implying that the liver cells were still under stress. On the contrary, the treated groups-maintained enzyme values higher initially but declined to physiological levels.
Endophytic actinobacteria are a diverse group of Gram-positive bacteria with high G+C content, which inhabit plants’ internal tissues, and represent a significant yet underexplored reservoir of bioactive secondary metabolites. In host plants, a remarkable repertoire of metabolites, including broad-spectrum antibiotics, anticancer, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory compounds, is synthesized by these microbial allies, carrying significant medicinal and agricultural potential. These endophytes, in contrast to their soil relatives, have developed unique biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) strongly influenced by plant-associated factors, leading to the production of structurally novel metabolites. In recent years, the advances in genome mining, metagenomics, and metabolomics have accelerated the identification of cryptic BGCs, offering opportunities to discover new pharmacophores. This review summarizes current knowledge on the medicinal and industrial potential of endophytic actinobacteria, including their capability to yield enzymes, pigments, organic acids, bio surfactants, and natural preservatives with sustainable industrial applications. It also highlights advances in synthetic biology, co-culture strategies, and CRISPR-mediated editing that can awaken silent metabolic pathways. Yet, culturing difficulties and the absence of robust in-vivo models continue to be major challenges in transforming in-silico predictions into validated metabolites. Finally, in this review we highlighted the key research gaps and emphasized on future directions including extensive exploration of rare actinobacterial taxa, targeted isolation from extreme niches, and integration of “multi-omics” to optimize translational potential. Collectively, endophytic actinobacteria represent a promising new frontier in natural product discovery, offering solutions to antibiotic resistance, agricultural sustainability, and industrial innovation.
Although the incidence of listeriosis is much lower in small ruminants, it has implications for food safety, herd health and appropriate antibiotic usage as well as zoonotic potential. Both have been reported to be robust pathogens and Listeria monocytogenes is generally recognized as the most common etiologic agent, but in ovine or caprine abortion it should be included as a significant differential diagnosis. This is a narrative one health review that summarizes status of the information published to date on the epidemiology and clinical signs of infection, resistance patterns found and diagnosis and prevention methods employed in small ruminant populations. While the emergence of antibiotic resistance is rarely the principal mechanism for disease-related adverse outcomes in ovine and caprine listeriosis, a more basic understanding of the determinants of resistance, virulence mechanisms and environmental persistence is needed. When delayed diagnosis, neurotropic pathogen characteristics, intracellular survival capacity, limited central nervous system penetration of antimicrobials and exposure to high bacterial doses through contaminated or incorrectly fermented silage usually accompany suboptimal therapy responses. In conclusion, effective management of ovine and caprine listeriosis requires a comprehensive One Health approach, integrating rapid diagnostics, strict silage hygiene, and targeted antimicrobial stewardship to mitigate risks across the animal-human-environment interface.
Breast and lung cancer are the primary cause of death worldwide, underlining the need for an improved therapeutic strategy. In the current study, tamoxifen (TAM) and paclitaxel (PTX) loaded chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) were produced for the evaluation of sustained drug delivery and enhanced anticancer potential of nanocarriers over conventional chemotherapy against breast and lung cancers, respectively. Nanoparticles were produced by the ionic gelation method and characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering and Fourier Transform Infrared Microscopy (FTIR), verifying the nanoscale morphology, stability and successful encapsulation. A drug release profile study (in vitro) (78 %, 60-75 %) and encapsulation efficacy (83.2 %, 79 %) indicated sustainable release and efficient drug loading. MTT assay indicated TAM-NPs exhibited stronger anticancer activity on MCF-7 cells with IC50 value 36.38 ± 0.87 µg/mL, compared to free tamoxifen (39.31 ± 2.3 µg/mL). Similarly, PTX-CNPs exhibited enhanced antiproliferative effect on NSCLC cell lines exhibiting IC50 value 31.32 ± 1.73 µg/mL compared to the free paclitaxel (35.21 ± 0.04 µg/mL). The experiment was carried out in triplicate. The data were expressed as mean ± S.D, using one-way ANOVA (p = 0.001, p = 0.003). In silico docking analysis provided the receptor-ligand interactions and binding affinities of tamoxifen with estrogen receptor alpha (3ETR) and paclitaxel with 1JFF beta-tubulin through docking. In vitro results and supportive in silico qualitative analysis suggested that the tamoxifen and paclitaxel-loaded chitosan nanoparticles carrier system has a potentially enhanced effect on breast cancer and lung cancer treatment.
