The topic of this article is cardboard as a construction material for temporary architecture: a case study of the Zbigniew Herbert Exhibition Pavilion. The Pavilion was designed and built by a group of 18 students at the course ProtoLAB at the Faculty of Architecture at Wroclaw University of Science and Technology in July 2018. The project focused on constructing Pavilion components out of paper tubes and corrugated cardboard, which have been proven to be a promising building material. Wood-based materials also were used to strengthen the construction. The design of the Pavilion aimed to use the geometry of the components to minimize the amount of metal used to connect elements. The article focuses on the problems of paper’s strength, stability, connections, impregnation, and the way they have been solved during the building process. It also discusses the topic of the possibility of using the unimpregnated cardboard in outdoor constructions. The structure was then evaluated after 5 months of being used and exposed to diverse weather conditions. Damages in the Pavilion elements are mentioned in the paper and the probable reasons why they have appeared are explained. Conclusions from this article may be useful when designing similar objects in the future.
The rate of release of macronutrients from new granulated organic-mineral fertilizers formed from spent mushroom substrate was investigated in the conditions of a microplot experiment in the laboratory. Nitrate(V) and ammonium were estimated using a colorimetric method using a flow auto-analyzer after extraction in 1% solution K2SO4 and in 0.01 mol · dm - 3 CaCl2, pH-value – by potentiometric method after extraction with 1 mol·dm - 3 KCl, available P and K by the Egner-Riehm method. New granulated organic-mineral fertilizers formed from spent mushroom substrate had an impact on the pH-value seven days after application. This tendency was intensified in the following weeks. New granulated organic-mineral fertilizers were a source of available form of nitrogen (nitrate(V), ammonium), potassium and phosphorus.
This work deals with investigation of influence of flow pulsation on the accuracy of gas flow rate and volume measurement by means of the differential pressure flow meters. Experimental studies of the step response curves of an impulse line with a pressure transducer (PT) were carried out with application of a high-frequency analog-to-digital converter of the pressure signal in the PT chamber. Mathematical model of an impulse line with a PT was built. This model provides simulation and investigation of the transient processes with high accuracy. The influence of the impulse line design (length, diameter) on the step response curves and on the frequency response curves as well as on the resonant frequency of the oscillating system (an impulse line with a PT chamber) was studied. The systematic errors of flow rate and volume measurement due to the resonance in the impulse lines which was caused by flow pulsation were simulated and studied for an acting differential pressure natural gas metering system. On the basis of the calculation results it was defined that amplification of the amplitude of the oscillating signal of the differential pressure due to the resonance may lead to a negative systematic error of gas volume measurement. The systematic errors of gas flow rate and volume measurement caused by the flow pulsation can be reduced by choosing the correct design of the impulse lines in order to avoid the resonance.
Public participation is a critical aspect in the planning, also spatial planning. Its role is changing dramatically as it is present not only in social development but also tackles issues connected with cultural, educational. The most important element in participation is the will to do it – to engage in the process of planning the of life, of new urban communities, and how it is taking place in the planning process at different levels/ scales. There is a need to strengthen the public participation in the Egyptian context. Consequently, there are many cases in public participation related to the different levels (metropolitan, city, action area), connected to urban issues, besides, the sectoral issues related to economic development and societal needs. Thus, there is still a gap between existing national policies and their implementation at local level. The important question is how to achieve the local needs with strategies prepared on upper-level agencies. The main problem, in addition to the environmental issues is the regional disparities, poverty illustrated by low human development index. The research aim is to determine general framework and rules of citizen participation in Egypt by illustrating many cases from Egyptian context, and to examine the process and assess their effectiveness and the paper will end with the policy changes.
Participatory planning theory, as a system of planning which is sensitive to the aspirations of citizens and protects public interest and values, is present in Serbian planning practice for more than a decade. It has legal basis and methodology modeled on global experience, but it is still very much reactionary model - thus it failed to fulfil its primary purpose, which is to include the citizens in the planning process from the very beginning. This article will address the current overview of the planning process in Serbia. It will briefly explain the legislative framework of public participation in spatial development, the steps in plan drafting process in which citizens are included and the political background of this process. It is important to mention the existing models of informing citizens and show why they work so poorly. It will also give a brief overview on the structure and work of the committee for approval of the plans. This summarizing of the current situation will show the problem of indifference of citizens to engage in the planning process as a coherent group with problems, visions and goals about their city. It will also address inadequate models of informing the citizens and almost non-existing models of active participation of citizens in the planning process. Besides the review of the current state, this article will feature a description of participation techniques from a literature review on the subject of participatory planning that can be applied in Serbia. Shifting the scale from national to municipality level, this article will also depict the opportunities and administrative constraints when it comes to drafting a spatial plan on a local scale, on the example of municipality of Požega. This is one of the rare examples of good practice when it comes to the communication of municipality and its inhabitants involved in the planning process.
Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) were used to formed granulated organic-mineral fertilizers. Four granulated organic-mineral fertilizers were formed from Spent Mushroom Compost (SMC) before granulation supplemented by mineral fertilizers (urea, single superphosphate, K salt, ammonium saltpeter, ammonium sulfate). Two granulated organic-mineral fertilizers were based on compost from Spent Mushroom Compost and sewage sludge and one of them was supplemented by ammonium sulfate before granulation. The pH-value of the fertilizers range from 6.17 to 6.94. Fertilizers and composted Spent Mushroom Substrate are using on two doses on account of applied nitrogen content, these doses are 100 and 200 kg N ha-1. 10 fertilizers combinations on four replications are used in experiment. These organic-mineral fertilizers were applied just before planting first test plant – common cabbage. Second test plant – corn and third test plant – oat were grown without fertilization in these same vases-ground. Organic-mineral fertilizers are excellent source of macronutrients (22.0-83.0 g N∙ kg-1, 6.70-18.50 g P∙ kg-1, 2.70-27.0 g K∙ kg-1, 41.1-71.3 g Ca∙ kg-1, 3.1-4.3 g Mg kg-1, 18.7-101.6 g S∙ kg-1) and organic matter (182.8-411.3 g Corg ∙ kg-1). After application the residual effect on pH of soil was observed. The soil pH-value on every object with fertilization was changed compare to control object without fertilization. Increased pH-value first year (5.35-5.92), second year (4.71-5.19) and third year (4.28-4.71). After harvest were collected samples of soil, prepared to physical and chemical analyses and estimated pH-value of soil. Statgraphics 4.0. program was using to statistic data processing of the results.
Constant population growth in urban areas is one of the main global problems, and its importance grows with the depletion of non-renewable resources. The efficient, effective and responsible use of land is supposed to be an aim, the achievement of which will profit cities. The crucial question is, how cities can achieve this aim. The author of this article intends to discuss the individual problems which prevent achieving an appropriate density in Warsaw, and find ways of solving or reducing these problems. A proposed main hypothesis is, that the introduction of an alternative type of housing, namely co-housing can become a way to obtain a good density in the cities. Confirmation of this hypothesis is derived on the basis of the analysis of residential estates created following the rules of co-housing developed in Germany, in relation to similar problems. The purpose of the article was also to remind that Warsaw has a rich tradition in creating social efforts developments. The main social ideas was presented on the basic of the project of Polish housing estate designed in the Rakowiec district in Warsaw by H. and Sz. Syrkus, which was established in 1934-1938 The research part of the article was conducted through a comparison of spatial elements of Warsaw, employing the same criteria, which were adopted based on the several, selected characteristics of good density published in the ULI report, such as: mixed use of land, planned, cohesive, liveable, spacious, flexibility, design, green. The conducted comparison demonstrates, that Warsaw has a lot of different problems with obtaining a good density. These are: mono-functional areas in the suburbs, social disparity, the housing market dominated by developers, lack of enough, well-arranged public spaces combined with residential areas, lack of identity neighborhoods, insufficient attention to the local context in the process of designing new buildings, insufficient attention to the environment in terms of creation of buildings, too little green spaces and gardens in the inner city. The presented analyses show that the introducing concept of co-housing can help Warsaw with obtaining a good density. In order to obtain a high quality of the urban space, decisions regarding it should therefore be made simultaneously on three scales: spatial planning, urban planning and architectural planning. Architecture must cooperate with the existing urban fabric. All users of urban life should participate in its creation: development companies, municipal authorities that are responsible for spatial order, architects and residents.
The aim of this article is to analyzed views on design process from a perspective of historical objects adaptation to new functions. Based on the example review - the Warsaw Vodka Factory ‘Koneser’ – highlighted were the problems and impediments of designing in the historical fabric. The paper focuses on the following issues: adaptation of monument, facing the problems of designing process in historical buildings.
The inclusion of various stakeholders in the cities transformation process is currently one of the most important and the most difficult aspects of spatial planning. Planning practice, however, shows that there is much to be done to ensure that the participation is fair, just and useful for making optimal spatial decisions. The article draws attention to the fact that the organization of public participation process in planning procedures requires appropriate selection of participants and adequate methods. Inclusion of the local community in spatial planning, based only on the fulfillment of their demands, expressed in the comments to the draft documents, does not lead to rational solutions in spatial planning. Expectations of different parties to participation processes are often divergent. Particularly controversial is social participation in the planning of agricultural land conversion, changing the status of farmland from agricultural to residential, in the suburban zones. It is difficult to select participants and land owners are not interested in any proposals that would improve the spatial structure of the transformed areas (for example in the process of land consolidation and division). These problems will be presented on the example of public consultations conducted by the author in the planning procedures for the communes of Jabłonna and Wólka Mlądzka in Otwock, located in the agglomeration of Warsaw.
