Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive breast cancer subtype associated with poor prognosis, metastasis, and limited targeted therapies. This study developed a folate-functionalized chitosan nanoparticle system targeting the miR-34a/NOTCH1 signaling axis and evaluated its anticancer potential using in vitro, in vivo, and bioinformatics approaches. Nanoparticles were synthesized by ionic gelation and characterized for size, surface charge, polydispersity, and drug-release behavior. Tumor-targeting efficiency was enhanced through folic acid functionalization. Biological effects were assessed in MDA-MB-231 cells using viability, migration, invasion, and tumorsphere assays. Mechanistic studies included dual-luciferase reporter assays, rescue experiments, transcriptomic profiling, and TCGA-based bioinformatics analyses. Antitumor efficacy, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, toxicity, and survival outcomes were evaluated in vivo. The nanoparticles exhibited nanoscale size, low polydispersity, positive zeta potential, and sustained drug release. Treatment significantly upregulated miR-34a and suppressed NOTCH1 signaling. Transcriptomic analysis revealed downregulation of epithelial–mesenchymal transition, stemness, and tumor progression pathways. Functionally, nanoparticle treatment reduced TNBC cell viability, migration, invasion, and tumorsphere formation. In vivo, the formulation inhibited tumor growth, reduced metastatic burden, prolonged survival, and showed minimal systemic toxicity relative to conventional chemotherapy. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated prolonged circulation and preferential tumor accumulation. Combination therapy with doxorubicin produced synergistic anticancer effects. TCGA analysis confirmed an inverse correlation between miR-34a and NOTCH1 and supported their prognostic relevance in TNBC. Folate-functionalized chitosan nanoparticles targeting the miR-34a/NOTCH1 axis represent a promising nanotherapeutic strategy for suppressing TNBC progression and metastasis while improving therapeutic efficacy and safety.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia, leading to severe microvascular and macrovascular complications. Although vildagliptin is an effective dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, combination strategies involving medicinal plants may enhance therapeutic efficacy through complementary mechanisms. Ziziphus nummularia has long been used in traditional medicine for diabetes management; however, its potential as an adjunct to DPP-4 inhibitor therapy has not been comprehensively investigated. To evaluate the antihyperglycaemic and antidyslipidaemic effects of hydroalcoholic leaf and fruit extracts of Ziziphus nummularia, administered alone and in combination with vildagliptin, in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Experimental diabetes was induced in male Wistar albino rats using alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg, i.p.). Hydroalcoholic leaf (ZNLE) and fruit (ZNFE) extracts were administered orally at doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg for 28 days. Vildagliptin (0.3 mg/kg) served as the reference drug. Fasting blood glucose and serum lipid profile were analysed using standard biochemical methods. In addition, the antioxidant potential of Ziziphus nummularia extracts was evaluated using in vitro DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging assays, while in vivo antioxidant activity was assessed by measuring superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. The extracts were phytochemically characterized using qualitative screening, TLC, HPLC, GC–MS, FTIR, NMR, and quantitative estimation of total phenolic and total flavonoid contents. Both extracts significantly reduced fasting blood glucose and improved serum lipid parameters in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.001). ZNLE (500 mg/kg) demonstrated greater antihyperglycaemic activity than ZNFE (500 mg/kg). Combination therapy with ZNLE (500 mg/kg) and vildagliptin produced the greatest reduction in fasting blood glucose (68.65
Abstract Introduction Passiflora edulis (PE) (passion fruit) is traditionally valued for its cardiovascular and calming properties, but its antihypertensive and blood pressure (BP)-lowering potential has not been systematically evaluated. Emerging evidence from preclinical and clinical studies suggests that PE may exert beneficial effects on BP regulation through multiple bioactive mechanisms. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and potential mechanisms of PE in BP regulation and assess its translational potential as a phytotherapeutic intervention. Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus with predefined keywords. Eligible studies included preclinical and clinical trials examine changes in BP or vascular outcomes following PE administration. Extracted data included study characteristics, intervention details, outcomes, mechanisms, and safety findings. Results Eight studies met inclusion criteria: six preclinical and two clinical. Preclinical studies demonstrated significant reductions in systolic and diastolic BP, and mean arterial pressure, with effects observed acutely (within 1–7 h) and over longer periods (several days-weeks). Vasorelaxant activity was observed, with seed extracts producing stronger relaxation responses (70–86%) than whole fruit extracts (20–31%) in ex-vivo studies. Proposed mechanisms included gamma-aminobutyric acid mediated central sympathetic suppression, nitric oxide enhancement, activation of potassium channels and inhibition of concentration-dependent angiotensin-II–induced vasoconstriction. Human trials ( n = 2) reported clinically significant reductions in systolic BP (7.7–30.9mmHg) and diastolic BP (up to 24.6mmHg) Additional cardioprotective improvements, such as enhanced left ventricular function, were reported in animal models. Conclusion Current evidence suggests that PE possesses promising antihypertensive and BP-lowering potential mediated through multiple complementary mechanisms. However, clinical evidence remains limited by small sample sizes, heterogeneity in extract preparations, and short study durations. Well-designed clinical trials using standardized PE extracts are required to establish optimal dosing, long-term safety, and the therapeutic role of PE as a phytotherapeutic intervention for BP management. Clinical trial number Not applicable.