Fluoride (F-) is among the most important compounds that can damage hepatic tissue and increase level of ALT, ALP, Bilirubin, GGT, and decreases the albumin. Present study was conducted to explore protective role of yogurt on hepatic dysfunction induced by sodium F- at different doses. Animal were divided into seven experimental groups (6 rabbits/group). Group A (Control), Group B (F- 50 mg/kg), Group C (yogurt 15 g/kg), Group D (F- 50 mg + yogurt 15 g/kg), Group E (F- 100 mg/kg), Group F (yogurt 30 g/kg), Group G (F- 100 mg/kg B.W. + yogurt 30 g/kg). In F- treatment groups i.e. B, D, E, and G, the results showed a notably (P < 0.005) higher level of ALT in the blood on day 16 and day 31. ALP values in the yogurt-treated groups decreased substantially (P < 0.05), but ALP values in groups B, D, E, and G increased significantly (P < 0.05). The GGT values in groups B, D, E, and G increased extensively (P < 0.05), similarly to bilirubin values which also increased considerably (P < 0.05) on the 16th and 31st day. While the albumin value increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the yogurt-treated groups, it dramatically decreased (P<0.05) in groups B, D, E, and G. The current study concludes that yogurt supplementation mitigates fluoride induced hepatic damage by improving liver enzymes.
Background: Acute viral respiratory infections are considered as the leading causes of illness and hospitalization worldwide. Influenza virus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Adenovirus are general respiratory pathogens linked with significant clinical problems in Iraq. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of common respiratory viral infections and their clinical and hematological associations between Iraqi patients with acute-illness. Methods: This a cross-sectional study was done on 160 patients showing acute febrile and/or respiratory-symptoms. Viral detection for Influenza virus, RSV and Adenovirus was performed using rapid-antigen and ELISA assays. Hematological tests including total leukocyte count (TLC), differential leukocyte count, hemoglobin and platelet count were analyzed using ANOVA, Chi-square test and Pearson correlation. Results: Influenza virus was detected in 38.1% (61/160) of patients, followed by Adenovirus in 22.5% (36/160) and RSV in 18.1% (29/160). Influenza-positive patients showed significantly elevated TLC levels (11.4 ± 2.2 ×10⁹/L) compared with RSV (10.2 ± 1.9 ×10⁹/L), Adenovirus (8.7 ± 1.6 ×10⁹/L), and controls (7.6 ± 1.4 ×10⁹/L) (p < 0.01). Dyspnea and wheezing were more frequent in RSV infection (62.1% and 55.1%, respectively). Severe disease was observed mainly in Influenza-cases (24.6%). Co-infections were identified in 5.6% of patients and were linked with higher hospitalization rates. Conclusion: Influenza virus, RSV and Adenovirus are the major causes of acute respiratory illness in Iraq. Distinct clinical manifestations and hematological alterations may support early diagnosis and disease assessment especially in resource-limited area.
Medicinal plants provide a safe and efficient source of drugs for cancer treatment. Berberis aristata and Senna alexandrina are traditionally used to treat several ailments because they contain compounds with antimicrobial, antitoxic, anti-inflammatory, and other properties. The objective of the study was to prepare crude ethanolic extracts of B. aristata and S. alexandrina and to determine their cytotoxic potential against cancer cells. Ethanolic extracts were prepared for both plants. Hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) were used for all assays. The cytotoxicity of extracts was determined by 3‑(4,5‑Dimethylthiazol‑2‑yl)‑2,5‑diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay using various concentrations of extracts. The obtained sub-lethal concentrations were used to analyze the expression of cell cycle regulators (p53, p21) and apoptosis caspases (Cas-4 and Cas-5) at the mRNA level by qPCR. The cytotoxicity assay showed that cell viability decreased with increasing concentrations of both plant extracts. B. aristata was, however, more effective than S. alexandrina in causing cytotoxicity. Expression analysis by qPCR revealed that p53 was overexpressed in plant extract-treated groups compared to untreated cells. The expression of p21, however, was inconsistent across all treatments. Expression of Cas-4 and Cas-5 was higher in plant extract-treated groups than in the control. B. aristata and S. alexandrina crude extracts were efficient in causing toxicity to the cancer cells, possibly by interfering with the expression of cell cycle and apoptosis regulator genes.