Citizen participation in the city development planning process is guaranteed by law in every civil society. In Poland, the participation of local communities in spatial planning has been evolving since the political transformation of the years 1989/1990. Changes that occur in the participation process are a result of the formation of civil society and a resulting increase in social awareness on possibilities of expressing one's needs and influencing planning decisions of local governments, as well as modifications in laws and regulations. The article presents the experience gathered in the field of extended social participation in the procedure of drawing up local spatial development plans, on the example of ongoing work on plans for the village of Józefosław in Piaseczno, nearby Warsaw. The problems identified in the area covered by the plans and their origins have been characterized, the assumptions of the plans, whose main purpose is to alleviate diagnosed problems and respond to the needs of the inhabitants, articulated at various stages of the planning process. Then the scope and results of the various phases of social participation – preplanning and based on formal planning procedures – have been described. The experience gained from the phase of public consultation during the preparation of local plans for the village of Józefosław allowed us to draw more general conclusions about participatory procedures specified in the binding regulations, which were included in the summary.
The paper presents the research results on the possibility of the integration of advanced oxidation process (AOP) involving Fenton reaction with nanofiltration (NF) for dairy effluent treatment. It has been found that Fenton oxidation reduces organic compounds, total phosphorus and total nitrogen. However, NF enables high ions retention derived from both effluent and Fenton oxidation components. As a result, it was possible to obtain water, which, without any harmful effects, could be discharged into environment. This water also fulfilled most of the requirements to be reused in dairy industrial plant.
This work is a continuation of the authors' research conducted to develop innovative concrete mixtures containing recycled ceramic aggregates formed after crushing of waste ceramic sanitary elements. The article presents the problem of utilization of ceramic waste, there are listed factors of waste generating and the main characteristics of the waste material. Based on available literature, there are presented the results of research work on successfully using ceramic waste aggregates in the production of concrete composites. The main aim of this work was to design innovative concrete containing sanitary waste which would be permeable to water. The composite presented in the work showed total water permeability. The tested strength parameters allowed us to propose using it for the communication substrates carrying the load from pedestrian traffic. In this type of communication substrates the authors see a remedy for the problem of utilizing rainwater. Especially in urban areas where is no rain water sewer system this solution would have a legitimate benefit. Totally permeable communication routes could directly transfer water to the substrate under their surface which would effectively increase the chance of natural rainwater absorption.
This article describes architectural project of Jesuit colleges by Giacomo Briano SI, a Jesuit architect from Modena, made for colleges in Polish Province of the Society of Jesus. Despite none of Braino’s projects was fully accomplished we can analyse his original urban and architectural solutions basing on many of his architectural drawings which are kept in the archives in Cracow, Vienna, Paris and Los Angeles.
Different forms of planning and urban design works are used in the process of decision-making on the local level, starting with visions of development, through comprehensive or master plans, finishing with the implemented action plans. Also, various kinds of social participation can be used in the process in spatial planning. The method of participation depends on the range of willingness of the local authority to divide the power and include informing, consultation or placation up to real partnership and delegation of power to citizens. Each form of participation is appropriate for a different situation. Generally, the act of using a specific form of participation in the process of creation of urban design or a planning activity is advisable. This article presents the framework of the model of participation suitable for spatial planning process on the local level. That model would be based on common consensus about the utilization of space. The consensus should be worked out in support of disclosed social and economic interests of important stakeholders from different groups of the local society and the public community as well. It is established using feedback loops on the most important steps of work as a method of gaining the best solution.
This paper describes an application of three-dimensional (also “3D”) models respectively to selected types of citizen participation. Detailed descriptions of those types are in the beginning of paper, because they are a starting points to consider using 3D models in public participation in urban design and spatial planning. In this paper, the selected software, that supports urban planners in preparing, carrying out and evaluate of participation process, has been discussed. The aim of this paper is to present the application of various tools, which allow generation of 3D models, suitable to selected methods of participation.
In the presented studies an influence of the strong static magnetic field on the process of copper adsorption on activated carbon was analysed. The magnetic field was generated by the annular neodymium magnets, placed at the bottom of the glass reactors, with the magnetic induction value at the surface equal 0.517 T. Additionally, during the study an effect of temperature on the adsorption process efficiency and its susceptibility to the external magnetic field was also investigated. As a result of the study, it was found that using a magnetic modification can increase the efficiency of the adsorption process up to 80%. However, such a strong influence of the external magnetic field was observed only in the case of relatively low initial and equilibrium concentration of the adsorbate. With the increase of the equilibrium concentration, stimulating nature of the magnetic field weakened significantly until finally at an equilibrium concentration about 80 mg/dm3, it was almost negligible. In addition, it was also found that the magnetic field modifications were much more efficient if the adsorption processes were conducted at the higher temperature.
Hailed as one of the best examples of collaborative urban management practices between the local government and informal traders. In a postapartheid South Africa, there was a national desire to transform the old systems of governance, which in Warwick translated to city government institutions making an effort to include informal traders in the policy making and management processes. The main aim was to promote inclusive urban planning and design.