Abstract Background Launaea taraxacifolia (Willd.) Amin ex C. Jeffrey is a traditionally recognized medicinal plant with reported anticancer potential; however, it remains largely underutilized and is often regarded as a wild or neglected species. This review presents a comprehensive and up-to-date synthesis of existing evidence on the anticancer properties of L. taraxacifolia . Methodology Relevant literature was systematically retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Google Scholar and African Journals Online using targeted and structured search terms, and publications published from 2005 to date were considered for inclusion in the review. Results The accumulated evidence indicates that L. taraxacifolia exhibits significant biological activities in experimental models that are relevant to cancer-related processes, including inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, induction of programmed cell death (apoptosis), and modulation of critical molecular pathways implicated in tumor initiation and progression. In addition, the species demonstrates notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and DNA-protective effects, which further support its relevance in cancer prevention and therapy. Phytochemical investigations reveal a diverse range of bioactive constituents such as saponins, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids believed to underpin its therapeutic effects. Evidence from studies involving isolated compounds, alongside available toxicity assessments, further reinforces the medicinal relevance and safety profile of the species. Conclusion This narrative review highlights Launaea taraxacifolia as promising anticancer potential through the modulation of key cancer-related pathways. However, further phytochemical, mechanistic, preclinical, and clinical studies are needed to validate its potential for cancer prevention and management. Clinical trial number Not applicable.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a rising worldwide health problem characterized by high mortality. The presence of early asymptomatic phases, the delay in diagnosis, and limited options for curative surgical interventions all enhanced its severity. Various contributing factors, including HBV, chronic alcohol consumption, exposure to aflatoxin, smoking, and others, lead to the development of HCC. ROS and ROS-driven inflammation play a critical role in hepatocarcinogenesis by activating tumor-promoting signaling pathways and changes the tumor microenvironment (TME) through inducing fibrogenic programming. Dynamic interactions among tumor cells, stromal components, and immune cells inside the TME create an immunosuppressive, pro-carcinogenic milieu conducive to tumor progression through immune evasion. In addition, ECM remodelling further enhances the tumor aggressiveness. Natural compounds, especially honey, have been investigated as potential complementary agent in preclinical and mechanistic studies. Honey is a complex natural matrix rich in flavonoids and polyphenols. It scavenges ROS, re-establishing redox homeostasis which eventually shut down ROS-mediated inflammatory pathways. Preclinical evidences demonstrate that honey influences tumor growth through repression of tumor-promoting routes, including PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and promotes the mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. Experimental studies suggested that honey and its flavonoids offer a multidisciplinary approach for HCC management and chemosensitization in association with modern chemotherapeutic agents such as sorafenib, doxorubicin, cisplatin, 5-FU, and PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. This systematic review, covering studies from 2017 to 2025, brings the current molecular and immunological evidence which highlights their relevance for clinical translation. Upcoming studies need to prioritize the standardization of honey-based formulations, the optimization of delivery systems, and the implementation of rigorous clinical trials to evaluate safety, dosing parameters, and therapeutic efficacy. Clinical trial number: Not applicable.