A study was carried out to examine the economic performance of small-scale vegetable farmers and how effectively they are using their resources in Ido Local Government Area of Oyo State. The study involved eighty vegetable farmers who were chosen randomly, and information was gathered from them using structured questionnaires. Different tools such as budget analysis, linear regression, frequency distribution, percentages, and the stochastic frontier production function were used to examine the data that was collected. The results indicated that about 41.3 % of the farmers were between the ages of 41 and 50. Most of the people who answered were women, which made up 71.2 % of the group. Most of them were married, making up 75.0 % of the total. Also, 87.5 % of the farmers had some formal education, and 40 % had six to ten years of experience in growing vegetables. The analysis also showed that growing vegetables brought in a total gross profit of ₦196,200 and a net profit of ₦154,700. The benefit cost ratio is 1.62, meaning the business is earning a good amount of profit. The results from the maximum likelihood estimation showed that fertilizer, labor, and planting materials all had a big effect on production. The research suggests that having easier access to workers and the resources needed for crops to grow can lead to more food being produced.
Polythene bags are highly inert plastic materials made from monomers of ethylene. Due to their durability, lightweight, and low-weight characteristics, polythene bags are in high demand among consumers and retailers worldwide. This widespread use of polythene bags has led to the generation of polythene waste in the environment. This study focused on the degradation of polythene bags through fungal strains in the desired region. In this research, three identified fungal strains, namely Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Fusarium oxysporum, were screened using two synthetic media for degradation, such as the culture plate method (CPM) and Liquid media degradation (LMD). A total of 15 polythene bag samples from five dumping sites in Sialkot were collected for biodegradation testing. The samples were pretreated with water, ethanol, and xylene, with xylene being the most effective. The films were sterilized, inoculated with fungi, and degraded for 30 days. Weight loss percentages were also evaluated to determine the polythene films’ degradation rate. The results of this study revealed that A. niger showed the highest degradation percentage (43 %), followed by F. oxysporum (19 %) and A. flavus (8 %), which were also found statistically significant (P < 0.05) for polythene eradication in the Sialkot district. This baseline study will provide aid in future investigations of the most suitable and competent fungi for managing and controlling the polythene waste from the district of Sialkot.
This study investigated the prevalence of helminths parasites and the influence of associated factors including district, valley, species, gender, age, flock size, flock type, feeding system, and deworming among small ruminants in Chitral, Hindu Kush Mountains, Pakistan. Fecal samples from 401 goats and 410 sheep were analyzed. Chi-square tests were applied to determine the associated factors. The overall prevalence of helminths parasites was 59.4 %, with 58.9 % in goats and 60 % in sheep. The most prevalent coprologically detected parasite species was Toxocara spp. (27.1 %), followed by Moniezia spp. (17 %). In mixed infections, mostly Toxocara spp. with Moniezia spp. or Taenia spp were detected. Significant associated factors included gender (male 65.5 %, female 56.7 %; p = 0.017), age (adult 62.8 %, young 61.3 %, juvenile 36.5 %; p < 0.001), flock size (small 65.5 %, large 60.7 %, medium 49.6 %; p = 0.029), and feeding system (pasture 64.9 %, village grazing 59.9 %, stall feeding 47.3 %; p = 0.010). In contrast, species, flock type, deworming status, district, and valley showed no significant effect. In conclusion, helminths are highly prevalent in small ruminants of Chitral. Effective control measures should prioritize identified associated factors, particularly gender, age, flock size, and feeding practices, to reduce infection burden and improve animal health.
The wild animals that occupy large territories were found to adapt less easily to captive environments compared to those with small home ranges. Among big cats, captivity posed a range of challenges, with stress emerging as central factor influencing overall welfare. Transition into captive environment was shown to alter both behavior and physiological processes, largely due to changes in their natural habitat, environmental complexity and diet. Several health issues reported in big cats including alopecia, gastrointestinal issues, neuromuscular disorders such as hindquarter paralysis were associated with underlying metabolic dysregulation. Metabolic health was recognized as critical component of overall well-being, closely linked to composition and diversity of the gut microbiota. The host metabolic processes were significantly influenced by microbial communities, which exhibited considerable plasticity in response to environmental conditions. Despite these, dominant phyla identified in the gut of big cats were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Fusobacteria, which remained consistent with those commonly observed across mammals. By integrating metabolic health biomarkers with gut microbiota diversity in big cats, the present study aimed to elucidate the relationship between diet, health and environment. This approach provided valuable insights into mitigating captivity associated with health issues and contributed to improved management strategies and support conservation efforts.