The mitigative potential of Ocimum gratissimum aqueous leaf extract (OG) in metabolic diseases is well documented. The impact of exercise on its cardiometabolic effect in obese male Wistar rats is however not known, hence the current study. Twenty-five, 4 weeks old, male Wistar rats were grouped into five as I-V. Group I comprised normal rats fed a standard diet while obesity was induced in II-V using high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. While on their respective diets, I and II received distilled water, III underwent exercise 30 min, five times per week, IV received 400 mg/kg of OG; and V were exercised and administered OG for another 10 weeks. Lee Index was calculated; Systolic (SBP), Diastolic (DBP), and Mean Arterial Blood Pressure (MABP) were non-invasively measured. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was carried out. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin, lipid profile and oxidative stress biomarkers were determined in the blood and hepatic glycogen content was assayed. Lee index (318.9 ± 3.60 vs. 283.21 ± 7.15), area under the curve of OGTT (13721 ± 106.70 vs. 10727 ± 463.50 mg.min/dL), SBP (161.1 ± 2.65 vs. 104.7 ± 1.45mmHg), DBP (110.4 ± 5.84 vs. 79.5 ± 2.79mmHg), MABP (126.8 ± 4.58 vs. 87.6 ± 1.52mmHg), FBG (113.3 ± 3.18 vs. 87.0 ± 3.79 mg/dL), and malondialdehyde level (95.96 ± 1.04 vs. 73.74 ± 2.02 × 10− 2 µM/mL) were increased in II relative to I. These variables were reversed in III-V with respect to II. Insulin increased in the exercised groups (III and V) while hepatic glycogen was reduced in III when compared with II. Exercise and/or OG improved selected cardiometabolic alterations in obese male Wistar rats. Evidence for a synergistic effect requires further statistical confirmation.
Abstract Many naturally occurring plants in Nigeria have medicinal properties that have long been employed in the traditional treatment or management of various diseases and health conditions. Several of them have also been subjected to scientific evaluations to ascertain and validate their bioactive constituents for activity/efficacy against these diseases/health conditions, while others remain largely unexplored. This review examines the progress of Nigerian medicinal plants along the drug discovery and development pipeline, highlighting their potentials in key therapeutic areas, including anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and psychotropic activities. Nigerian medicinal plants with scientific evidence of activity within each category are also discussed in terms of their bioactive properties, experimental evidence, and the current stage along the drug development pipeline. Additionally, the critical factors that hinder the progression of these preliminary pharmacological findings into clinically approved therapies, including gaps in drug discovery standardization, preclinical evaluation due to inadequate laboratory equipment, and systemic structures affecting research in Nigeria, are identified. Future research directions are proposed to advance Nigerian medicinal plants in drug discovery. This study highlights the need for a more standardized exploration of herbal medicine, mechanistic studies on bioactive reactions, collaborative efforts between the government and the scientific community, and increased funding to support drug research and development. This narrative review synthesizes ethnopharmacological knowledge and experimental evidence to examine the progress of Nigerian medicinal plants along the drug discovery and development pipeline.
Abstract Background Botanical formulations enriched with polyphenols, bitter phytoconstituents, dietary fibers, and alkaloids have traditionally been used for the management of metabolic disorders. However, standardized clinical evaluation frameworks capable of integrating multisystem therapeutic responses remain limited. Aim To evaluate the clinical efficacy of a standardized, multi-component botanical formulation in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus under routine care conditions and to develop and apply the Unified Incretin Therapeutic Index (UITI) as a composite multidomain assessment tool for integrative evaluation of therapeutic response. Methods In this 24-week, non-randomized controlled clinical study, 180 adults with type 2 diabetes were allocated to either a standardized botanical intervention group (n = 90) or a standard care control group (n = 90). The UITI was constructed by integrating four domain-specific indices: Incretin Response Composite Score, Metabolic Burden Score, Musculoskeletal Damage Index, and Renal Safety Index using effect size–weighted standardization. Clinical, metabolic, inflammatory, musculoskeletal, and renal biomarkers were evaluated at baseline and study completion. Results The botanical intervention demonstrated significant improvements across all evaluated domains compared with control (all p < 0.0001). Large effect sizes were observed for incretin-related response (d = 2.84), metabolic burden (d = 2.68), musculoskeletal damage (d = 1.49), and renal safety (d = 3.48). Significant reductions were observed in HbA1c (-29.91%), HOMA-IR (-77.25%), hs-CRP (-63.67%), body adiposity indices, and muscle injury biomarkers, accompanied by improvement in eGFR (+ 102.85%). The UITI effectively differentiated multidomain therapeutic responses and provided an integrated assessment of clinical improvement. Conclusion The standardized botanical formulation demonstrated coordinated improvements across glycemic, inflammatory, metabolic, musculoskeletal, and renal domains in adults with type 2 diabetes within the context of a pragmatic, non-randomized study design. The Unified Incretin Therapeutic Index may provide a useful composite framework for evaluating multidomain responses to botanical interventions in metabolic disorders. Further randomized controlled studies with mechanistic validation are warranted. Clinical trial number Not applicable.
Abstract Background Microbial infection and inflammatory reactions play important roles in the inflammation and degeneration of tooth-supporting structures that characterize periodontal diseases. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is a promising option for periodontal therapy because it contains bioactive compounds, particularly eugenol, which has been shown to have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic qualities. Objective To give a summary of new clove formulations and their therapeutic potential for the targeted treatment of periodontal diseases. Methods Carbopol and polymer-based matrices have been used to develop a number of innovative drug delivery systems, including dental gels and biodegradable films containing clove oil or extracts. The physicochemical characteristics, controlled release profiles, anti-inflammatory effects, and antimicrobial efficacy against periodontal pathogens of these formulations were assessed. Results Clove-based formulations show favourable physicochemical stability and patient acceptability, reduce inflammatory markers (COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6), and show significant antimicrobial activity against important periodontal pathogens (e.g., Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia). Gels and films are examples of novel delivery forms that offer localized, sustained release, enhancing therapeutic results and reducing systemic side effects. Conclusion Through innovative formulations that provide targeted delivery, antimicrobial action, and anti-inflammatory benefits, clove and its derivatives demonstrate strong potential as adjunct therapeutic agents in the management of periodontal disease. To create the best formulations and dosage schedules for periodontal therapy, more clinical research is necessary. Clinical trial number Not applicable.
Abstract Background The gradual release of a drug over a longer period of time is an important area of modern pharmaceutical research which includes sustained release drug delivery systems. This controlled release maintains therapeutic concentrations of the drug in plasma and reduces the dosage frequency and patient non-compliance for chronic diseases. Natural polymers have recently grown in their interest as pharmaceutical excipients. This is as they are biodegradable, biocompatible, and low toxic and cheaper than synthetic polymers. Objective The review focuses on the feasibility of sodium alginate-Ziziphus spina–christi gum (ZSC gum) system as natural polymeric system for the preparation of hydrogel beads for sustained delivery. Methodology / approach Sodium alginate is utilized in the formulations of drugs because it easily forms hydrogel beads by ionotropic gelation upon contact with divalent cations, such as calcium ions. These beads can encapsulate drug well and swell to pH. However, the use of alginate alone might create beads with low mechanical strength as well as an undesired burst release of the encapsulated drug. ZSC gum has been introduced as a natural polymer to overcome these challenges and composite hydrogel bead system development. Key findings Through the incorporation of ZSC gum, the viscosity and mucoadhesive properties of alginate matrices can potentially be improved to ensure the formation of a stable IPN. These changes in structure helps to improve bead integrity, reduce instant release of drug, improve drug entrapment efficiency and provide a better sustained release pattern. Implications Through the incorporation of ZSC gum, the viscosity and mucoadhesive properties of alginate matrices can potentially be improved to ensure the formation of a stable IPN. This change in structure helps to improve bead integrity, reduce instant release of drug, improve drug entrapment efficiency and provide a better sustained release pattern. Conclusion The addition of ZSC gum to sodium alginate may help improve the performance of alginate systems. The use of natural polymer composites can be an effective and sustainable way to create drug delivery systems that can have sustained release and improve efficacy.