Mangroves provide coastal communities with a multitude of ecosystem services. This is the case in Joal-Fadiouth. A study on its mangrove dynamics revealed a decline in area between 1974 and 2004, followed by a gradual trend after it acquired Marine Protected Area (MPA) status in 2004. Given the importance of this mangrove, the research focused on analyzing its evolution associated with rainfall and temperature variability. To do this, Spearman’s Rho correlation coefficient was performed between mangrove areas in 10-year increments from 1974 to 2024 and values of climate parameters studied for each increment, with n (number of pairs) = 6. Buishand's test and Hubert's segmentation were applied to annual rainfall and temperature data, which were then analyzed using Lamb index and thermal amplitude, respectively. The results indicated a very strong positive correlation (+0.94, p-value = 4.80e-03) between mangrove extent and rainfall, a strong positive correlation with maximum temperatures (+0.83, p-value = 0.04), and a p-value of 0.96 for minimum temperatures which was not statistically significant. Buishand’s test and Hubert’s segmentation revealed breaks in climate series and their non-stationarity. Lamb index gave 33 dry years and 27 wet years, generally coinciding with periods of mangrove loss and regeneration. Furthermore, synchronization was established between mangrove evolution and thermal fluctuations before and after 2004 through thermal amplitude. It would be interesting to combine these results with those of a study on local activities correlated with mangrove evolution to establish effective management strategies for this entity of the Joal-Fadiouth Marine Protected Area (JFMPA).
Nanotechnology has been a new paradigm of the twenty-first century with several good breakthroughs. These tiny particles, known for their outstanding qualities, are enjoying an increasing influence in many research fields concerning foodstuff, cosmetics, electronics, and pharmacology. Synthesis of nanoparticles includes utilizing chemical processes with reducing agents, alongside employing physical techniques such as top-down and bottom-up approaches for NP formation. The biological approach, known as green synthesis, utilizes plant extracts to ensure increased safety. Biological methods also involve bacteria and fungi, known as the major sources of nanoparticles. It is acknowledged as the most effective and environmentally conscious approach, attributed to its minimal impact on the environment. Nanoparticles display a range of structures, including variations containing silver, gold, zinc, and silica. They are essential in positively modulating plant growth, metabolism, and stress tolerance. In the agricultural sector, nanoparticles increase crop yield and are very necessary as nano pesticides and nano fertilizers, outdoing conventional alternatives. As they cause less harm to crop and boost agricultural production, they are vital in this field. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles play a crucial role in the post-harvest stages as they have an antimicrobial contribution to protect food from damage. However, research findings show that nanoparticles potentially contaminate the soil and water sources presenting environmental concerns. Overall, this review brings together current knowledge on the synthesis, characterization, types, physicochemical properties, and agricultural applications of nanoparticles, emphasizing their potential to improve agriculture while encouraging their safe and sustainable use.
Momordica charantia (bitter melon) is a significant medicinal plant, having been long used in traditional medicine in Asian, African and South American systems. M. charantia is more than a traditional medicine; by consolidating existing evidence, it is a promising source of drug discovery and can serve as a complementary in contemporary therapeutics. Over the last several decades, it has become the subject of contemporary biomedical studies due to its abundance of phytochemicals, such as saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and polypeptides. These bioactive compounds present a wide range of pharmacological processes that M. charantia can be a natural solution to some of the most urgent health issues. There is promising evidence of its strong antidiabetic potential, via regulation of glucose metabolism and insulin signalling, and its anticancer potential is associated with inducing apoptosis and inhibiting tumour growth pathways. In addition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, and immune-modulatory properties further underscore its therapeutic versatility. This review summarizes the limited current preclinical and clinical evidence, where the mechanisms that mediate such effects are critically examined. Although the incorporation of M. charantia into complementary and alternative medicine has been promising in terms of data, drawbacks such as differences in bioactive content, standardization of formulations, and clinical validation of large-scale research are still translation challenges. The research must be directed toward clinical validation, safety profiling and standardization of preparations in future to unlock its full medicinal potential.