Atopic dermatitis (AD), a disease often associated with pathogenic microbes, affects around 1.5 million people worldwide each year, with its treatment being complicated by rising antimicrobial resistance. This work reports on phytoconstituents and antimicrobial activities towards developing bioactive herbal formulations from Phyllanthus englerii Pax ethyl acetate leaf extracts to address AD-related infections. The extracts were obtained through cold maceration and phytochemical groups were screened using chemical methods followed by GC-MS and LC-MS analysis to reveal key compounds. The extract and formulated products were tested for antimicrobial activities against selected microbes and screened for toxicity using brine shrimp larvae lethality assay. The formulated products were further evaluated for stability and other physicochemical properties over 28 days. The classes of compounds identified therefrom include alkaloids, phenols, cardiac glycosides, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids, of which the presence of 17 phytochemicals, dominated by neophytadiene, squalene, phytol, astragalin, myricitrin, and phlorizin were confirmed. The extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans with MIC values of 5.83, 3.75, and 5.00 mg/mL, respectively. The extract indicated low toxicity (LC50 = 125.50 µg/mL). A jelly-based herbal formulation demonstrated effective inhibition zones ranging from 8.00 ± 0.44 to 17.00 ± 1.25 mm across all tested pathogens, with a jelly formulation (JPEA2, 6.24
Abstract Background Viral infections are a real challenge of our time, given the high prevalence of viruses, their ability to constantly mutate and quickly adapt to their environment, and the fact that people (hosts) are highly mobile nowadays, travelling long distances within short time. In particular, acute respiratory viral infections are one of the most common groups of diseases characterized by a predominantly respiratory tract involvement, and are widespread in today’s societies all over the world. Methods The conducted research uses a complex of general scientific and special methods: theoretical, generalization, data systematization, comparison, methods of studying literary references, analysis, etc. Results A special pharmacotherapeutic place in the treatment of viral infections is occupied by phytoneering medicines that have multivector pharmacodynamics, namely, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antibacterial effects. All of these types of pharmacological activity are present in BNO 1030 extract. This review aims to discuss those effects and their impact on the clinical manifestation of upper respiratory tract infections. The composition of BNO 1030 extract is leading to a unique synergistic selection/combination of medicinal herb extracts, namely: oak bark (contains tannins with unique antibacterial and antiviral effects); walnut leaves (synergy of natural antioxidants and antiviral activity); dandelion herb (cocktail of biologically active compound with a wide range of action and nutritional value; blockade of receptors to SARS-CoV-2); horsetail herb (immunomodulation without stimulation of apoptosis and necrosis); chamomile flowers (powerful anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effect); marshmallow root (antitussive effect, stronger than prenoxdiazine + expectorant); yarrow herb (essential oil with a rich content of biologically active compounds, including camphor and eucalyptol). Conclusions The unique pharmacodynamic potential of BNO 1030 extract, due to the extracts of seven medicinal herbs in its composition, justifies its use at all stages of viral infection. By reducing the number of ARVI complications, BNO 1030 extract reduces the need for antibacterials, provides pharmacoeconomic benefits and makes a significant contribution to solving a particularly urgent problem today – preventing the spread of antibiotic resistance.
Abstract Several modern drugs and other toxicants are one of the prime etiological factors for nephro-toxicity. Many synthetic, medicinally active substances, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDS), aminoglycosides, antibiotics, and chemotherapeutic drugs, can impact the urinary system and cause acute renal failure, nephritis, and other kidney-related conditions. Natural products have long been seen to be accessible, safe, and effective in treating kidney disorders because they are thought to have renal protective effects. In addition to critically analysing the phytochemical responsible for modulating drug induced nephrotoxicity, this review paper thoroughly examines the phytochemicals such as flavonoids, tannins, triterpenes, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, phytosterol, saponins, and glycosides are key elements that modulate nephrotoxicity. The article examines the effective compound flavonoids, which suppress iNOS activity and NO production by inhibiting the production of peroxynitrite. It also modulates oxidative stress via the nuclear factor 2 related to erythroid 2 (Nrf2) pathway, a transcription factor that controls the expression of numerous cytoprotective and antioxidant genes. It highlights the advantages of herbal phytotherapy for reducing nephrotoxicity caused by drugs. Additionally, in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that a variety of herbs (flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, polysaccharides, phenylpropanoids, etc.) have special antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties that modulate the pathways associated with drug-induced kidney injury. In this review, we principally focused on the potential effect of the herbal plants and their phytochemicals involved in modulating drug-induced nephrotoxicity.
Hydrocotyle bonarensis Comm. Ex Lam. (Araliaceae) leaf water infusion is traditionally used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) in Côte d’Ivoire and other parts of Africa. However, scientific studies validating these claims are limited. The study was designed to investigate the hypoglycemic activity of water extract from H. bonarensis leaf with the hope to validate the traditional usage of H. bonarensis leaf in the treatment of DM. The H. bonarensis leaf infusion was prepared and administered at 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight (bw) once daily to high-fat fed streptozotocin-induced diabetes rats for three (3) weeks. α-Amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were employed to reveal the mechanism of hypoglycemic potential of the extract. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to detect the possible phytochemicals of the extract. In addition, in silico study based on molecular docking was conducted for possible interaction of the compounds with α-amylase (PDB ID: 1B2Y) and α-glucosidase (PDB ID: 3W37). The results revealed that H. bonarensis leaf water extract showed significant (p < 0.05) reduction in fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, ameliorated insulin resistance and improved pancreatic β-cell function compared to diabetic untreated animals and comparable to metformin treated group. However, the extract demonstrated weak modulatory effects on lipid profiles. Notably binding energies were observed between the compounds and the target proteins involving both hydrophilic and hydrophobic interaction. With regards to the compounds 1,2,3-trimethoxy-5-(1E)-1-propen-1-ylbenzene and α-amylase, a docking score of -5.8 kcal/mol was uncovered, while thymol and hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester showed a docking score of -5.1 and − 5.0 kcal/mol with α-glucosidase, respectively. The data confirms the traditional usage of H. bonarensis leaf water extract in improving glycemia and recommend further detailed molecular and toxicological studies to support the present data. Not applicable.
Abstract Dryopteris, often referred to as wood or shield ferns, constitutes a globally ubiquitous genus within the Dryopteridaceae family, thriving in a wide array of habitats that encompass temperate woodlands to tropical montane ecosystems. This investigation examines the phytochemical constituents, extraction methodologies, and biological activities of Dryopteris species documented from 2010 to 2025. Adhering to PRISMA protocols, 77 comprehensive publications were chosen from an initial aggregation of 675 entries sourced from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. During our review, we identified a total of 34 distinct Dryopteris species, with Dryopteris fragrans, Dryopteris crassirhizoma, and Dryopteris erythrosora emerging as the most extensively researched. The predominant focus of the studies was directed towards leaves, rhizomes, and roots, thereby exposing a substantial knowledge deficit regarding stems and shoots. Total phenolic content (TPC) was frequently extracted utilizing methanol; however, the ideal solvent was found to differ based on the species and specific plant part. While the subterranean components of Dryopteris crassirhizoma demonstrated higher total flavonoid content (TFC), Dryopteris dilatata was noted for its elevated TPC. Contemporary investigations have substantiated the antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties of Dryopteris, which is also utilized in ethnobotanical practices for the treatment of wounds, infections, and gastrointestinal disorders. This review underscores the imperative for additional research on lesser-studied plant parts and species at risk of extinction to comprehensively apprehend and safeguard the ecological and medicinal potential of Dryopteris.