Nanotechnology holds considerable promise in the field of biomedical research, particularly in the creation of innovative materials. Its influence extends significantly to medication formulation, drug delivery systems, and the realm of nanomedicine. These materials are being increasingly investigated for a range of applications; nevertheless, it is essential to conduct thorough assessments of their safety and environmental implications. Globally, millions of people suffer from slow wound healing, which leads to heightened mortality rates and escalated healthcare expenses. The primary factors contributing to impaired wound healing include microbial infection, unstable inflammation, and persistent inflammation. Regrettably, these critical issues have not been adequately addressed by existing therapeutic methods. Nanomaterials possess the ability to influence various cellular and molecular mechanisms that enhance the wound microenvironment. Their properties, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and angiogenic effects, may promote the transition from non-healing to healing phases. This review provides a comprehensive overview of wounds, the healing process, bionanocomposites, and their significance in wound healing.
Microplastics have become widely dispersed in our environment, and even in the air we breathe. The present research aims at identifying and determining the amounts of microplastics present in atmospheric fallout over Lahore city, which is characterized by a large population and several manufacturing industries. In order to find out the existence of microplastics, samples of atmospheric fallout were collected from various sites across hustling municipalities of Lahore that included urbanized settlements. The analysis disclosed that there are various forms of microplastic fibers, fragments and granules indicating different sources of pollution. The identified ones varied from 114.485 µm to 2034.731 µm indicating mixture of primary and secondary atmospheric microplastics level presence in Lahore region which need more intensive studies due to their health impacts as well as their pathways and sources in urban areas. This study provides very important baseline information on understanding microplastic pollution in Lahore city while stressing on development strategies for minimizing their further movement into the outer space.
Human health may be at risk if drinking water contains excessive amounts of heavy metals (HMs). To determine risks related to heavy metals, fifteen water samples were taken every month between July and September, 2024 from the communities of Abobo (Site A), Osara (Site B) and Osaragada (Site C) close to Confluence University of Science and Technology, Osara. These samples were tested for ten HMs (Cu, Fe, Ni, Zn, Co, Cd, As, Cr, Hg, Pb) with the aid of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The average concentration ranges as follows: Fe (0.378-0.511 mg/l), Cu (1.643-1.720 mg/l), Ni (0.31-0.556 mg/l), Zn (0.17-0.271 mg/l), Cd (0.153-0.286 mg/l), As (0.122-0.141 mg/l), Cr (0.544-0.730 mg/l), Pb (0.236-0.284 mg/l), Hg (0.083-0.187 mg/l) and Co (0.103-0.251 mg/l). All measured HMs levels exceeded World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, with the exception of Cu and Zn. For sites A, B, and C, the Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI) readings were 137.7, 142.911, and 174.051, respectively, indicating poor water quality. The computed Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI) values (0.238-0.341) for non-carcinogenic risk assessment were below 1, implying no significant non-carcinogenic risk health impact in accordance with USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) standard. With the exception of chromium (3.514 x 10⁻³ to 4.715 x 10⁻³), the carcinogenic risk assessment showed that the cancer risk from these metals at all stations was within the permissible range of 1.0 x 10⁻⁶ to 1.0 x 10⁻⁴. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) from Cr VI ingestion across all stations warrants further consideration.
Cryopreservation of goat semen is an essential tool for genetic improvement, germplasm conservation, and the expansion of artificial insemination programs in caprine breeding. However, buck spermatozoa are highly susceptible to cryo-induced oxidative stress due to their membrane composition rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Excessive generation of reactive oxygen species during semen processing, freezing, and thawing compromises sperm motility, viability, membrane integrity, mitochondrial function, and DNA stability, ultimately reducing post-thaw fertilizing potential. Semen extenders play a pivotal role in mitigating these detrimental effects by providing cryoprotection and maintaining cellular homeostasis. Among commercial extenders, Triladyl® is widely used in ruminant semen preservation; nevertheless, its intrinsic antioxidant capacity appears limited, necessitating further optimization strategies. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), a potent water-soluble antioxidant naturally present in seminal plasma, has attracted considerable attention as an extender supplement due to its ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species and regenerate other antioxidants. This review critically synthesizes published evidence on vitamin C supplementation in semen extenders, with particular emphasis on its relevance to Triladyl®-based preservation systems in goats. Although direct studies evaluating vitamin C in addition to Triladyl® in caprine semen are scarce, substantial indirect evidence from Tris-based extenders, comparative extender studies, and cross-species investigations supports its potential to enhance post-thaw semen quality. The review also highlights current limitations, including variability in experimental designs, dose-dependent effects, and the lack of extender-specific data. Overall, the current literature supports vitamin C supplementation as a promising hypothesis that warrants systematic evaluation in commercial extender systems.