Abstract Urolithiasis, the condition of forming stones in the urinary system, is a common health problem worldwide and tends to recur. Pathophysiology includes stages such as supersaturation, nucleation, growth, aggregation, and crystal-cell interactions. Most conventional treatments have disadvantages of failing to prevent recurrence and often with side effects. This review has discussed the therapeutic potential of some Sri Lankan dietary and medicinal plants in the management and prevention of urolithiasis. Dietary plants such as Annona muricata L., Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen, Garcinia cambogia (Gaertn.) Desr., Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, and Punica granatum L. exhibit properties that inhibit crystal growth, crystal aggregation, dissolve Calcium Oxalate stones, and promote urinary clearance. Additionally, medicinal plants like Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers., Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa, Phyllanthus niruri L., Asparagus falcatus L., and Drymoglossum piloselloides (L.) Presl disrupt mucoproteins, alter urinary pH, and enhance stone prevention. Their phytochemicals, including catechins, hydroxycitric acid, polyphenols, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, and terpenes, provide antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, diuretic effects, mitigate oxidative stress, and supersaturation. Integrating these botanicals into therapeutic regimens offers a promising, cost-effective alternative to synthetic treatments. However, standardized formulations and clinical trials are essential to confirm efficacy and safety. This review emphasizes combining traditional knowledge with scientific evidence to advance plant-based remedies for urolithiasis.
For centuries, herbal drugs have been used in conventional medicine and are now gaining recognition for their therapeutic potential. Alangium salvifolium (Linn. F) Wang (A. salvifolium), widely known as Ankol, is an esteemed herbal plant in traditional medicine, historically used for conditions such as osteoarthritis, asthma, and digestive disorders, and as an antidote for snakebite. Current research increasingly affirms its therapeutic efficacy and safety. This review consolidates the existing knowledge on the effectiveness, safety, and phytoconstituents of A. salvifolium. The plant exhibits a broad pharmacological profile, demonstrating significant activity against ulcers, cardiovascular disease, cancer, arthritis, inflammation, pain, microbial infections, and seizures. Specifically, its anti-inflammatory action has been quantified in studies, showing a notable reduction in paw edema in animal models, while its anti-ulcer activity significantly lowered the ulcer index. Its therapeutic benefits are linked to its rich phytoconstituent profile, predominantly alkaloids, flavonoids, and triterpenoids. These compounds are responsible for key pharmacological activities, including anti-ulcer, anti-cancer, antimicrobial, anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects. The presence of specific phytochemicals, such as alangine and ankol-A, contributes to its use in targeted conditions. Toxicity assessments have established that a dosage range of 100–300 mg/kg is safe and required to elicit the desired pharmacological response. This review highlights the substantial therapeutic potential and safety of A. salvifolium (Ankol), emphasizing its key phytoconstituents and diverse, evidence-based pharmacological applications.
Millions of people worldwide suffer from diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disease marked by hyperglycemia that calls for a variety of treatment approaches. Despite the availability of traditional therapies, many people, especially in developing nations, turn to medicinal plants because they are easily accessible, reasonably priced, and thought to have fewer negative effects. This thorough analysis looks at the historical background, active ingredients, mechanisms of action, and clinical data pertaining to the use of medicinal plants in the treatment of diabetes. The long-standing usage of these plants to reduce the symptoms of diabetes is explained by ethnobotanical research and traditional medical practices from different cultures. The use of plants for medicinal, culinary, and ritualistic purposes is exemplified by ethnobotanical practices. For instance, garlic is valued for health benefits and protection in folklore, neem is sacred in India and used in Ayurvedic medicine, bitter melon is important in Asian cuisine for blood sugar regulation, fenugreek is associated with fertility rituals in India, the olive tree represents peace in the Mediterranean, mango is celebrated in South Asian festivals, jamun is valued for its nutrition and medicinal qualities. Numerous plants have shown notable antidiabetic qualities through considerable research, including in vivo, in vitro, and clinical investigations. For instance, mango leaf extracts inhibit alpha-amylase and improve glucose absorption; jamun seed extracts effectively lower blood sugar levels and show antioxidant properties; garlic has been shown to lower blood glucose levels and improve insulin sensitivity; neem increases insulin production and glucose uptake; fenugreek increases insulin secretion and improves sensitivity; and moringa extracts have been found to significantly lower blood sugar levels in diabetic models. Alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and glycosides are among the bioactive substances found in these plants, and they all have different modes of action. These include blocking enzymes that break down carbohydrates, such as alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase, increasing insulin sensitivity in target tissues, and inducing insulin production from pancreatic beta cells. Although there isn't much evidence that these medicinal plants directly activate AMPA receptors, their capacity to alter different signaling pathways—especially those involving AMPK and insulin signaling—indicates that they are important for managing diabetes and glucose metabolism. Significant interactions with contemporary pharmacology are also shown by other plants, such as fenugreek and olive oil. While its phytoestrogens may interfere with hormone therapy, fenugreek helps control blood sugar levels and may improve the effectiveness of diabetes drugs. The abundance of antioxidants and monounsaturated fats in olive oil may enhance cardiovascular health and help heart disease treatments. Mango and jamun should also be consumed with caution when taking drugs because they can affect blood sugar levels and drug metabolism, respectively. The results highlight how crucial it is to combine traditional knowledge with contemporary medical techniques in order to fully utilize medicinal plants' therapeutic potential in the treatment of diabetes.
Rhinosinusitis and tonsillitis are associated with the formation of bacterial biofilms, which complicates treatment and contributes to frequent relapses. Microbial adhesion to host cells is a key initial step in colonization and biofilm development. Phytoneering extracts BNO1016 and BNO1030 are widely used in respiratory phytotherapy, yet their effects on quantitative adhesion parameters have not been fully characterized. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of the phytoneering extracts BNO1016 and BNO1030 on the adhesion of clinically relevant bacterial and fungal pathogens. Clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae (two strains), Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus dysgalactiae ssp. equisimilis, and Candida albicans were examined using a human erythrocyte adhesion model. Extracts BNO1016 and BNO1030 were applied at a 1:5 dilution to simulate expected in vivo dilution by mucosal secretions. Average adhesion index (AAI), adhesion coefficient (AC), and microbial adhesion index (MAI) were used as quantitative indicators of microbial adhesion. BNO1016 significantly reduced AAI and MAI in S. aureus, S. pyogenes, S. dysgalactiae ssp. equisimilis, S. epidermidis, and C. albicans, while AC decreased significantly only in S. aureus and S. pyogenes. No inhibitory effect was observed for either strain of S. pneumoniae. BNO1030 significantly decreased AAI and MAI in S. epidermidis, S. dysgalactiae ssp. equisimilis, S. pneumoniae (M), and C. albicans, whereas AC remained unchanged across all strains. Both phytoneering extracts demonstrated strain‑specific anti‑adhesive activity, reflected by reductions in AAI, AC, and MAI. MAI proved to be the most informative indicator, reflecting reductions in both the number of adherent cells and the total microbial biomass with biofilm‑forming potential. These findings indicate that BNO1016 and BNO1030 may limit early microbial attachment and reduce the initial biomass available for biofilm formation, supporting their potential role in phytotherapeutic management of upper respiratory tract infections.
Kidney diseases, exacerbated by drug-induced nephrotoxicity, remain a significant global health burden as it is linked to diabetes and hypertension, presenting a global health challenge. Conventional treatments often have nephrotoxic side effects, complicating disease management. Traditional medicinal plants, rich in flavonoids, polyphenols, and terpenoids, offer nephroprotective benefits against drug-induced and metabolic-related kidney damage. Limited comprehensive reviews exist on plant-based nephroprotective agents targeting drug-induced kidney damage, their mechanisms, and clinical applicability, leaving a gap in understanding their potential integration into modern therapeutic strategies. An extensive examination of the scientific literature supports the efficacy of various plant-based therapies in mitigating renal damage. By exploring the modes of action of these botanical remedies, the review highlights their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic properties, which are crucial in protecting kidney function. Key plant species with documented nephroprotective benefits are discussed, along with their specific bioactive compounds and mechanisms of action. Phytotherapy shows promise as a complementary or alternative approach to conventional treatments, potentially reducing side effects and improving renal health. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms and clinical applications of these plant-based remedies. Integrating phytotherapy into mainstream medicine could enhance outcomes for kidney disease patients, offering sustainable and effective treatment options. The paper systematically evaluates plant-based nephroprotective agents, their mechanisms, and efficacy against drug-induced nephrotoxicity, providing a consolidated resource to guide future research and therapeutic development in kidney protection. Continued exploration of these natural remedies is vital for advancing global health.
